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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structural Characterization of Haemophilus influenzae Enolase and Its Interaction with Human Plasminogen by In Silico and In Vitro Assays
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-10), p. 1614-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-12-10), p. 1614-
    Abstract: Haemophilus influenzae is the causal agent of invasive pediatric diseases, such as meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, pericarditis, cellulitis, and bacteremia (serotype b). Non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) strains are associated with localized infections, such as otitis media, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia, and can cause invasive diseases, such as as meningitis and sepsis in immunocompromised hosts. Enolase is a multifunctional protein and can act as a receptor for plasminogen, promoting its activation to plasmin, which leads to the degradation of components of the extracellular matrix, favoring host tissue invasion. In this study, using molecular docking, three important residues involved in plasminogen interaction through the plasminogen-binding motif (251EFYNKENGMYE262) were identified in non-typeable H. influenzae enolase (NTHiENO). Interaction with the human plasminogen kringle domains is conformationally stable due to the formation of four hydrogen bonds corresponding to enoTYR253-plgGLU1 (K2), enoTYR253-plgGLY310 (K3), and enoLYS255-plgARG471/enoGLU251-plgLYS468 (K5). On the other hand, in vitro assays, such as ELISA and far-western blot, showed that NTHiENO is a plasminogen-binding protein. The inhibition of this interaction using polyclonal anti-NTHiENO antibodies was significant. With these results, we can propose that NTHiENO–plasminogen interaction could be one of the mechanisms used by H. influenzae to adhere to and invade host cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121614
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies Seroprevalence and Sera Neutralizing Activity in MEXICO: A National Cross-Sectional Study during 2020
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2021-04-15), p. 850-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2021-04-15), p. 850-
    Abstract: Until recently, the incidence of COVID-19 was primarily estimated using molecular diagnostic methods. However, the number of cases is vastly underreported using these methods. Seroprevalence studies estimate cumulative infection incidences and allow monitoring of transmission dynamics, and the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the population. In February 2020, the Mexican Social Security Institute began conducting anonymous unrelated sampling of residual sera from specimens across the country, excluding patients with fever within the previous two weeks and/or patients with an acute respiratory infection. Sampling was carried out weekly and began 17 days before Mexico’s first officially confirmed case. The 24,273 sera obtained were analyzed by chemiluminescent-linked immunosorbent assay (CLIA) IgG S1/S2 and, later, positive cases using this technique were also analyzed to determine the rate of neutralization using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We identified 40 CLIA IgG positive cases before the first official report of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico. The national seroprevalence was 3.5% in February and 33.5% in December. Neutralizing activity among IgG positives patients during overall study period was 86.1%. The extent of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico is 21 times higher than that reported by molecular techniques. Although the general population is still far from achieving herd immunity, epidemiological indicators should be re-estimated based on serological studies of this type.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040850
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pregnant Women Infected with Zika Virus Show Higher Viral Load and Immunoregulatory Cytokines Profile with CXCL10 Increase
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-01-08), p. 80-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-01-08), p. 80-
    Abstract: Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy usually shows only mild symptoms and is frequently subclinical. However, it can be vertically transmitted to the fetus, causing microcephaly and other congenital defects. During pregnancy, the immune environment modifications can alter the response to viruses in general and ZIKV in particular. Objective: To describe the role of pregnancy in the systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory response during symptomatic ZIKV infection. Materials and Methods: A multiplex assay was used to measure 25 cytokines, chemokines, and receptors in 110 serum samples from pregnant and nonpregnant women with and without ZIKV infection with and without symptoms. Samples were collected through an epidemiological surveillance system. Results: Samples from pregnant women with ZIKV infection showed a higher viral load but had similar profiles of inflammatory markers as compared with nonpregnant infected women, except for CXCL10 that was higher in infected pregnant women. Notably, the presence of ZIKV in pregnancy favored a regulatory profile by significantly increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10, receptors IL-1RA, and IL-2R, but only those pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 that are essential for the antiviral response. Interestingly, there were no differences between symptomatic and weakly symptomatic ZIKV-infected groups. Conclusion: Our results revealed a systemic anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile that could participate in the control of the virus. The anti-inflammatory response in pregnant women infected with ZIKA was characterized by high CXCL10, a cytokine that has been correlated with congenital malformations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13010080
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Genetic Diversity and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Chikungunya Infections in Mexico during the Outbreak of 2014–2016
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-12-31), p. 70-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-12-31), p. 70-
    Abstract: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which causes Chikungunya fever. Three CHIKV genotypes have been identified: West African, East-Central-South African and Asian. In 2014, CHIKV was detected for the first time in Mexico, accumulating 13,569 confirmed cases in the following three years. Studies on the molecular diversification of CHIKV in Mexico focused on limited geographic regions or investigated only one structural gene of the virus. To describe the dynamics of this outbreak, we analyzed 309 serum samples from CHIKV acute clinical cases from 15 Mexican states. Partial NSP3, E1, and E2 genes were sequenced, mutations were identified, and their genetic variability was estimated. The evolutionary relationship with CHIKV sequences sampled globally were analyzed. Our sequences grouped with the Asian genotype within the Caribbean lineage, suggesting that the Asian was the only circulating genotype during the outbreak. Three non-synonymous mutations (E2 S248F and NSP3 A437T and L451F) were present in our sequences, which were also identified in sequences of the Caribbean lineage and in one Philippine sequence. Based on the phylogeographic analysis, the viral spread was reconstructed, suggesting that after the introduction through the Mexican southern border (Chiapas), CHIKV dispersed to neighboring states before reaching the center and north of the country through the Pacific Ocean states and Quintana Roo. This is the first viral phylogeographic reconstruction in Mexico characterizing the CHIKV outbreak across the country.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14010070
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unidirectional Optical Kerr Transmittance in Hierarchical Carbon/Platinum Nanostructures
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Photonics Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2020-07-30), p. 54-
    Details
    In: Photonics, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2020-07-30), p. 54-
    Abstract: A strong contrast in the third-order nonlinear optical effects exhibited by hierarchical nanostructures explored in a bidirectional optical circuit is reported. The samples were integrated by multiwall carbon nanotubes and platinum-decorated carbon nanotubes synthetized by an aerosol pyrolysis technique and followed by a chemical vapor deposition method. Coupled and decoupled third-order nonlinear optical properties of the nanocomposites were studied. A nanosecond two-wave mixing experiment at 532 nm wavelength was conducted to analyze the optical Kerr effect in the samples. Multi-photonic interactions were evaluated by a single-beam transmittance as a function of input irradiance and volume fraction of the nanoparticles integrated in the nanohybrids. A two-photon absorption process was identified as the main physical mechanism responsible for the anisotropy in the observed optical nonlinearities. Random carbon nanotube networks in film form were put on top of platinum-decorated carbon nanotubes in order to build up a bilayer sample featuring optical selectivity. The switching of optical signals in propagation through the samples was obtained by an orientation-selectable optical transmittance. Unidirectional optically controlled laser pulses dependent on irradiance and polarization in a two-wave mixing was proposed with potential nanophotonic and nanoelectronic applications. The design of signal processing functions driven by nanohybrid platforms can be contemplated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-6732
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/photonics7030054
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2770002-1
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