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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Quantitative Comparison between Shannon and Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat Entropies Applied to Cancer Outcome Prediction
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Entropy Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2022-03-22), p. 436-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 4 ( 2022-03-22), p. 436-
    Abstract: In this paper, we propose to quantitatively compare loss functions based on parameterized Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat entropy and classical Shannon entropy for the training of a deep network in the case of small datasets which are usually encountered in medical applications. Shannon cross-entropy is widely used as a loss function for most neural networks applied to the segmentation, classification and detection of images. Shannon entropy is a particular case of Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat entropy. In this work, we compare these two entropies through a medical application for predicting recurrence in patients with head–neck and lung cancers after treatment. Based on both CT images and patient information, a multitask deep neural network is proposed to perform a recurrence prediction task using cross-entropy as a loss function and an image reconstruction task. Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat cross-entropy is a parameterized cross-entropy with the parameter α. Shannon entropy is a particular case of Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat entropy for α=1. The influence of this parameter on the final prediction results is studied. In this paper, the experiments are conducted on two datasets including in total 580 patients, of whom 434 suffered from head–neck cancers and 146 from lung cancers. The results show that Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat entropy can achieve better performance in terms of prediction accuracy with some values of α.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e24040436
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 2
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    Correction: Brochet et al. A Quantitative Comparison between Shannon and Tsallis–Havrda–Charvat Entropies Applied to Cancer Outcome Prediction. Entropy 2022, 24, 436
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Entropy Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2022-05-13), p. 685-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 5 ( 2022-05-13), p. 685-
    Abstract: Alexandre Huat, Sébastien Thureau, David Pasquier, Isabelle Gardin, Romain Modzelewski, David Gibon, Juliette Thariat and Vincent Grégoire were not included as authors in the original publication [...]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e24050685
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 3
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    The Evolution in Anxiety and Depression with the Progression of the Pandemic in Adult Populations from Eight Countries and Four Continents
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2021-05-01), p. 4845-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2021-05-01), p. 4845-
    Abstract: Nearly a year after the classification of the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic, it is clear that different factors have contributed to an increase in psychological disorders, including public health measures that infringe on personal freedoms, growing financial losses, and conflicting messages. This study examined the evolution of psychosocial impacts with the progression of the pandemic in adult populations from different countries and continents, and identified, among a wide range of individual and country-level factors, which ones are contributing to this evolving psychological response. An online survey was conducted in May/June 2020 and in November 2020, among a sample of 17,833 adults (Phase 1: 8806; Phase 2: 9027) from eight countries/regions (Canada, the United States, England, Switzerland, Belgium, Hong Kong, the Philippines, New Zealand). Probable generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive episode (MDE) were assessed. The independent role of potential factors was examined using multilevel logistic regression. Probable GAD or MDE was indicated by 30.1% and 32.5% of the respondents during phases 1 and 2, respectively (a 7.9% increase over time), with an important variation according to countries/regions (range from 22.3% in Switzerland to 38.8% in the Philippines). This proportion exceeded 50% among young adults (18–24 years old) in all countries except for Switzerland. Beyond young age, several factors negatively influenced mental health in times of pandemic; important factors were found, including weak sense of coherence (adjusted odds ratio aOR = 3.89), false beliefs (aOR = 2.33), and self-isolation/quarantine (aOR = 2.01). The world has entered a new era dominated by psychological suffering and rising demand for mental health interventions, along a continuum from health promotion to specialized healthcare. More than ever, we need to innovate and build interventions aimed at strengthening key protective factors, such as sense of coherence, in the fight against the adversity caused by the concurrent pandemic and infodemic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094845
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 4
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    One Virus, Four Continents, Eight Countries: An Interdisciplinary and International Study on the Psychosocial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Adults
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 17, No. 22 ( 2020-11-13), p. 8390-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 22 ( 2020-11-13), p. 8390-
    Abstract: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought about several features that increased the sense of fear and confusion, such as quarantine and financial losses among other stressors, which may have led to adverse psychosocial outcomes. The influence of such stressors took place within a broader sociocultural context that needs to be considered. The objective was to examine how the psychological response to the pandemic varied across countries and identify which risk/protective factors contributed to this response. An online survey was conducted from 29 May 2020–12 June 2020, among a multinational sample of 8806 adults from eight countries/regions (Canada, United States, England, Switzerland, Belgium, Hong Kong, Philippines, New Zealand). Probable generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depression episode (MDE) were assessed. The independent role of a wide range of potential factors was examined using multilevel logistic regression. Probable GAD and MDE were indicated by 21.0% and 25.5% of the respondents, respectively, with an important variation according to countries/regions (GAD: 12.2–31.0%; MDE: 16.7–32.9%). When considered together, 30.2% of the participants indicated probable GAD or MDE. Several factors were positively associated with a probable GAD or MDE, including (in descending order of importance) weak sense of coherence (SOC), lower age, false beliefs, isolation, threat perceived for oneself/family, mistrust in authorities, stigma, threat perceived for country/world, financial losses, being a female, and having a high level of information about COVID-19. Having a weak SOC yielded the highest adjusted odds ratio for probable GAD or MDE (3.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.73–3.77). This pandemic is having an impact on psychological health. In some places and under certain circumstances, however, people seem to be better protected psychologically. This is a unique opportunity to evaluate the psychosocial impacts across various sociocultural backgrounds, providing important lessons that could inform all phases of disaster risk management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228390
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 5
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    AV-101, a Pro-Drug Antagonist at the NMDA Receptor Glycine Site, Reduces L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP Monkeys
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 22 ( 2022-11-08), p. 3530-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 22 ( 2022-11-08), p. 3530-
    Abstract: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been implicated in L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) in Parkinson’s disease patients, but the use of antagonists that directly inhibit this receptor is associated with severe side effects. L-4-chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN or AV-101) is a pro-drug of 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA), a potent and specific antagonist of the glycine (GlyB) co-agonist site of NMDA receptors. The 7-Cl-KYNA has limited ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, whereas AV-101 readily accesses the brain. We investigated if AV-101 reduces LID in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys while maintaining the antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa. A first pilot study using three dyskinetic MPTP monkeys showed that acute AV-101 treatment (250 and 450 mg/kg) reduced LID and maintained the antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa. The main study using six additional dyskinetic MPTP monkeys showed that repeated AV-101 treatment (250 mg/kg, b.i.d. for 4 consecutive days) maintained their L-Dopa antiparkinsonian response. We measured significantly less LID when AV-101 was combined with L-Dopa treatment. AV-101 alone or with L-Dopa had no non-motor adverse effects in MPTP monkeys. Our study showed antidyskinetic activity of AV-101 in MPTP monkeys was comparable to amantadine tested previously in our laboratory in this model. We observed no adverse effects with AV-101, which is an improvement over amantadine, with its known side effects.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11223530
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 6
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    A Cu12 Metallacycle Assembled from Four C3-Symmetric Spin Frustrated Triangular Units
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Magnetochemistry Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2023-05-06), p. 122-
    Details
    In: Magnetochemistry, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 5 ( 2023-05-06), p. 122-
    Abstract: Assembling metallacycles with interesting topological arrangements is a critical task for chemists. We report here a novel dodecanuclear CuII compound, [{Cu3L(µ-N3)}4(Py)14]·2Py (Cu12) (where Py = pyridine and [H6L] Cl = tris(2-hydroxybenzylidine)triaminoguanidinium chloride, respectively), with the topology of a cycle accomplished by four two-connecting approximately flat C3-symmetric guanidine-based ligands. Each ligand affords three tridentate metal-binding cavities and the four node-to-node connections through single azido bridges are provided by pairs of metal centers. A theoretical investigation using CASSCF in addition to DFT calculations showed strong antiferromagnetic coupling within the Cu3-triangles, resulting in spin-frustrated systems. However, these calculations were not able to properly reproduce the very weak antiferromagnetic couplings between the triangle units, highlighting the challenge of describing the magnetic behavior of this compound.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2312-7481
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry9050122
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2840617-5
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  • 7
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    Confounding Factors Influencing the Kinetics and Magnitude of Serological Response Following Administration of BNT162b2
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2021-06-21), p. 1340-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2021-06-21), p. 1340-
    Abstract: Background: Little is known about potential confounding factors influencing the humoral response in individuals having received the BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: Blood samples from 231 subjects were collected before and 14, 28, and 42 days following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination with BNT162b2. Anti-spike receptor-binding-domain protein (anti-Spike/RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were measured at each time-point. Impact of age, sex, childbearing age status, hormonal therapy, blood group, body mass index and past-history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were assessed by multivariable analyses. Results and Conclusions: In naïve subjects, the level of anti-Spike/RBD antibodies gradually increased following administration of the first dose to reach the maximal response at day 28 and then plateauing at day 42. In vaccinated subjects with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, the plateau was reached sooner (i.e., at day 14). In the naïve population, age had a significant negative impact on anti-Spike/RBD titers at days 14 and 28 while lower levels were observed for males at day 42, when corrected for other confounding factors. Body mass index (BMI) as well as B and AB blood groups had a significant impact in various subgroups on the early response at day 14 but no longer after. No significant confounding factors were highlighted in the previously infected group.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061340
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 8
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    New Automated Method for Lung Functional Volumes Delineation with Lung Perfusion PET/CT Imaging
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Cancers Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2023-04-06), p. 2166-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 2023-04-06), p. 2166-
    Abstract: Background: Gallium-68 lung perfusion PET/CT is an emerging imaging modality for the assessment of regional lung function, especially to optimise radiotherapy (RT) planning. A key step of lung functional avoidance RT is the delineation of lung functional volumes (LFVs) to be integrated into radiation plans. However, there is currently no consistent and reproducible delineation method for LFVs. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an automated delineation threshold method based on total lung function for LFVs delineation with Gallium-68 MAA lung PET/CT imaging. Material and Method: Patients prospectively enrolled in the PEGASUS trial—a pilot study assessing the feasibility of lung functional avoidance using perfusion PET/CT imaging for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of primary or secondary lesion—were analysed. Patients underwent lung perfusion MAA-68Ga PET/CT imaging and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) as part of pre-treatment evaluation. LFVs were delineated using two methods: the commonly used relative to the maximal pixel value threshold method (pmax threshold method, X%pmax volumes) and a new approach based on a relative to whole lung function threshold method (WLF threshold method, FVX% volumes) using a dedicated iterative algorithm. For both methods, LFVs were expressed in terms of % of the anatomical lung volume (AV) and of % of the total lung activity. Functional volumes were compared for patients with normal PFTs and pre-existing airway disease. Results: 60 patients were analysed. Among the 48 patients who had PFTs, 31 (65%) had pre-existing lung disease. The pmax and WLF threshold methods clearly provided different functional volumes with a wide range of relative lung function for a given pmax volume, and conversely, a wide range of corresponding pmax values for a given WLF volume. The WLF threshold method provided more reliable and consistent volumes with much lower dispersion of LFVs as compared to the pmax method, especially in patients with normal PFTs. Conclusions: We developed a relative to whole lung function threshold segmentation method to delineate lung functional volumes on perfusion PET/CT imaging. The automated algorithm allows for reproducible contouring. This new approach, relatively unaffected by the presence of hot spots, provides reliable and consistent functional volumes, and is clinically meaningful for clinicians.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072166
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 9
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    Mitigating the Impact of Cellulose Particles on the Performance of Biopolyester-Based Composites by Gas-Phase Esterification
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Polymers Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2019-01-24), p. 200-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2019-01-24), p. 200-
    Abstract: Materials that are both biodegradable and bio-sourced are becoming serious candidates for substituting traditional petro-sourced plastics that accumulate in natural systems. New biocomposites have been produced by melt extrusion, using bacterial polyester (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) as a matrix and cellulose particles as fillers. In this study, gas-phase esterified cellulose particles, with palmitoyl chloride, were used to improve filler-matrix compatibility and reduce moisture sensitivity. Structural analysis demonstrated that intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix (crystallinity, and molecular weight) were not more significantly affected by the incorporation of cellulose, either virgin or grafted. Only a little decrease in matrix thermal stability was noticed, this being limited by cellulose grafting. Gas-phase esterification of cellulose improved the filler’s dispersion state and filler/matrix interfacial adhesion, as shown by SEM cross-section observations, and limiting the degradation of tensile properties (stress and strain at break). Water vapor permeability, moisture, and liquid water uptake of biocomposites were increased compared to the neat matrix. The increase in thermodynamic parameters was limited in the case of grafted cellulose, principally ascribed to their increased hydrophobicity. However, no significant effect of grafting was noticed regarding diffusion parameters.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym11020200
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 10
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    Introducing Perennial Grain in Grain Crops Rotation: The Role of Rooting Pattern in Soil Quality Management
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-26), p. 1254-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2020-08-26), p. 1254-
    Abstract: The use of the perennial grain intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey) may have the potential to sustain soil health and fertility through the development of an extensive root system. However, references are scarce to demonstrate its potential influence in a context of a limited perennial grain growth phase, integrated into annual grain crops succession. This study aims at determining how early a perennial crop rooting system differs from that of an annual crop through root development and root traits and microbial indicators. Our results indicate that the two-year-old intermediate wheatgrass promotes a denser and deeper rooting system with proportionally more root biomass and length deeper in the soil profile. From the first growing season, the perennial grain demonstrated a suite of root traits typical of a more resource-conservative strategy, and more belowground-oriented resource allocation. Soil fungal biomass indicators were enhanced. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) indicators were notably found to be improved at 1 m depth during the second growing season. This study provides evidence that grain-based agriculture can benefit from the potential of deeper and long-lived root systems of intermediate wheatgrass to manage soils. The periodic use of a short-term perennial phase in the crop rotation has the potential to improve soil functioning in the long term.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091254
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2607043-1
    SSG: 23
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