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  • MDPI AG  (336)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    4′-O-methylpyridoxine: Preparation from Ginkgo biloba Seeds and Cytotoxicity in GES-1 Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Toxins Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-26), p. 95-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2021-01-26), p. 95-
    Abstract: Ginkgo biloba seeds are wildly used in the food and medicine industry. It has been found that 4′-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) is responsible for the poisoning caused by G. biloba seeds. The objective of this study was to explore and optimize the extraction method of MPN from G. biloba seeds, and investigate its toxic effect on human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1) and the potential related mechanisms. The results showed that the extraction amount of MPN was 1.933 μg/mg, when extracted at 40 °C for 100 min, with the solid–liquid ratio at 1:10. MPN inhibited the proliferation of GES-1 cells, for which the inhibition rate was 38.27% when the concentration of MPN was 100 μM, and the IC50 value was 127.80 μM; meanwhile, the cell cycle was arrested in G2 phase. High concentration of MPN (100 μM) had significant effects on the nucleus of GES-1 cells, and the proportion of apoptotic cells reached 43.80%. Furthermore, the Western blotting analysis showed that MPN could reduce mitochondrial membrane potential by increasing the expression levels of apoptotic proteins Caspase 8 and Bax in GES-1 cells. In conclusion, MPN may induce apoptosis in GES-1 cells, which leads to toxicity in the human body.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020095
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 2
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    Identification of TPX2 Gene Family in Upland Cotton and Its Functional Analysis in Cotton Fiber Development
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Genes Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2019-07-04), p. 508-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2019-07-04), p. 508-
    Abstract: Microtubules (MTs) are of importance to fiber development. The Xklp2 (TPX2) proteins as a class of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) play a key role in plant growth and development by regulating the dynamic changes of microtubules (MTs). However, the mechanism underlying this is unknown. The interactions between TPX2 proteins and tubulin protein, which are the main structural components, have not been studied in fiber development of upland cotton. Therefore, a genome-wide analysis of the TPX2 family was firstly performed in Gossypium hirsutum L. This study identified 41 GhTPX2 sequences in the assembled G. hirsutum genome by a series of bioinformatic methods. Generally, this gene family is phylogenetically grouped into six subfamilies, and 41 G. hirsutum TPX2 genes (GhTPX2s) are distributed across 21 chromosomes. A heatmap of the TPX2 gene family showed that homologous GhTPX2 genes, GhWDLA2/7 and GhWDLA4/9, have large differences in expression levels between two upland cotton recombinant inbred lines (69307 and 69362) that are different in fiber quality at 15 and 20 days post anthesis. The relative data indicate that these four genes are down-regulated under oryzalin, which causes microtubule depolymerization, as determined via qRT-PCR. A subcellular localization experiment suggested that GhWDLA2 and GhWDLA7 are localized to the microtubule cytoskeleton, and GhWDLA4 and GhWDLA9 are only localized to the nucleus. However, only GhWDLA7 between GhWDLA2 and GhWDLA7 interacted with GhTUA2 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. These results lay the foundation for further function study of the TPX2 gene family.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes10070508
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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  • 3
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    Development of a Quantitative Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis Method for Sugar Components of Xiaochaihu Capsules Based on Quality by Design Concept
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Separations Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-26), p. 13-
    Details
    In: Separations, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-26), p. 13-
    Abstract: Background: Xiaochaihu capsule is composed of seven traditional Chinese medicines. The pharmacopoeia only focuses on the quantitative detection of baicalin, which cannot fully reflect the quality of the preparation. Some medium polar components were used to establish the fingerprint of Xiaochaihu capsule, but there was no report on the strong polar components. Methods: A high performance liquid chromatography-corona charged aerosol detection technology was used to establish a fingerprint analysis method for Xiaochaihu capsules following an analytical quality by design approach. Definitive screening designed experiments were used to optimize the method parameters. A stepwise regression method was used to build quantitative models. The method operable design region was calculated using the experimental error simulation method. Plackett–Burman designed experiments were carried out to test robustness. Results: The contents of four components were simultaneously determined. There were seven common peaks in the fingerprint. The common peak area accounted for 91.72%. Both fingerprint and quantitative analysis methods were validated as applicable in the methodology study. The quantitative fingerprint analysis method for sugar components can fill the gap in the detection of strong polar components in the existing methods. It provides a new technology for the comprehensive overall evaluation of Xiaochaihu capsule.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2297-8739
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/separations10010013
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2869930-0
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  • 4
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    Study of the Correlation between the Amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide Film Quality and the Thin-Film Transistor Performance
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-02-18), p. 522-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2021-02-18), p. 522-
    Abstract: In this work, we performed a systematic study of the physical properties of amorphous Indium–Gallium–Zinc Oxide (a-IGZO) films prepared under various deposition pressures, O2/(Ar+O2) flow ratios, and annealing temperatures. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and microwave photoconductivity decay (μ-PCD) measurements were conducted to evaluate the quality of a-IGZO films. The results showed that the process conditions have a substantial impact on the film densities and defect states, which in turn affect the performance of the final thin-film transistors (TFT) device. By optimizing the IGZO film deposition conditions, high-performance TFT was able to be demonstrated, with a saturation mobility of 8.4 cm2/Vs, a threshold voltage of 0.9 V, and a subthreshold swing of 0.16 V/dec.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano11020522
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 5
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    PP19128R, a Multiepitope Vaccine Designed to Prevent Latent Tuberculosis Infection, Induced Immune Responses In Silico and In Vitro Assays
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Vaccines Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-17), p. 856-
    Details
    In: Vaccines, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2023-04-17), p. 856-
    Abstract: Background: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the primary source of active tuberculosis (ATB), but a preventive vaccine against LTBI is lacking. Methods: In this study, dominant helper T lymphocyte (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and B-cell epitopes were identified from nine antigens related to LTBI and regions of difference (RDs). These epitopes were used to construct a novel multiepitope vaccine (MEV) based on their antigenicity, immunogenicity, sensitization, and toxicity. The immunological characteristics of the MEV were analyzed with immunoinformatics technology and verified by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine assay in vitro. Results: A novel MEV, designated PP19128R, containing 19 HTL epitopes, 12 CTL epitopes, 8 B-cell epitopes, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, and helper peptides, was successfully constructed. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the antigenicity, immunogenicity, and solubility of PP19128R were 0.8067, 9.29811, and 0.900675, respectively. The global population coverage of PP19128R in HLA class I and II alleles reached 82.24% and 93.71%, respectively. The binding energies of the PP19128R-TLR2 and PP19128R-TLR4 complexes were −1324.77 kcal/mol and −1278 kcal/mol, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that the PP19128R vaccine significantly increased the number of interferon gamma-positive (IFN-γ+) T lymphocytes and the levels of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10. Furthermore, positive correlations were observed between PP19128R-specific cytokines in ATB patients and individuals with LTBI. Conclusions: The PP19128R vaccine is a promising MEV with excellent antigenicity and immunogenicity and no toxicity or sensitization that can induce robust immune responses in silico and in vitro. This study provides a vaccine candidate for the prevention of LTBI in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-393X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040856
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703319-3
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  • 6
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    An Overview of the Applications of Earth Observation Satellite Data: Impacts and Future Trends
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 14, No. 8 ( 2022-04-13), p. 1863-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 8 ( 2022-04-13), p. 1863-
    Abstract: As satellite observation technology develops and the number of Earth observation (EO) satellites increases, satellite observations have become essential to developments in the understanding of the Earth and its environment. However, the current impacts to the remote sensing community of different EO satellite data and possible future trends of EO satellite data applications have not been systematically examined. In this paper, we review the impacts of and future trends in the use of EO satellite data based on an analysis of data from 15 EO satellites whose data are widely used. Articles that reference EO satellite missions included in the Web of Science core collection for 2020 were analyzed using scientometric analysis and meta-analysis. We found the following: (1) the number of publications and citations referencing EO satellites is increasing exponentially; however, the number of articles referencing AVHRR, SPOT, and TerraSAR is tending to decrease; (2) papers related to EO satellites are concentrated in a small number of journals: 43.79% of the articles that were reviewed were published in only 13 journals; and (3) remote sensing impact factor (RSIF), a new impact index, was constructed to measure the impacts of EO satellites and to predict future trends in applications of their data. Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, Gaofen, and WorldView were found to be the most significant current EO satellite missions and MODIS data to have the widest range of applications. Over the next five years (2021–2025), it is expected that Sentinel will become the satellite mission with the greatest influence.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs14081863
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 7
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    Indium Tin-Oxide Wrapped 3D rGO and TiO2 Composites: Development, Characterization, and Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity for Methylene Blue
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2019-10-12), p. 848-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2019-10-12), p. 848-
    Abstract: A hybrid material of indium tin-oxide (ITO) wrapped titanium dioxide and reduced graphene oxide (ITO-rGO and TiO2) was prepared using a facile hydrothermal technique. TiO2 nanorods were in situ grown on the surface of rGO (rGO and TiO2), and which was then assembled onto ITO substrate layer by layer with formation of a 3D structure. ITO-rGO and TiO2 exhibit low charge transfer resistance at the electrode-electrolyte interface and have good photoresponsive ability. Methylene blue (MB) can be effectively adsorbed and enriched onto ITO-rGO and TiO2 surface. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of ITO-rGO and TiO2 were evaluated, showing that the exothermic and entropy-driven reaction were the main thermodynamic processes, and the Langmuir isotherm was the ideal model for adsorption fitting. Meanwhile, ITO greatly improved degradation of rGO and TiO2 because electrons can be collected by ITO before recombination and MB can easily enter into the 3D structure of rGO and TiO2. The highest photodegradation rate of MB reached 93.40% for ITO-rGO and TiO2 at pH 9. Additionally, ITO-rGO and TiO2 successfully solved the problems of being difficult to recycle and causing secondary pollution of traditional TiO2 catalysts. Therefore, ITO-rGO and TiO2 may be a potential photocatalyst for degrading organic pollutants in water.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal9100848
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 8
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    Immunoinformatic-Based Multi-Epitope Vaccine Design for Co-Infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-05), p. 116-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-01-05), p. 116-
    Abstract: (1) Background: Many co-infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged since the occurrence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This study aims to design an effective preventive multi-epitope vaccine against the co-infection of MTB and SARS-CoV-2. (2) Methods: The three selected proteins (spike protein, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and low molecular weight T-cell antigen TB8.4) were predicted using bioinformatics, and 16 epitopes with the highest ranks (10 helper T lymphocyte epitopes, 2 CD8+ T lymphocytes epitopes, and 4 B-cell epitopes) were selected and assembled into the candidate vaccine referred to as S7D5L4. The toxicity, sensitization, stability, solubility, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of the S7D5L4 vaccine were evaluated using bioinformatics tools. Subsequently, toll-like receptor 4 docking simulation and discontinuous B-cell epitope prediction were performed. Immune simulation and codon optimization were carried out using immunoinformatics and molecular biology tools. (3) Results: The S7D5L4 vaccine showed good physical properties, such as solubility, stability, non-sensitization, and non-toxicity. This vaccine had excellent antigenicity and immunogenicity and could successfully simulate immune responses in silico. Furthermore, the normal mode analysis of the S7D5L4 vaccine and toll-like receptor 4 docking simulation demonstrated that the vaccine had docking potential and a stable reaction. (4) Conclusions: The S7D5L4 vaccine designed to fight against the co-infection of MTB and SARS-CoV-2 may be safe and effective. The protective efficacy of this promising vaccine should be further verified using in vitro and in vivo experiments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010116
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662248-8
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  • 9
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    Recent Mechanistic Understanding of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis on Fe-Carbide
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-06-29), p. 1052-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-06-29), p. 1052-
    Abstract: With an increase in energy consumption globally, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis is a good alternative for producing fuels and chemicals from coal, natural gas or biomass. Among them, coal to liquids has been put into production in countries that have large coal reserves. In this process, Fe-based catalysts are commonly used due to their earth abundance, comparatively wide operation range and ready availability to handle low H2/CO ratio from coal. Despite their extensive applications, the kinetic and mechanistic understandings of Fe carburization and FT reaction on Fe-carbides are relatively limited due to the complexity of the phase composition of the applied catalysts. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of FT synthesis on Fe-carbide with an emphasis on the underlying mechanism. Specifically, the employment of a model catalyst, such as Raney Fe, could provide a convenient way to furnish kinetic information regarding Fe carburization and subsequent FT reaction. A major challenge for further understanding catalytic reactions occurring at the Fe-carbide surface is correlating FT activity and selectivity to a specific active site. To address this issue, the advancements of both DFT calculations and surface science techniques are highly demanded.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal13071052
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 10
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    Ergonomic Consideration in Pillow Height Determinants and Evaluation
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Healthcare Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2021-10-07), p. 1333-
    Details
    In: Healthcare, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2021-10-07), p. 1333-
    Abstract: (1) Background: Sleep problems have become one of the current serious public health issues. Pillow height affects the alignment of the cervical spine and is closely related to the mechanical environment of the cervical spine. An appropriate pillow height can provide adequate support for the head and neck to reduce the stress in the cervical spine and relax the muscles of the neck and shoulder, thereby relieving pain and improving sleep quality. (2) Methods: We reviewed the current trends, research methodologies, and determinants of pillow height evaluation, summarizing the evidences published since 1997. In particular, we scrutinized articles dealing with the physiological and mechanical characteristics of the head-neck-shoulder complex. (3) Results: Through the investigation and analysis of these articles, we presented several quantitative and objective determinants for pillow height evaluation, including cervical spine alignment, body dimension, contact pressure, and muscle activity. The measurement methods and selection criteria for these parameters are described in detail. However, the suggested range for achieving optimal cervical spine alignment, appropriate pressure distribution, and minimal muscle activity during sleep cannot yet be identified considering the lack of sufficient evidence. Moreover, there remain no firm conclusions about the optimal pillow height for the supine and lateral positions. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive evaluation combining the above determinants provides a unique solution for ergonomic pillow design and proper pillow height selection, which can effectively promote the public sleep health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a reasonable algorithm to weigh multiple determinants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101333
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721009-1
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