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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intelligent Estimating the Tree Height in Urban Forests Based on Deep Learning Combined with a Smartphone and a Comparison with UAV-LiDAR
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-24), p. 97-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-24), p. 97-
    Abstract: In this paper, a method for extracting the height of urban forest trees based on a smartphone was proposed to efficiently and accurately determine tree heights. First, a smartphone was used to obtain person–tree images, LabelImg was used to label the images, and a dataset was constructed. Secondly, based on a deep learning method called You Only Look Once v5 (YOLOv5) and the small-hole imaging and scale principles, a person–tree scale height measurement model was constructed. This approach supports recognition and mark functions based on the characteristics of a person and a tree in a single image. Finally, tree height measurements were obtained. By using this method, the heights of three species in the validation set were extracted; the range of the absolute error was 0.02 m–0.98 m, and the range of the relative error was 0.20–10.33%, with the RMSE below 0.43 m, the rRMSE below 4.96%, and the R2 above 0.93. The person–tree scale height measurement model proposed in this paper greatly improves the efficiency of tree height measurement while ensuring sufficient accuracy and provides a new method for the dynamic monitoring and investigation of urban forest resources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15010097
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Design and Verification of Key Components of a New Selective Catalytic Reduction System in a Petrochemical Captive Power Plant
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Processes Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2023-09-26), p. 2837-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2023-09-26), p. 2837-
    Abstract: A new selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for captive power plants in the petrochemical industry was analyzed. The key components suitable for the target SCR system were obtained using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation combined with a cold physical model. The structural characteristics of the SCR system were studied, and corresponding design schemes were obtained for the key components, such as the guide plate, the ammonia injection grid (AIG), the static mixer, and the rectifier grille. The distributions of the flue gas velocity and the NH3 concentration within the flue cross-section in front of the first layer catalyst were studied in detail. Synchronously, the pressure loss and the temperature reduction characteristics in the SCR system were also considered. CFD results showed that the average standard deviation of the flue gas velocity was about 11.61%, and the average standard deviation of the NH3 concentration distribution could reach about 3.79% under the five operating conditions. It could be concluded that the uniformity of the flue gas velocity and the NH3 concentration distribution within the above flue cross-section was guaranteed by comparing to the design standard of 15% and 5%, respectively. It was further found that the maximum pressure loss between the inlet and the first layer catalyst was about 106.64 Pa, and the temperature reduction characteristic of the entire SCR system could be maintained within ±0.01 °C, which indicated that no extreme adverse effect arose due to the introduce of the key components. The cold physical model experiment was accordingly conducted to verify the reliability of the above CFD results. The cold physical model experiment results showed that the average standard deviation of flue gas velocity was about 8.82%, and the average standard deviation of NH3 concentration distribution could reach about 4.21%. The maximum biases for the standard deviations of the flue gas velocity and the NH3 concentration distribution were approximately 4.83% and 1.18% under the five operating conditions. Based on the good agreement of the research results via the two different methods, the designed key components of a new SCR system could be confirmed to be feasible, which would benefit the deNOx performance of the SCR system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr11102837
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 3
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    RERB: A Dataset for Residential Area Extraction with Regularized Boundary in Remote Sensing Imagery for Mapping Application
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Electronics Vol. 11, No. 17 ( 2022-09-05), p. 2790-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 17 ( 2022-09-05), p. 2790-
    Abstract: Due to the high automaticity and efficiency of image-based residential area extraction, it has become one of the research hotspots in surveying, mapping, and computer vision, etc. For the application of mapping residential area, the extracted contour is required to be regular. However, the contour results of existing deep-learning-based residential area extraction methods are assigned accurately according to the actual range of residential areas in imagery, which are difficult to directly apply to mapping due to the extractions being messy and irregular. Most of the existing ground object extraction datasets based on optical satellite images mainly promote the research of semantic segmentation, thereby ignoring the requirements of mapping applications. In this paper, we introduce an optical satellite images dataset named RERB (Residential area Extraction with Regularized Boundary) to support and advance end-to-end learning of residential area mapping. The characteristic of RERB is that it embeds the prior knowledge of regularized contour in the dataset. In detail, the RERB dataset contains 13,892 high-quality satellite images with a spatial resolution of 2 m acquired from different cities in China, and the size of each image is approximately 256 × 256 pixels, which covers an area of more than 3640 square kilometers. The novel published RERB dataset encompasses four superiorities: (1) Large-scale and high-resolution; (2) well annotated and regular label contour; (3) rich background; and (4) class imbalance. Therefore, the RERB dataset is suitable for both semantic segmentation and mapping application tasks. Furthermore, to validate the effectiveness of the RERB, a novel end-to-end regularization extraction algorithm of residential areas based on contour cross-entropy constraints is designed and implemented, which can significantly improve the regularization degree of extraction for the mapping of residential areas. The comparative experimental results demonstrate the preponderance and practicability of our public dataset and can further facilitate future research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics11172790
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determination of Trace Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Human Serum by a High-Throughput UPLC-MS/MS Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2019-02-20), p. 741-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 4 ( 2019-02-20), p. 741-
    Abstract: This paper described an improved method for high-throughput and sensitive determination of zearalenone and its five metabolites (zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol and β-zearalanol) in human serum. Serum samples were measured both before and after enzyme hydrolysis to assess the free and total amount of each compound by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in multi reaction monitoring (MRM) mode following off-line 96-well μElution solid-phase extraction (SPE). All the analytes were completely separated on a C18 column within 6 min. It enabled multi-sample preparation at the same time eliminating tedious evaporation and reconstitution steps, allowing 96 (one plate) samples to be processed and analyzed within 24 h. Using an isotope labelled internal standard (13C-ZEN), high recoveries were achieved for all the compounds in the range 91.6%–119.5%, with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 8%. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.02–0.06 ng mL−1 (0.6–2 fmol) and 0.1–0.2 ng mL−1 (3–6 fmol), respectively, demonstrating a notable enhancement in sensitivity compared to the existing methods. The validated method was applied to the analysis of paired urine and serum samples collected from 125 healthy individuals in Henan Province, locating in the middle area of China. ZEN metabolites in human serum were significantly lower than those in urine. Only one serum sample was positive for ZEN after enzyme digestion, whereas at least one of ZEN biomarkers was detected in 75.2% of the paired urine samples. Some comparison and discussion were also included in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app9040741
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Impact of Media Use on Chinese Public Behavior towards Vaccination with the COVID-19 Vaccine: A Latent Profile Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2022-10-17), p. 1737-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2022-10-17), p. 1737-
    Abstract: (1) Background: research on vaccines has received extensive attention during epidemics. However, few studies have focused on the impact of media use on vaccination behavior and the factors influencing vaccination in groups with different media use degrees; (2) Method: Based on seven items related to media use, a total of 11,031 respondents were categorized by the frequency of media use by using latent profile analysis (LPA). Binary regression analysis was used to study the factors that influence the vaccination behaviors of people with different media use frequencies; (3) Results: All respondents were classified into the following three groups: media use low frequency (9.7%), media use general (67.1%), and media use high frequency (23.2%). Media use low frequency (β = −0.608, p 〈 0.001) was negatively associated with COVID-19 vaccination behavior. In the media use low frequency, analysis showed that “aged 41 years or older” β = 1.784, p 〈 0.001), had religious belief (β = 0.075, p 〈 0.05), were ethnic minorities (β = 0.936, p 〈 0.01) and had friends support (β = 0.923, p 〈 0.05) were associated with a preference to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. In the media use general, those who aged 41 years old and older (β = 1.682, p 〈 0.001), had major depression (β = 0.951, p 〈 0.05), had friends support (β = 0.048, p 〈 0.001) would be more likely to receive COVID-19 vaccination. However, respondents who live in towns (β = −0.300, p 〈 0.01) had lower behaviors to receive vaccination for COVID-19. In the media use high frequency, the respondents who aged 41 or older (β = 1.010, p 〈 0.001), were ethnic minorities (β = 0.741, p 〈 0.001), had moderate depression (β = 1.003, p 〈 0.05) would receive the vaccination for COVID-19 positively; (4) Conclusions: The more occluded the media use is, the less likely the respondents are to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Vaccination behavior is influenced by different factors in groups with different frequencies of media use. Therefore, the government and appropriate departments should make individualized and targeted strategies about COVID-19 vaccination and disseminate the vaccination information to different media use groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101737
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development of a Quantitative Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis Method for Sugar Components of Xiaochaihu Capsules Based on Quality by Design Concept
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Separations Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-26), p. 13-
    Details
    In: Separations, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-26), p. 13-
    Abstract: Background: Xiaochaihu capsule is composed of seven traditional Chinese medicines. The pharmacopoeia only focuses on the quantitative detection of baicalin, which cannot fully reflect the quality of the preparation. Some medium polar components were used to establish the fingerprint of Xiaochaihu capsule, but there was no report on the strong polar components. Methods: A high performance liquid chromatography-corona charged aerosol detection technology was used to establish a fingerprint analysis method for Xiaochaihu capsules following an analytical quality by design approach. Definitive screening designed experiments were used to optimize the method parameters. A stepwise regression method was used to build quantitative models. The method operable design region was calculated using the experimental error simulation method. Plackett–Burman designed experiments were carried out to test robustness. Results: The contents of four components were simultaneously determined. There were seven common peaks in the fingerprint. The common peak area accounted for 91.72%. Both fingerprint and quantitative analysis methods were validated as applicable in the methodology study. The quantitative fingerprint analysis method for sugar components can fill the gap in the detection of strong polar components in the existing methods. It provides a new technology for the comprehensive overall evaluation of Xiaochaihu capsule.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2297-8739
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/separations10010013
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2869930-0
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Analysis of Patterns of Two COVID-19 Outbreak Clusters in China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2022-04-17), p. 4876-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2022-04-17), p. 4876-
    Abstract: Since the emergence of COVID-19, there have been many local outbreaks with foci at shopping malls in China. We compared and analyzed the epidemiological and spatiotemporal characteristics of local COVID-19 outbreaks in two commercial locations, a department store building (DSB) in Baodi District, Tianjin, and the Xinfadi wholesale market (XFD) in Fengtai District, Beijing. The spread of the infection at different times was analyzed by the standard deviation elliptical method. The spatial transfer mode demonstrated that outbreaks started at the center of each commercial location and spread to the periphery. The number of cases and the distance from the central outbreak showed an inverse proportional logarithmic function shape. Most cases were distributed within a 10 km radius; infected individuals who lived far from the outbreak center were mainly infected by close-contact transmission at home or in the workplace. There was no efficient and rapid detection method at the time of the DSB outbreak; the main preventative measure was the timing of COVID-19 precautions. Emergency interventions (closing shopping malls and home isolation) were initiated five days before confirmation of the first case from the shopping center. In contrast, XFD closed after the first confirmed cases appeared, but those infected during this outbreak benefitted from efficient nucleic acid testing. Quick results and isolation of infected individuals were the main methods of epidemic control in this area. The difference in the COVID-19 epidemic patterns between the two shopping malls reflects the progress of Chinese technology in the prevention and control of COVID-19.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084876
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 8
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    Cell-Type Apoptosis in Lung during SARS-CoV-2 Infection
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Pathogens Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 509-
    Details
    In: Pathogens, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2021-04-23), p. 509-
    Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has inspired renewed interest in understanding the fundamental pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following infection. However, the pathogenesis of ARDS following SRAS-CoV-2 infection remains largely unknown. In the present study, we examined apoptosis in postmortem lung sections from COVID-19 patients and in lung tissues from a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cell-type manner, including type 1 and 2 alveolar cells and vascular endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, and T cells. Multiple-target immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting suggest both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are activated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 fails to induce apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells (i.e., BEAS2B cells) and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, infection of co-cultured Vero cells and HUVECs or Vero cells and BEAS2B cells with SARS-CoV-2 induced apoptosis in both Vero cells and HUVECs/BEAS2B cells but did not alter the permissiveness of HUVECs or BEAS2B cells to the virus. Post-exposure treatment of the co-culture of Vero cells and HUVECs with a novel non-cyclic nucleotide small molecule EPAC1-specific activator reduced apoptosis in HUVECs. These findings may help to delineate a novel insight into the pathogenesis of ARDS following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-0817
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050509
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2695572-6
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Molecular Hybridization-Guided One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Turmerone Motif-Fused 3,3′-Pyrrolidinyl-dispirooxindoles via a 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Molecules Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2017-04-17), p. 645-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2017-04-17), p. 645-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040645
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 10
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    Investigation into the Influence of Parallel Offset Wear on Stirling Engine Piston Rod Oil-Free Lubrication Seal
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Machines Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-05-09), p. 350-
    Details
    In: Machines, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-05-09), p. 350-
    Abstract: The oil-free lubrication seal of a piston rod plays an important role in the application of a Stirling engine. Parallel offset in a piston rod ruins the symmetry of the seal and affects the sealing performance when the seal is worn. In this paper, based on a motion analysis and the finite element method, a three-dimensional model of the Cap-seal was established, and its performance was numerically and experimentally investigated. The results show that parallel offset of the piston rod increases the possibility of seal damage and has no obvious effect on leakage. Under high pressures and low pre-compression ratios, the Cap-seal shows a good sealing capability and exhibits a higher propensity for mechanical damage. A good agreement was obtained between the numerical and experimental results. This study offers guidelines regarding the design and application of oil-free lubrication seals for a Stirling piston rod.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1702
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/machines10050350
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704328-9
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