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  • MDPI AG  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatiotemporal Associations and Molecular Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus in China from 2017 to 2021
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-12-15), p. 2524-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2021-12-15), p. 2524-
    Abstract: Highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged in China in 2016. HP H7N9 AIV caused at least 33 human infections and has been circulating in poultry farms continuously since wave 5. The genetic divergence, geographic patterns, and hemagglutinin adaptive and parallel molecular evolution of HP H7N9 AIV in China since 2017 are still unclear. Here, 10 new strains of HP H7N9 AIVs from October 2019 to April 2021 were sequenced. We found that HP H7N9 was primarily circulating in Northern China, particularly in the provinces surrounding the Bohai Sea (Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong) since wave 6. Of note, HP H7N9 AIV phylogenies exhibit a geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission after unidirectional rapid geographical expansion towards the north of China in 2017. In addition, we showed that two major subclades were continually expanding with the viral population size undergoing a sharp increase after 2018 with an obvious seasonal tendency. Notably, the hemagglutinin gene showed signs of parallel evolution and positive selection. Our research sheds light on the current epidemiology, evolution, and diversity of HP H7N9 AIV that can help prevent and control the spreading of HP H7N9 AIV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13122524
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 2
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    Allocation of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles Considering Spatial Difference in Urban Land Price and Fixed Budget
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Electronics Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-30), p. 190-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-12-30), p. 190-
    Abstract: In this paper, the allocation of charging station (CS) is optimized to alleviate the “range anxiety” of electric vehicle (EV) drivers by reducing the time of medium-to-long distance travel, which is raised due to the potential en-route charging. The problem is defined to explicitly consider the spatial differences in urban land price. Although many works take spatial land price into consideration, few of them notice what the gap of spatial land price bring to the charging system. Our objective function is the expected traveling time under an optimized distribution of urban EV flows, and models of spatial network and CSs allocation are then established. Based on Tabu Search algorithm (TSA), a fixed budget charging resources planning algorithm (FBCRPA) is proposed. The proposed method is compared with methods based on betweeness centrality, and results show that our method can find more effective allocation strategy. It is found that users’ traveling time would decrease with increase in difference in land price. Meanwhile, budget would transfer from central region to other regions and carrying capacity of charging system would improve in the above situation. This paper also finds that increase in budget is beneficial to a reduction in drivers’ time, but the improvement is limited.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics12010190
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 3
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    Biological Significance of Dual Mutations A494D and E495K of the Genotype III Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase In Vitro and In Vivo
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-25), p. 2338-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 11 ( 2022-10-25), p. 2338-
    Abstract: As a multifunctional protein, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is involved in various biological functions. A velogenic genotype III NDV JS/7/05/Ch evolving from the mesogenic vaccine strain Mukteswar showed major amino acid (aa) mutations in the HN protein. However, the precise biological significance of the mutant HN protein remains unclear. This study sought to investigate the effects of the mutant HN protein on biological activities in vitro and in vivo. The mutant HN protein (JS/7/05/Ch-type HN) significantly enhanced the hemadsorption (HAd) and fusion promotion activities but impaired the neuraminidase (NA) activity compared with the original HN protein (Mukteswar-type HN). Notably, A494D and E495K in HN exhibited a synergistic role in regulating biological activities. Moreover, the mutant HN protein, especially A494D and E495K in HN, enhanced the F protein cleavage level, which can contribute to the activation of the F protein. In vitro infection assays further showed that NDVs bearing A494D and E495K in HN markedly impaired the cell viability. Simultaneously, A494D and E495K in HN enhanced virus replication levels at the early stage of infection but weakened later in infection, which might be associated with the attenuated NA activity and cell viability. Furthermore, the animal experiments showed that A494D and E495K in HN enhanced case fatality rates, virus shedding, virus circulation, and histopathological damages in NDV-infected chickens. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of crucial aa mutations in HN in regulating biological activities of NDV and expand the understanding of the enhanced pathogenicity of the genotype III NDV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14112338
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 4
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    Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Optical Properties and Theoretical Calculations of Two Metal Chalcogenides Ba2AlSbS5 and Ba2GaBiSe5
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Crystals Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2018-04-13), p. 165-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 4 ( 2018-04-13), p. 165-
    Abstract: Two quaternary metal chalcogenides, Ba2AlSbS5 and Ba2GaBiSe5, were successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction in sealed silica tubes. Both of them crystallize in the same orthorhombic space group Pnma, but they appear with obviously different construction features. For example, Ba2AlSbS5 exhibits [SbS3]3− units and zero-dimensional (0D) [AlSbS5] 4− clusters, which is different from those ([BiSe6]3− units and 1D ∞[GaBiSe5] 4− chains) of Ba2GaBiSe5. We also systematically investigated the entire series of Ba2MIIIMIII’Q5 (MIII = Al, Ga, In; MIII’ = As, Sb, Bi; Q = S, Se, Te) compounds, and the results showed that the interconnection of MIIIQ4 and MIII’Qn (n = 3, 5, 6) units can form three different structural types, including 0D [MIIIMIII’Q5] clusters, single [MIII’Q3] chains and isolated [MIIIQ4] units, or [MIIIQ3] n and [MIII’Q3]n double chains, which may be induced by the flexible coordination and on-link modes of MIII’ atoms. Spectral investigation shows that their bandgaps are about 2.57 eV for Ba2AlSbS5 and 2.14 eV for Ba2GaBiSe5. Theoretical calculation was also used to analyze their structure-property relationships, and the results indicate that the title compounds exhibit larger birefringences (Δn 〉 0.10), thus having potential as the IR birefringent materials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst8040165
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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  • 5
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    Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Response Mechanism of Digitaria sanguinalis, Arabidopsis thaliana and Poa annua under 4,8-Dihydroxy-1-tetralone Treatment
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Plants Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2023-07-22), p. 2728-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2023-07-22), p. 2728-
    Abstract: 4,8-dihydroxy-l-tetralone (4,8-DHT) is an allelochemical isolated from the outer bark of Carya cathayensis that acts as a plant growth inhibitor. In order to explore the mechanism of 4,8-DHT inhibiting weed activity, we treated three species of Digitaria sanguinalis, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Poa annua with different concentrations of 4,8-DHT and performed phenotype observation and transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that with an increase in 4,8-DHT concentration, the degree of plant damage gradually deepened. Under the same concentration of 4,8-DHT, the damage degree of leaves and roots of Digitaria sanguinalis was the greatest, followed by Arabidopsis thaliana, while Poa annua had the least damage, and the leaves turned slightly yellow. Transcriptome data showed that 24536, 9913, and 1662 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in Digitaria sanguinalis, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Poa annua, respectively. These DEGs were significantly enriched in photosynthesis, carbon fixation, glutathione metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In addition, DEGs were also enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and the MAPK signal pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Further analysis showed that after 4,8-DHT treatment, the transcript levels of photosynthesis PSI- and PSII-related genes, LHCA/B-related genes, Rubisco, and PEPC were significantly decreased in Digitaria sanguinalis and Arabidopsis thaliana. At the same time, the transcription levels of genes related to glutathione metabolism and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in Digitaria sanguinalis were also significantly decreased. However, the expression of these genes was upregulated in Arabidopsis thaliana and Poa annua. These indicated that 4,8-DHT affected the growth of the three plants through different physiological pathways, and then played a role in inhibiting plant growth. Simultaneously, the extent to which plants were affected depended on the tested plants and the content of 4,8-DHT. The identification of weed genes that respond to 4,8-DHT has helped us to further understand the inhibition of plant growth by allelochemicals and has provided a scientific basis for the development of allelochemicals as herbicides.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants12142728
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 6
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    ATP Inhibits Breast Cancer Migration and Bone Metastasis through Down-Regulation of CXCR4 and Purinergic Receptor P2Y11
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Cancers Vol. 13, No. 17 ( 2021-08-26), p. 4293-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 17 ( 2021-08-26), p. 4293-
    Abstract: ATP released by bone osteocytes is shown to activate purinergic signaling and inhibit the metastasis of breast cancer cells into the bone. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate the important roles of the CXCR4 and P2Y11 purinergic receptors in mediating the inhibitory effect of ATP on breast cancer cell migration and bone metastasis. Wound-healing and transwell migration assays showed that non-hydrolysable ATP analogue, ATPγS, inhibited migration of bone-tropic human breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. BzATP, an agonist for P2X7 and an inducer for P2Y11 internalization, had a similar dose-dependent inhibition on cell migration. Both ATPγS and BzATP suppressed the expression of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor known to promote breast cancer bone metastasis, and knocking down CXCR4 expression by siRNA attenuated the inhibitory effect of ATPγS on cancer cell migration. While a P2X7 antagonist A804598 had no effect on the impact of ATPγS on cell migration, antagonizing P2Y11 by NF157 ablated the effect of ATPγS. Moreover, the reduction in P2Y11 expression by siRNA decreased cancer cell migration and abolished the impact of ATPγS on cell migration and CXCR4 expression. Similar to the effect of ATPγS on cell migration, antagonizing P2Y11 inhibited bone-tropic breast cancer cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. An in vivo study using an intratibial bone metastatic model showed that ATPγS inhibited breast cancer growth in the bone. Taken together, these results suggest that ATP inhibits bone-tropic breast cancer cells by down-regulating the P2Y11 purinergic receptor and the down-regulation of CXCR4 expression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174293
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 7
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    Genome-Wide Reassortment Analysis of Influenza A H7N9 Viruses Circulating in China during 2013–2019
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-06-09), p. 1256-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2022-06-09), p. 1256-
    Abstract: Reassortment with the H9N2 virus gave rise to the zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV), which caused more than five outbreak waves in humans, with high mortality. The frequent exchange of genomic segments between H7N9 and H9N2 has been well-documented. However, the reassortment patterns have not been described and are not yet fully understood. Here, we used phylogenetic analyses to investigate the patterns of intersubtype and intrasubtype/intralineage reassortment across the eight viral segments. The H7N9 virus and its progeny frequently exchanged internal genes with the H9N2 virus but rarely with the other AIV subtypes. Before beginning the intrasubtype/intralineage reassortment analyses, five Yangtze River Delta (YRD A-E) and two Pearl River Delta (PRD A-B) clusters were divided according to the HA gene phylogeny. The seven reset segment genes were also nomenclatured consistently. As revealed by the tanglegram results, high intralineage reassortment rates were determined in waves 2–3 and 5. Additionally, the clusters of PB2 c05 and M c02 were the most dominant in wave 5, which could have contributed to the onset of the largest H7N9 outbreak in 2016–2017. Meanwhile, a portion of the YRD-C cluster (HP H7N9) inherited their PB2, PA, and M segments from the co-circulating YRD-E (LP H7N9) cluster during wave 5. Untanglegram results revealed that the reassortment rate between HA and NA was lower than HA with any of the other six segments. A multidimensional scaling plot revealed a robust genetic linkage between the PB2 and PA genes, indicating that they may share a co-evolutionary history. Furthermore, we observed relatively more robust positive selection pressure on HA, NA, M2, and NS1 proteins. Our findings demonstrate that frequent reassortment, particular reassorted patterns, and adaptive mutations shaped the H7N9 viral genetic diversity and evolution. Increased surveillance is required immediately to better understand the current state of the HP H7N9 AIV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14061256
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 2 Vector-Based Vaccine Induces Protection against H9N2 Avian Influenza in Chicken
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-04-28), p. 918-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-04-28), p. 918-
    Abstract: Commercial inactivated vaccines against H9N2 avian influenza (AI) have been developed in China since 1990s and show excellent immunogenicity with strong HI antibodies. However, currently approved vaccines cannot meet the clinical demand for a live-vectored vaccine. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccines have shown effective protection in chickens against H9N2 virus. However, preexisting NDV antibodies may affect protective efficacy of the vaccine in the field. Here, we explored avian paramyxovirus serotype 2 (APMV-2) as a vector for developing an H9N2 vaccine via intranasal delivery. APMV-2 belongs to the same genus as NDV, distantly related to NDV in the phylogenetic tree, based on the sequences of Fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene, and has low cross-reactivity with anti-NDV antisera. We incorporated hemagglutinin (HA) of H9N2 into the junction of P and M gene in the APMV-2 genome by being flanked with the gene start, gene end, and UTR of each gene of APMV-2-T4 to generate seven recombinant APMV-2 viruses rAPMV-2/HAs, rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-PUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-FUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-HNUTR-HA, rAPMV-2-LUTR-HA, and rAPMV-2-MUTR-HA, expressing HA. The rAPMV-2/HAs displayed similar pathogenicity compared with the parental APMV-2-T4 virus and expressed HA protein in infected CEF cells. The NP-UTR facilitated the expression and secretion of HA protein in cells infected with rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA. Animal studies demonstrated that immunization with rAPMV-2-NPUTR-HA elicited effective H9N2-specific antibody (6.14 ± 1.2 log2) responses and conferred complete immune protection to prevent viral shedding in the oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from chickens challenged with H9N2 virus. This study suggests that our recombinant APMV-2 virus is safe and immunogenic and can be a useful tool in the combat of H9N2 outbreaks in chicken.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14050918
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    Photo-Embossed Surface Relief Structures with Improved Aspect Ratios and Their Applications in Liquid Crystal Devices
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2022-01-02), p. 171-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2022-01-02), p. 171-
    Abstract: Photo-embossing has been developed as a convenient and economical method for creating complex surface relief structures in polymer films. The pursuit for large aspect ratios of the photo-embossed structures has never stopped. Here, we demonstrate a simple strategy to obtain improved aspect ratios by adding a quick solvent developing step into the photo-embossing process. A good solvent for the monomer is used to remove unreacted monomers from the unexposed region, resulting in deepened valleys of the surface reliefs. In a polymer film as thin as 2.5 µm, the height of the surface reliefs can be increased by a factor of three to around 1.0 µm. This strategy is also shown to be compatible with other methods used to improve the aspect ratios of the photo-embossed structures. Lastly, we employ these surface relief structures in the fabrication of liquid crystal (LC) devices and investigate their performances for visible light regulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym14010171
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 10
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    Application of a Bayesian Network Based on Multi-Source Information Fusion in the Fault Diagnosis of a Radar Receiver
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 17 ( 2022-08-25), p. 6396-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 17 ( 2022-08-25), p. 6396-
    Abstract: A radar is an important part of an air defense and combat system. It is of great significance to military defense to improve the effectiveness of radar state monitoring and the accuracy of fault diagnosis during operation. However, the complexity of radar equipment’s structure and the uncertainty of the operating environment greatly increase the difficulty of fault diagnosis in real life situations. Therefore, a Bayesian network diagnosis method based on multi-source information fusion technology is proposed to solve the fault diagnosis problems caused by uncertain factors such as the high integration and complexity of the system during the process of fault diagnosis. Taking a fault of a radar receiver as an example, we study 2 typical fault phenomena and 21 fault points. After acquiring and processing multi-source information, establishing a Bayesian network model, determining conditional probability tables (CPTs), and finally outputting the diagnosis results. The results are convincing and consistent with reality, which verifies the effectiveness of this method for fault diagnosis in radar receivers. It realizes device-level fault diagnosis, which shortens the maintenance time for radars and improves the reliability and maintainability of radars. Our results have significance as a guide for judging the fault location of radars and predicting the vulnerable components of radars.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22176396
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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