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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mathematical Estimation of Endogenous Proline as a Bioindicator to Regulate the Stress of Trivalent Chromium on Rice Plants Grown in Different Nitrogenous Conditions
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Toxics Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2023-09-22), p. 803-
    Details
    In: Toxics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2023-09-22), p. 803-
    Abstract: The accumulation of proline impacts the defense mechanisms of plants against the harmful effects of adverse environmental conditions; however, its concentration in plants is associated with the metabolism of N. Therefore, the effects of exogenous organic [glutamate (Glu)/arginine (Arg)] and inorganic [nitrate (NO3−)/ammonium (NH4+)] N on the accumulation of proline (Pro) in rice plants under trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] stress were studied through using the mass balance matrix model (MBMM). Application of ‘NH4+’ showed the largest contribution to the Pro content in rice shoots under different concentrations of Cr(III), followed by ‘NO3−’, ‘Arg’, and ‘Glu’ applications. On the other hand, ‘Arg’ application displayed the largest contribution to the Pro content in roots under Cr(III) stress, followed by ‘NH4+’, ‘Glu’, and ‘NO3−’ applications. The combined application of ‘NH4++Arg’ showed the greatest contribution to the Pro content in both roots and shoots of Cr(III)-treated rice seedlings, while the application of ‘NO3−+Glu’ showed the least contribution to the Pro content in rice seedlings. The current study indicated that the endogenous level of Pro in rice seedlings is quite sensitive to Cr(III) stress under different N sources, and the mathematical modeling showed a reliable result while estimating the relationship between Pro content and N source application.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2305-6304
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100803
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733883-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Research on the Combustion Characteristics of a Free-Piston Gasoline Engine Linear Generator during the Stable Generating Process
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Energies Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2016-08-18), p. 655-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 8 ( 2016-08-18), p. 655-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en9080655
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 3
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    Involvement of NDPK-B in Glucose Metabolism-Mediated Endothelial Damage via Activation of the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway and Suppression of O-GlcNAcase Activity
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Cells Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2020-10-19), p. 2324-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2020-10-19), p. 2324-
    Abstract: Our previous studies identified that retinal endothelial damage caused by hyperglycemia or nucleoside diphosphate kinase-B (NDPK-B) deficiency is linked to elevation of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and the activation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Herein, we investigated how NDPK-B is involved in the HBP in endothelial cells (ECs). The activities of NDPK-B and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) were measured by in vitro assays. Nucleotide metabolism and O-GlcNAcylated proteins were assessed by UPLC-PDA (Ultra-performance liquid chromatography with Photodiode array detection) and immunoblot, respectively. Re-expression of NDPK-B was achieved with recombinant adenoviruses. Our results show that NDPK-B depletion in ECs elevated UDP-GlcNAc levels and reduced NDPK activity, similar to high glucose (HG) treatment. Moreover, the expression and phosphorylation of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) were induced, whereas OGA activity was suppressed. Furthermore, overall protein O-GlcNAcylation, along with O-GlcNAcylated Ang-2, was increased in NDPK-B depleted ECs. Pharmacological elevation of protein O-GlcNAcylation using Thiamet G (TMG) or OGA siRNA increased Ang-2 levels. However, the nucleoside triphosphate to diphosphate (NTP/NDP) transphosphorylase and histidine kinase activity of NDPK-B were dispensable for protein O-GlcNAcylation. NDPK-B deficiency hence results in the activation of HBP and the suppression of OGA activity, leading to increased protein O-GlcNAcylation and further upregulation of Ang-2. The data indicate a critical role of NDPK-B in endothelial damage via the modulation of the HBP.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells9102324
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 4
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    Ultra-Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Based on the CRISPR/Cas12a Nucleic Acid Identification Platform
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 11, No. 14 ( 2022-07-21), p. 2160-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 14 ( 2022-07-21), p. 2160-
    Abstract: Yersinia enterocolitica is a dangerous foodborne human pathogen that mainly causes gastroenteritis. Ideal methods for the detection of pathogens in food should be rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost effective. To this end, novel in vitro nucleic acid identification methods based on clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) endonuclease have received increasing attention. In this study, a simple, visual, and ultrasensitive method, based on CRISPR/Cas12a with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), was developed for the detection of Y. enterocolitica. The results show that a specific attachment invasion locus gene (ail) can be rapidly detected using a CRISPR/Cas12a-RPA-based system. Application of the method to raw pork, which was artificially infected with Y. enterocolitica, achieved an estimated detection limit of 1.7 CFU/mL in less than 45 min, and this was 100 times lower compared with qPCR. The results indicated that the CRISPR/Cas12a-RPA system has good potential for monitoring pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in the chilled meat supply chain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods11142160
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Packet Reordering in the Era of 6G: Techniques, Challenges, and Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Electronics Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2023-07-10), p. 3023-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 14 ( 2023-07-10), p. 3023-
    Abstract: The advent of sixth-generation (6G) networks brings unmatched speed, reliability, and capacity for massive connections, making it a cornerstone for revolutionary applications. One such application is in vehicular networks, which have their unique demands and complexities. Specifically, they face the complex issue of packet reordering due to the high-speed movement of vehicles and frequent switching of network connections. This paper examines the impact and causes of packet reordering, its threats to network efficiency, and potential countermeasures, particularly in the context of 6G-enabled vehicular networks. We introduce end-to-end methods and metrics to address packet reordering in 6G, discussing the development trends and application prospects. Our findings highlight the emergence of sophisticated strategies, such as prediction and avoidance, to manage packet reordering. They also reveal potential applications to boost network reliability, emulate traffic distributions, and enhance data security. Furthermore, we anticipate a growing integration of machine learning and data-driven optimization in tackling packet reordering. The insights provided aim to influence the future design and optimization of 6G networks, particularly concerning packet management and performance. This paper aims to assist researchers and practitioners in effectively leveraging packet reordering to promote efficient and secure operations of future 6G networks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics12143023
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 6
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    The Impact of Financial Literacy on Household Health Investment: Empirical Evidence from China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2023-01-26), p. 2229-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2023-01-26), p. 2229-
    Abstract: Based on the 2019 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data, this paper used factor analysis to measure the level of financial literacy of surveyed householders and used the Probit model and the negative binomial model to test the impact of financial literacy (FL) on household health investment (HHI). The results show that: (1) FL is an essential influencing factor in increasing participation in HHI, and householders with a higher level of FL are also more willing to pay for diversified investments. (2) We split the FL level from the two dimensions of knowledge and ability. We found that the primary FL (including financial knowledge, computing ability, and correct recognition of investment product risk) plays a more critical role in the investment decision process. (3) When information sources, health knowledge, and family income are used as mediating variables, FL can influence the decisions of HHI in three ways: expanding information sources, enriching health knowledge, and alleviating income constraints. (4) By analyzing the heterogeneity of household heads in different regions and with different personal characteristics, we found that the medical level of the household location and the life and work experience of the householders played a moderating role.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032229
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 7
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    Gma-miR408 Enhances Soybean Cyst Nematode Susceptibility by Suppressing Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-14), p. 14022-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 22 ( 2022-11-14), p. 14022-
    Abstract: Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycine) is a serious damaging disease in soybean worldwide, thus resulting in severe yield losses. MicroRNA408 (miR408) is an ancient and highly conserved miRNA involved in regulating plant growth, development, biotic and abiotic stress response. Here, we analyzed the evolution of miR408 in plants and verified four miR408 members in Glycine max. In the current research, highly upregulated gma-miR408 expressing was detected during nematode migration and syncytium formation response to soybean cyst nematode infection. Overexpressing and silencing miR408 vectors were transformed to soybean to confirm its potential role in plant and nematode interaction. Significant variations were observed in the MAPK signaling pathway with low OXI1, PR1, and wounding of the overexpressing lines. Overexpressing miR408 could negatively regulate soybean resistance to SCN by suppressing reactive oxygen species accumulation. Conversely, silencing miR408 positively regulates soybean resistance to SCN. Overall, gma-miR408 enhances soybean cyst nematode susceptibility by suppressing reactive oxygen species accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214022
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Information Leakage in Deep Learning-Based Hyperspectral Image Classification: A Survey
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 15, No. 15 ( 2023-07-30), p. 3793-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 15 ( 2023-07-30), p. 3793-
    Abstract: In deep learning-based hyperspectral remote sensing image classification tasks, random sampling strategies are typically used to train model parameters for testing and evaluation. However, this approach leads to strong spatial autocorrelation between the training set samples and the surrounding test set samples, and some unlabeled test set data directly participate in the training of the network. This leaked information makes the model overly optimistic. Models trained under these conditions tend to overfit to a single dataset, which limits the range of practical applications. This paper analyzes the causes and effects of information leakage and summarizes the methods from existing models to mitigate the effects of information leakage. Specifically, this paper states the main issues in this area, where the issue of information leakage is addressed in detail. Second, some algorithms and related models used to mitigate information leakage are categorized, including reducing the number of training samples, using spatially disjoint sampling strategies, few-shot learning, and unsupervised learning. These models and methods are classified according to the sample-related phase and the feature extraction phase. Finally, several representative hyperspectral image classification models experiments are conducted on the common datasets and their effectiveness in mitigating information leakage is analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs15153793
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 9
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    Role of the Ang2–Tie2 Axis in Vascular Damage Driven by High Glucose or Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase B Deficiency
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 10 ( 2020-05-25), p. 3713-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 10 ( 2020-05-25), p. 3713-
    Abstract: Ablation of nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NDPK-B) in mice causes a breakdown of the neurovascular unit in the retina, mimicking diabetic retinopathy. The NDPK-B deficiency-induced vascular damage is mediated by excessive angiopoietin 2 (Ang2). Herein, the potential involvement of its receptor, Tie2, was investigated. NDPK-B-deficient mouse retinas showed an upregulation of Tie2, specifically in the deep capillary layer. A similar upregulation of Tie2 was observed in cultured endothelial cells (ECs) from different origins upon NDPK-B depletion, whereas high glucose (HG) treatment did not alter Tie2 expression. Immunofluorescence staining and subcellular fractionation showed that the majority of Tie2 upregulation occurred at the plasma membrane. Similar to HG, however, NDPK-B depletion reduced Tie2 tyrosine phosphorylation. Compared to HG, a stronger increase of Ang2 was observed in NDPK-B depleted ECs. Treatment of ECs with soluble Tie2 or siRNA-mediated Tie2 knockdown attenuated NDPK-B depletion- but not HG-induced Ang2 upregulation. Like NDPK-B depletion, overexpression of recombinant Ang2 in ECs enhanced Ang2 secretion and concomitantly promoted the upregulation of Tie2. Thus, we identified a new mechanism showing that after reaching a threshold level of secretion, Ang2 sustains its own expression and secretion by a Tie2-dependent positive feedback loop.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103713
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Mediation of FoxO1 in Activated Neuroglia Deficient for Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase B during Vascular Degeneration
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Neuroglia Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2018-09-07), p. 280-291
    Details
    In: Neuroglia, MDPI AG, Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2018-09-07), p. 280-291
    Abstract: The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is closely associated with the breakdown of the neurovascular unit including the glial cells. Deficiency of nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NDPK-B) results in retinal vasoregression mimicking diabetic retinopathy. Increased retinal expression of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) initiates vasoregression. In this study, Müller cell activation, glial Ang-2 expression, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic NDPK-B deficient (KO) retinas and Müller cells isolated from the NDPK-B KO retinas. Müller cells were activated and Ang-2 expression was predominantly increased in Müller cells in normoglycemic NDPK-B KO retinas, similar to diabetic wild type (WT) retinas. Diabetes induction in the NDPK-B KO mice did not further increase its activation. Additionally, cultured NDPK-B KO Müller cells were more activated and showed higher Ang-2 expression than WT cells. Müller cell activation and Ang-2 elevation were observed upon high glucose treatment in WT, but not in NDPK-B KO cells. Moreover, increased levels of the transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) were detected in non-diabetic NDPK-B KO Müller cells. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of FoxO1 in NDPK-B deficient cells interfered with Ang-2 upregulation. These data suggest that FoxO1 mediates Ang-2 upregulation induced by NDPK-B deficiency in the Müller cells and thus contributes to the onset of retinal vascular degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2571-6980
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia1010019
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2934683-6
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