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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Petals Reduce Attachment of Insect Pollinators: A Case Study of the Plant Dahlia pinnata and the Fly Eristalis tenax
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Insects Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2023-03-14), p. 285-
    Details
    In: Insects, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2023-03-14), p. 285-
    Abstract: In order to understand whether the petal surface in “cafeteria”-type flowers, which offer their nectar and pollen to insect pollinators in an open way, is adapted to a stronger attachment of insect pollinators, we selected the plant Dahlia pinnata and the hovering fly Eristalis tenax, both being generalist species according to their pollinator’s spectrum and diet, respectively. We combined cryo scanning electron microscopy examination of leaves, petals, and flower stems with force measurements of fly attachment to surfaces of these plant organs. Our results clearly distinguished two groups among tested surfaces: (1) the smooth leaf and reference smooth glass ensured a rather high attachment force of the fly; (2) the flower stem and petal significantly reduced it. The attachment force reduction on flower stems and petals is caused by different structural effects. In the first case, it is a combination of ridged topography and three-dimensional wax projections, whereas the papillate petal surface is supplemented by cuticular folds. In our opinion, these “cafeteria”-type flowers have the petals, where the colour intensity is enhanced due to papillate epidermal cells covered by cuticular folds at the micro- and nanoscale, and exactly these latter structures mainly contribute to adhesion reduction in generalist insect pollinators.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/insects14030285
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662247-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Leaf Trichomes in Different Species of Cucurbitaceae on Attachment Ability of the Melon Ladybird Beetle Chnootriba elaterii
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Insects Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2022-12-05), p. 1123-
    Details
    In: Insects, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 12 ( 2022-12-05), p. 1123-
    Abstract: This study investigates the attachment ability of the oligophagous melon ladybird beetle Chnootriba elaterii to leaves of several Cucurbitaceae species. Using cryo-SEM, we described adult and larva tarsal attachment devices and leaf surface structures (glandular and non-glandular trichomes) in Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita pepo, Ecballium elaterium, Lagenaria siceraria and Luffa aegyptiaca. Using traction force experiments and centrifugal force tests, we measured the friction force exerted by females and larvae on plant leaves. We observed that Cucurbitaceae glandular trichomes do not affect insect attachment ability at both developmental stages, suggesting some adaptation of C. elaterii to its host plants, while non-glandular trichomes, when they are dense, short and flexible, heavily reduce the attachment ability of both insect stages. When trichomes are dense but stiff, only the larval force is reduced, probably because the larva has a single claw, in contrast to the adult having paired bifid dentate claws. The data on the mechanical interaction of C. elaterii at different developmental stages with different Cucurbitaceae species, combined with data on the chemical cues involved in the host plant selection, can help to unravel the complex factors driving the coevolution between an oligophagous insect and its host plant species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/insects13121123
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nanoporous Monolithic Microsphere Arrays Have Anti-Adhesive Properties Independent of Humidity
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Materials Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2016-05-14), p. 373-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2016-05-14), p. 373-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma9050373
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adhesion of Soft Materials to Rough Surfaces: Experimental Studies, Statistical Analysis and Modelling
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Coatings Vol. 8, No. 10 ( 2018-09-30), p. 350-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 10 ( 2018-09-30), p. 350-
    Abstract: Adhesion between rough surfaces is an active field of research where both experimental studies and theoretical modelling are used. However, it is rather difficult to conduct precise experimental evaluations of adhesive properties of the so-called anti-adhesive materials. Hence, it was suggested earlier by Purtov et al. (2013) to prepare epoxy resin replicas of surfaces having different topography and conduct depth-sensing indentation of the samples using a micro-force tester with a spherical smooth probe made of the compliant polydimethylsiloxane polymer in order to compare values of the force of adhesion to the surfaces. Surprising experimental observations were obtained in which a surface having very small roughness showed the greater value of the force of adhesion than the value for a replica of smooth surface. A plausible explanation of the data was given suggesting that these rough surfaces had full adhesive contact and their true contact area is greater than the area for a smooth surface, while the surfaces with higher values of roughness do not have full contact. Here, the experimental results of surface topography measurements and the statistical analysis of the data are presented. Several modern tests of normality used showed that the height distribution of the surfaces under investigation is normal (Gaussian) and hence the classic statistical models of adhesive contact between rough surfaces may formally be used. Employing one of the Galanov (2011) models of adhesive contact between rough surfaces, the plausible explanation of the experimental observations has been confirmed and theoretically justified.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings8100350
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Role of Fruit Epicuticular Waxes in Preventing Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) Attachment in Different Cultivars of Olea europaea
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Insects Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2020-03-17), p. 189-
    Details
    In: Insects, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 3 ( 2020-03-17), p. 189-
    Abstract: The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the major pest of cultivated olives (Olea europaea L.), and a serious threat in all of the Mediterranean Region. In the present investigation, we demonstrated with traction force experiments that B. oleae female adhesion is reduced by epicuticular waxes (EWs) fruit surface, and that the olive fruit fly shows a different ability to attach to the ripe olive surface of different cultivars of O. europaea (Arbequina, Carolea, Dolce Agogia, Frantoio, Kalamata, Leccino, Manzanilla, Picholine, Nostrale di Rigali, Pendolino and San Felice) in terms of friction force and adhesion, in relation with different mean values of olive surface wettability. Cryo-scanning morphological investigation revealed that the EW present on the olive surface of the different analyzed cultivars are represented by irregular platelets varying in the orientation, thus contributing to affect the surface microroughness and wettability in the different cultivars, and consequently the olive fruit fly attachment. Further investigations to elucidate the role of EW in olive varietal resistance to the olive fruit fly in relation to the olive developmental stage and environmental conditions could be relevant to develop control methods alternative to the use of harmful pesticides.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/insects11030189
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Combined Effect of Different Flower Stem Features on the Visiting Frequency of the Generalist Ant Lasius niger: An Experimental Study
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Insects Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-11-14), p. 1026-
    Details
    In: Insects, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2021-11-14), p. 1026-
    Abstract: In order to understand the effects of the morphology and surface texture of flower stems in Smyrnium rotundifolium on the visiting frequency of generalist ants, we conducted experiments with Lasius niger ants running on dry wooden sticks mimicking different types of stems: (1) intact (grooved) sticks; (2) sticks painted with slaked (hydrated) lime (calcium carbonate coverage) imitating plant epicuticular wax coverage; (3) intact sticks with smooth polyester plate-shaped cuffs imitating upper leaves; and (4) intact sticks bearing cuffs painted with slaked lime. Ants were attracted by the sweet sugar syrup droplets placed on a stick tip, and the number of ants visiting the drops was counted. Our data showed significant differences in the visiting frequencies between the different types of stem-mimicking samples. The number of recorded ants progressively decreased in the following order of samples: intact sticks—painted sticks—sticks with intact cuffs—sticks with painted cuffs. These results clearly demonstrated that micro/nanoscopic surface coverages and macroscopic physical barriers, especially if combined, have a negative impact on the attractiveness of stems to ants. This study provides further evidence for the hypothesis that having a diversity of plant stems in the field, generalist ants prefer substrates where their locomotion is less hindered by obstacles and/or surface slipperiness.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4450
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/insects12111026
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reduction in Insect Attachment Caused by Different Nanomaterials Used as Particle Films (Kaolin, Zeolite, Calcium Carbonate)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 13, No. 15 ( 2021-07-23), p. 8250-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 15 ( 2021-07-23), p. 8250-
    Abstract: In the present investigation, we compared the reduction in attachment ability of the southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to glass induced by three different nanoparticle (kaolin, zeolite, and calcium carbonate) films. Using traction force experiments, behavioral experiments, and scanning electron microscopy observations, we analyzed the insect attachment ability and linear speed on untreated and treated glass with the three particle films. The three nanomaterials strongly reduced insect attachment ability mainly owing to contamination of attachment pads. The ability to reduce insect attachment was different for the three tested particle films: kaolin and zeolite induced a significantly higher reduction in N. viridula safety factor than calcium carbonate. The coating of the surface was more uniform and compact in kaolin and zeolite compared to calcium carbonate particle film. Moreover, kaolin and zeolite particles can more readily adhere to N. viridula attachment devices, whereas calcium carbonate particles appeared less adherent to the cuticular surface compared to the two aluminosilicate (kaolin and zeolite) particles. Only the application of kaolin reduced insect linear speed during locomotion. Nanoparticle films have a great potential to reduce insect attachment ability and represent a good alternative to the use of insecticides for the control of pentatomid bugs and other pest insects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su13158250
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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