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  • MDPI AG  (7)
  • 1
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    Low Glucose plus β-Hydroxybutyrate Induces an Enhanced Inflammatory Response in Yak Alveolar Macrophages via Activating the GPR109A/NF-κB Signaling Pathway
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 14 ( 2023-07-11), p. 11331-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 14 ( 2023-07-11), p. 11331-
    Abstract: Yaks are often subject to long-term starvation and a high prevalence of respiratory diseases and mortality in the withered season, yet the mechanisms that cause this remain unclear. Research has demonstrated that β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) plays a significant role in regulating the immune system. Hence, we hypothesize that the low glucose and high BHB condition induced by severe starvation might have an effect on the pro-inflammatory response of the alveolar macrophages (AMs) in yaks. To validate our hypothesis, we isolated and identified primary AMs from freshly slaughtered yaks and cultured them in a medium with 5.5 mM of glucose or 2.8 mM of glucose plus 1–4 mM of BHB. Utilizing a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunoblot assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we evaluated the gene and protein expression levels of GPR109A (G-protein-coupled receptor 109A), NF-κB p65, p38, and PPARγ and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the supernatant. The results demonstrated that AMs exposed to low glucose plus BHB had significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (p 〈 0.05) and higher activity of the GPR109A/NF-κB signaling pathway. A pretreatment of either pertussis toxin (PTX, inhibitor of GPR109A) or pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic (PDTC, inhibitor of NF-κB p65) was effective in preventing the elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by low glucose plus BHB (p 〈 0.05). These results indicated that the low glucose plus BHB condition would induce an enhanced pro-inflammatory response through the activation of the GPR109A/NF-κB signaling pathway in primary yak AMs, which is probably the reason why yaks experience a higher rate of respiratory diseases and mortality. This study will offer new insight into the prevention and treatment of bovine respiratory diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411331
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
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    Process of Glucose Increases Rather Than Constant High Glucose Was the Main Cause of Abnormal Glucose Induced Glomerulus Epithelial Cells Inflammatory Response
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2022-12-29), p. 600-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2022-12-29), p. 600-
    Abstract: Abnormal glycemia is frequently along with nephritis, whose pathogenesis is unexplicit. Here, we investigated the effects of abnormal glucose on the renal glomerulus epithelial cells by stimulating immortalized bovine renal glomerulus epithelial (MDBK) cells with five different levels of glucose, including low glucose (2.5 mM for 48 h, LG), normal glucose (5 mM for 48 h, NG), high glucose (25 mM for 48 h, HG), increasing glucose (24 h of 2.5 mM glucose followed by 24 h of 25 mM, IG), and reducing glucose (24 h of 25 mM glucose followed by 24 h of 2.5 mM, RG). The results showed that LG and RG treatments had nonsignificant effects (p 〉 0.05) on the viability of MDBK cells. HG treatment decreased the viabilities of cells (p 〈 0.01) without triggering an apparent inflammatory response by activating the nox4/ROS/p53/caspase-3-mediated apoptosis pathway. IG treatment decreased the viabilities of cells significantly (p 〈 0.01) with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the supernatant (p 〈 0.05) by triggering the txnip/nlrp3/gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis pathway. These results indicated that the process of glucose increase rather than the constant high glucose was the main cause of abnormal glucose-induced MDBK cell inflammatory death, prompting that the process of glycemia increases might be mainly responsible for the nephritis in diabetic nephropathy, underlining the importance of glycemic control in diabetes patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010600
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Notch3-Mediated mTOR Signaling Pathway Is Involved in High Glucose-Induced Autophagy in Bovine Kidney Epithelial Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 10 ( 2022-05-13), p. 3121-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 10 ( 2022-05-13), p. 3121-
    Abstract: It is reported that Notch3 and mTOR signaling pathways are involved in autophagy, and both can be activated by high glucose (HG). However, the relationship between Notch3 and mTOR and how Notch3 affects mTOR to regulate HG-induced autophagy in bovine kidney epithelial cells is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore how Notch3 affects mTOR to modulate HG-induced autophagy in bovine kidney cells. Our results showed that HG treatment significantly decreased the cell viability of MDBK cells in a dose-dependent manner. HG treatment significantly increased the expression of LC3-II/I ratio and Beclin1 protein and significantly decreased the expression of p62 protein. Consistently, LC3 fluorescence signal formation was detected by immunofluorescence in both dose and time-dependent manners. In addition, HG treatment significantly increased the expression of Notch3 protein and decreased the expression of the p-mTOR protein in both dose and time-dependent manners. Inhibition of Notch3 upregulated the expression of p-mTOR and p62 protein, and downregulated the expression of LC3-II/I ratio and Beclin1 protein. Besides, the function of Notch3 was investigated. In this study, inhibition of Notch3 activity significantly increased the viability of HG-stimulated MDBK cells. In summary, our results revealed that the Notch3-mediated mTOR signaling pathway was involved in HG-induced autophagy in MDBK cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103121
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Captive Giant Pandas: A Reservoir of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Virulence-Associated Genes
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2022-12-18), p. 705-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2022-12-18), p. 705-
    Abstract: Recent studies showed that Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from captive giant pandas have serious resistance to antibiotics and carry various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). ARGs or virulence-associated genes (VAGs) carried by antibiotic-resistant E. coli are considered as a potential health threat to giant pandas, humans, other animals and the environment. In this study, we screened ARGs and VAGs in 84 antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains isolated from clinically healthy captive giant pandas, identified the association between ARGs and VAGs and analyzed the phylogenetic clustering of E. coli isolates. Our results showed that the most prevalent ARG in E. coli strains isolated from giant pandas is blaTEM (100.00%, 84/84), while the most prevalent VAG is fimC (91.67%, 77/84). There was a significant positive association among 30 pairs of ARGs, of which the strongest was observed for sul1/tetC (OR, 133.33). A significant positive association was demonstrated among 14 pairs of VAGs, and the strongest was observed for fyuA/iroN (OR, 294.40). A positive association was also observed among 45 pairs of ARGs and VAGs, of which the strongest was sul1/eaeA (OR, 23.06). The association of ARGs and mobile gene elements (MGEs) was further analyzed, and the strongest was found for flor and intI1 (OR, 79.86). The result of phylogenetic clustering showed that the most prevalent group was group B2 (67.86%, 57/84), followed by group A (16.67%, 14/84), group D (9.52%, 8/84) and group B1 (5.95%, 5/84). This study implied that antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolated from captive giant pandas is a reservoir of ARGs and VAGs, and significant associations exist among ARGs, VAGs and MGEs. Monitoring ARGs, VAGs and MGEs carried by E. coli from giant pandas is beneficial for controlling the development of antimicrobial resistance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120705
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 5
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    First Isolation and Multilocus Sequence Typing of Brucella canis from a Subclinically Infected Pet Dog in China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2022-01-10), p. 22-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 1 ( 2022-01-10), p. 22-
    Abstract: Canine brucellosis, a worldwide zoonotic disease, is mainly caused by Brucella canis. In the present study, we isolated a Brucella strain (CD3) from a subclinically infected pet dog in Sichuan Province, Southwestern China. Classical biotyping methods and molecular biological tests (BCSP31 and BcSS PCR) proved that the strain belonged to B. canis. Furthermore, B. canis CD3 and another two B. canis strains (WJ5 and YA4), which were all isolated from pet dogs in Sichuan, were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Our results showed that the three B. canis strains were identified as the same sequence type (ST21). The present study is the first to report B. canis strain from a subclinically infected pet dog in China, indicating a potential threat to public health posed by subclinical infections in pet dogs. We suggest that screening for B. canis should be incorporated into routine medical examination of pet dogs and other companion animals in areas with a history of animal or human brucellosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010022
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 6
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    Characteristics of Warm Clouds and Precipitation in South China during the Pre-Flood Season Using Datasets from a Cloud Radar, a Ceilometer, and a Disdrometer
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2019-12-17), p. 3045-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 24 ( 2019-12-17), p. 3045-
    Abstract: The millimeter-wave cloud radar, ceilometer, and disdrometer have been widely used to observe clouds and precipitation. However, there are some drawbacks when those three instruments are solely employed due to their own limitations, such as the fact that radars usually suffer from signal attenuation and ceilometers/disdrometers cannot provide measurements of the hydrometeors of aloft clouds and precipitation. Thus, in this paper, we developed an integrated technology by combining and utilizing the advantages of three instruments together to investigate the vertical structure and diurnal variation of warm clouds and precipitation, and the raindrop size distribution. Specifically, the technology consists of appropriate data processing, quality control, and retrieval methods. It was implemented to study the warm clouds and precipitation in South China during the pre-flood season of 2016. The results showed that the hydrometeors of warm clouds and precipitation were mainly distributed below 2.5 km and most of the rainfall events were very light with a rain rate less than 1 mm h−1, however, the stronger precipitation primarily contributed the accumulated rain amount. Furthermore, a rising trend of cloud base height from 1000 to 1900 BJT was found. The cloud top height and cloud thickness gradually increased from 1200 BJT to reach a maximum at 1600 BJT (Beijing Standard Time, UTC+8), and then decreased until 2000 BJT. Also, three periods of the apparent rainfall on the ground of the day, namely, 0400–0700 BJT, 1400–1800 BJT, and 2300–2400 BJT were observed. During three periods, the raindrops had wider size spectra, higher number concentrations, larger rain rates, and higher water contents than at other times. The hydrometeor type, size, and concentration were gradually changed in the vertical orientation. The raindrop size distributions of warm precipitation in the air and on the ground were different, which can be expressed by γ distributions N(D) = 1.49 × 104D−0.9484exp(−6.79D) in the air and N(D) = 1.875 × 103D0.862exp(−2.444D) on the ground, where D and N(D) denote the diameter and number concentration of the raindrops, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs11243045
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 7
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    RAGE–TLR4 Crosstalk Is the Key Mechanism by Which High Glucose Enhances the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Primary Bovine Alveolar Macrophages
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-10), p. 7007-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 8 ( 2023-04-10), p. 7007-
    Abstract: The receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are important receptors for inflammatory responses induced by high glucose (HG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and show crosstalk phenomena in inflammatory responses. However, it is unknown whether RAGE and TLR4 can influence each other’s expression through a crosstalk mechanism and whether the RAGE–TLR4 crosstalk related to the molecular mechanism of HG enhances the LPS-induced inflammatory response. In this study, the implications of LPS with multiple concentrations (0, 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL) at various treatment times (0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h) in primary bovine alveolar macrophages (BAMs) were explored. The results showed that a 5 μg/mL LPS treatment at 12 h had the most significant increment on the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in BAMs (p 〈 0.05) and that the levels of TLR4, RAGE, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein expression were upregulated (p 〈 0.05). Then, the effect of LPS (5 μg/mL) and HG (25.5 mM) co-treatment in BAMs was explored. The results further showed that HG significantly enhanced the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α caused by LPS in the supernatant (p 〈 0.01) and significantly increased the levels of RAGE, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein expression (p 〈 0.01). Pretreatment with FPS-ZM1 and TAK-242, the inhibitors of RAGE and TLR4, significantly alleviated the HG + LPS-induced increment of RAGE, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein expression in the presence of HG and LPS (p 〈 0.01). This study showed that RAGE and TLR4 affect each other’s expression through crosstalk during the combined usage of HG and LPS and synergistically activate the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BAMs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087007
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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