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  • MDPI AG  (37)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Current Knowledge and Challenges of Particle Size Measurements of Mainstream E-Cigarette Aerosols and Their Implication on Respiratory Dosimetry
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Respiration Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2023-02-24), p. 7-28
    Details
    In: Journal of Respiration, MDPI AG, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2023-02-24), p. 7-28
    Abstract: The E-cigarette has been promoted as an alternative nicotine delivery device with potentially fewer toxicant emissions. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the particle size distribution (PSD) of e-cigarette emissions and to analyze the knowledge gaps between existing particle size measurements and the vision toward harm reduction from e-cigarette use. Here, we focus on firstly describing the physical parameters used to characterize PSD, followed by comparing particle size measurement approaches, investigating the factors that impact the PSD of e-cigarette mainstream aerosols, and conclude by linking size distribution to the respiratory dosimetry by demonstrating the modeling results of particle deposition in the respiratory tract. This review calls for a harmonized testing protocol to conduct inter-comparisons and further understand e-cigarette particle sizes. Among the influencing factors investigated, puff topography, operation power, flavorings, PG/VG ratio, and nicotine strength impose a substantial impact on the PSD, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully investigated. The effects brought by the type of device refill and nicotine are yet inconclusive due to lack of evidence. Coil aging has no significant impact on the PSD of e-cigarette aerosols within the coil lifetime. Lastly, while computational models of particle deposition have been adopted to profile the deposition of e-cigarette mainstream emissions, existing models have limited applicability and generality when dealing with e-cigarette aerosols that have high volatility and hygroscopicity, which can dynamically evaporate or grow during the transport process. Additionally, the size-dependent chemical composition (e.g., nicotine and harmful and potentially harmful constituents) of e-cigarette aerosols is unknown, impeding the understanding of the health effects of e-cigarette use. Therefore, it is essential for future studies to bridge these knowledge gaps and unveil the mechanisms determining PSD and respiratory deposition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-527X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jor3010003
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3040770-9
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  • 2
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    Effect of Fermentation Strategy on the Quality and Aroma Characteristics of Yellow Peach Wines
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Fermentation Vol. 8, No. 11 ( 2022-11-04), p. 604-
    Details
    In: Fermentation, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 11 ( 2022-11-04), p. 604-
    Abstract: To obtain high-quality yellow peach wines of varying characteristics, different fermentation strategies, including various pre-fermentative treatments, were applied. This study aimed to determine the effect of different fermentation strategies on the physicochemical properties, monomer phenol content, in vitro antioxidant activity, and volatile compounds of yellow peach wine. The results showed that peach wine P12, fermented with pulp, had higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), monomer phenol and volatile compound content, and antioxidant activity. Ten monomeric phenols were detected in peach wines, and the content of catechin was the highest. Juice fermentation wine, J12, had a strong floral aroma, and some volatile compounds were released during fermentation when water was added to the pulp, and low alcohol content did not reduce the variety of volatile compounds. The main aroma and common characteristics of the fermented yellow peach wine were dominated by esters, with a relative odor activity value (ROAV) ≥ 1, namely, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl octanoate. Our results demonstrated that the application of the described fermentation strategies significantly affected the quality and volatile compound content of yellow peach wines. This might assist in the development of a highly diverse yellow peach wine flavor.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2311-5637
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110604
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2813985-9
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  • 3
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    Epidemiology of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Genetic Evolutionary Characteristics of Coxsackievirus A10 in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2020
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-03-07), p. 694-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-03-07), p. 694-
    Abstract: In recent years, the prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enteroviruses other than enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) has gradually increased. The throat swab specimens of 2701 HFMD cases were tested, the VP1 regions of CVA10 RNA were amplified using RT-PCR, and phylogenetic analysis of CVA10 was performed. Children aged 1–5 years accounted for the majority (81.65%) and boys were more than girls. The positivity rates of EV-A71, CVA16, and other EVs were 15.22% (219/1439), 28.77% (414/1439), and 56.01% (806/1439), respectively. CVA10 is one of the important viruses of other EVs. A total of 52 CVA10 strains were used for phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 region, 31 were from this study, and 21 were downloaded from GenBank. All CVA10 sequences could be assigned to seven genotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G), and genotype C was further divided into C1 and C2 subtypes, only one belonged to subtype C1 and the remaining 30 belonged to C2 in this study. This study emphasized the importance of strengthening the surveillance of HFMD to understand the mechanisms of pathogen variation and evolution, and to provide a scientific basis for HFMD prevention, control, and vaccine development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15030694
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 4
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    Prognosis and Immunological Characteristics of PGK1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cancers Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-25), p. 5228-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-25), p. 5228-
    Abstract: Background: Aerobic glycolysis plays a key role in tumor metabolic reprogramming to reshape the immune microenvironment. The phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) gene codes a glycolytic enzyme that converts 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. However, in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the role of PGK1 in altering the tumor microenvironment (TME) has not yet been determined. Methods: Raw data, including bulk DNA and mRNA-seq data, methylation modification data, single-cell RNA-seq data, proteomics data, clinical case characteristics survival, immunotherapy data, and so on, were obtained from multiple independent public data sets. These data were reanalyzed to uncover the prognosis and immunological characteristics of PGK1 in LUAD. Results: We found that PGK1 mRNA and protein were considerably over-expressed in LUAD compared to normal tissue and that high PGK1 expression is associated with poorer prognostic outcomes in LUAD. The enrichment analysis of PGK1 co-expressed genes in lung adenocarcinoma revealed that PGK1 may be involved in hypoxia, metabolism, DNA synthesis, cell cycle, PI3K/AKT, and various immune and inflammatory signaling pathways. Furthermore, PGK1 is also linked to the recruitment of numerous immune cells, including aDC (dendritic cells), macrophages, and neutrophils. More importantly, PGK1 was highly expressed in immunosuppressive cells, including M2 macrophages, Tregs, and exhausted T cells, among others. Finally, higher PGK1 expression indicated significant correlations to immune checkpoints, TMB (tumor mutation burden), and high response to immunotherapy. Conclusions: The presented findings imply that PGK1, as a glycolysis core gene, may be important for the modification of the immune microenvironment by interacting with the tumor metabolism. The results of this study provide clues for a potential immunometabolic combination therapy strategy in LUAD, for which more experimental and clinical translational research is needed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215228
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 5
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    Optimization of Sustainable Bi-Objective Cold-Chain Logistics Route Considering Carbon Emissions and Customers’ Immediate Demands in China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2023-03-29), p. 5946-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2023-03-29), p. 5946-
    Abstract: To meet the national green development trend and realize the sustainable development of human society, the carbon emission in cold-chain distribution is costed. We plan the vehicle distribution path reasonably and optimize the distribution path locally for immediate demand to balance the economic benefits of enterprises and customer satisfaction while reducing the environmental pollution. To minimize distribution cost and maximize customer satisfaction, we design an improved ant colony algorithm to solve the initial distribution path and use the insertion method to solve the immediate customer demand. Taking the actual data of enterprise M as an example, we obtain the optimal distribution path using MATLAB software and optimize the distribution path locally according to the immediate customer demand. The results show that the proposed model and the designed algorithm are practical in satisfying the sustainable development of cold-chain logistics in China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15075946
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 6
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    Standing Wave Field Distribution in Graded-Index Antireflection Coatings
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2018-01-04), p. 65-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2018-01-04), p. 65-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app8010065
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 7
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    Rural Industrial Integration’s Impact on Agriculture GTFP Growth: Influence Mechanism and Empirical Test Using China as an Example
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 20, No. 5 ( 2023-02-21), p. 3860-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 5 ( 2023-02-21), p. 3860-
    Abstract: Agricultural carbon emission is an significant cause of global climate change and many environmental and health problems. Achieving low-carbon and green development in agriculture is not only an inevitable choice for countries around the world to cope with climate change and the accompanying environmental and health problems, but also a necessary path for the sustainable development of global agriculture. The promotion of rural industrial integration is a practical way to realize sustainable agricultural growth and urban–rural integration development. The analysis framework of agriculture GTFP is creatively extended in this study to include the integration and growth of rural industries, rural human capital investment and rural land transfer. According to the sample data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020 and the systematic GMM estimation method, and through the combination of theoretical analysis and empirical testing, this paper discusses the influence mechanism of rural industrial integration development on agriculture GTFP growth, as well as the regulating role of rural human capital investment and rural land transfer. The results show that rural industrial integration has significantly promoted the growth of agriculture GTFP. Additionally, after decomposing agriculture GTFP into the agricultural green technology progress index and agricultural green technology efficiency index, it is found that rural industrial integration has a more obvious role in promoting agricultural green technology progress. Furthermore, quantile regression found that with the increase in agricultural GTFP, the promoting effect of rural industrial integration showed an “inverted U-shaped” feature. Through heterogeneity testing, it is found that the agriculture GTFP growth effect of rural industrial integration is more obvious in areas with high level of rural industrial integration. Additionally, as the nation places more and more focus on rural industrial integration, the promotion role of rural industrial integration has become more and more obvious. The moderating effect test showed that health, education and training, migration of rural human capital investment and rural land transfer all strengthened the promoting effect of rural industrial integration on agricultural GTFP growth to varying degrees. This study provides rich policy insights for China and other developing countries around the world to address global climate change and many related environmental and monitoring issues by developing rural industrial integration, strengthening rural human capital investment and promoting agricultural land transfer to achieve sustainable agricultural growth and reduce undesirable output outputs such as agricultural carbon emissions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053860
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 8
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    Transcriptome Analysis of the Cf-13-Mediated Hypersensitive Response of Tomato to Cladosporium fulvum Infection
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2022-04-27), p. 4844-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 9 ( 2022-04-27), p. 4844-
    Abstract: Tomato leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum) is one of the most common diseases affecting greenhouse tomato production. Cf proteins can recognize corresponding AVR proteins produced by C. fulvum, and Cf genes are associated with leaf mold resistance. Given that there are many physiological races of C. fulvum and that these races rapidly mutate, resistance to common Cf genes (such as Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, and Cf-9) has decreased. In the field, Ont7813 plants (carrying the Cf-13 gene) show effective resistance to C. fulvum; thus, these plants could be used as new, disease-resistant materials. To explore the mechanism of the Cf-13-mediated resistance response, transcriptome sequencing was performed on three replicates each of Ont7813 (Cf-13) and Moneymaker (MM; carrying the Cf-0 gene) at 0, 9, and 15 days after inoculation (dai) for a total of 18 samples. In total, 943 genes were differentially expressed, specifically in the Ont7813 response process as compared to the Moneymaker response process. Gene ontology (GO) classification of these 943 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that GO terms, including “hydrogen peroxide metabolic process (GO_Process)”, “secondary active transmembrane transporter activity (GO_Function)”, and “mismatch repair complex (GO_Component)”, which were the same as 11 other GO terms, were significantly enriched. An analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that many key regulatory genes of the Cf-13-mediated resistance response processes were involved in the “plant hormone signal transduction” pathway, the “plant–pathogen interaction” pathway, and the “MAPK signaling pathway–plant” pathway. Moreover, during C. fulvum infection, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) contents significantly increased in Ont7813 at the early stage. These results lay a vital foundation for further understanding the molecular mechanism of the Cf-13 gene in response to C. fulvum infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094844
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    NAC Transcription Factors as Positive or Negative Regulators during Ongoing Battle between Pathogens and Our Food Crops
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 1 ( 2020-12-23), p. 81-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 1 ( 2020-12-23), p. 81-
    Abstract: The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) family of proteins is one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor (TF) families and its members play varied roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In recent years, NAC TFs have been demonstrated to participate in crop-pathogen interactions, as positive or negative regulators of the downstream defense-related genes. NAC TFs link signaling pathways between plant hormones, including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA), or other signals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to regulate the resistance against pathogens. Remarkably, NAC TFs can also contribute to hypersensitive response and stomatal immunity or can be hijacked as virulence targets of pathogen effectors. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the structure, biological functions and signaling networks of NAC TFs in response to pathogens in several main food crops, such as rice, wheat, barley, and tomato, and explore the directions needed to further elucidate the function and mechanisms of these key signaling molecules.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010081
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Densification of Yak Manure Biofuel Pellets and Evaluation of Parameters: Effects on Properties
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2022-02-22), p. 1621-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 2022-02-22), p. 1621-
    Abstract: This study was first conducted to comprehensively investigate the potential of yak manure as a raw material to prepare fuel pellets. The effect of different parameters such as binder, pressure, and moisture content on pellet density and diametric compressing strength was investigated using a laboratory single pelleting press unit. Results showed that increasing the pressure can help to obtain high-quality fuel pellets. The pellet properties (density and diametric compressing strength) initially increased and then decreased with moisture content increase. By contrast, binder was not identified to promote density and diametric compressing strength. The parameters were optimized using the response surface method with central composite design to obtain high-quality pellets. In conclusion, the use of yak manure as a raw material to make fuels can be considered a sustainable approach and can effectively be used to fulfill the energy and heating requirements of rural areas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15051621
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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