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  • 1
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    A Cohort of Patients with COVID-19 in a Major Teaching Hospital in Europe
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2020-06-04), p. 1733-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2020-06-04), p. 1733-
    Abstract: Background: Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain in January 2020, the epidemic has grown rapidly, with the greatest impact on the region of Madrid. This article describes the first 2226 adult patients with COVID-19, consecutively admitted to La Paz University Hospital in Madrid. Methods: Our cohort included all patients consecutively hospitalized who had a final outcome (death or discharge) in a 1286-bed hospital of Madrid (Spain) from 25 February (first case admitted) to 19 April 2020. The data were manually entered into an electronic case report form, which was monitored prior to the analysis. Results: We consecutively included 2226 adult patients admitted to the hospital who either died (460) or were discharged (1766). The patients’ median age was 61 years, and 51.8% were women. The most common comorbidity was arterial hypertension (41.3%), and the most common symptom on admission was fever (71.2%). The median time from disease onset to hospital admission was 6 days. The overall mortality was 20.7% and was higher in men (26.6% vs. 15.1%). Seventy-five patients with a final outcome were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) (3.4%). Most patients admitted to the ICU were men, and the median age was 64 years. Baseline laboratory values on admission were consistent with an impaired immune-inflammatory profile. Conclusions: We provide a description of the first large cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Europe. Advanced age, male sex, the presence of comorbidities and abnormal laboratory values were more common among the patients with fatal outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061733
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 2
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    The Decline of Common Birds Exemplified by the Western Jackdaw Warns on Strong Environmental Degradation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Conservation Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-01-18), p. 80-96
    Details
    In: Conservation, MDPI AG, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2022-01-18), p. 80-96
    Abstract: Bird populations associated with agricultural ecosystems have declined markedly in Europe during the last quarter of the 20th century due to land-use intensification. This has meant that some very common species, in some cases even species considered as pests, are now threatened or subject to management programs to ensure their conservation. Considered pests of crops and predators of small game species, corvids are among the most persecuted common farmland birds. The consideration that these birds are pests lacks any scientific evaluation and is justified by the subjective impression that they are abundant. Here, using estimates of absolute and relative abundances of both the total and the breeding population, we show how jackdaws Corvus monedula have shown a marked negative population trend in central Spain during the last 40 years. Decline involves the loss of multiple colonies, the apparent absence of the species as a breeder in riverside forests, and an overall numerical decrease of about 75% (from 35,000 to 9000 individuals) according to counts in communal roosts. The population decline seems to be more pronounced in areas where land use has been intensified, probably in response to the reduction in the availability of once-abundant food (i.e., invertebrates and weed seeds) but also due to more direct effects such as intoxication and medium to long-term accumulation of agricultural pollutants which may have also affected reproduction and survival. Intensive hunting over decades has undoubtedly contributed to this decline and should therefore be made forbidden urgently. Generally, it seems that high-intensity agricultural management more drastically affects smaller and less adaptable common species, which are expected to decline before and at a higher extent and magnitude than jackdaws. Given that global population estimates based on direct counts of individuals are readily achievable through simultaneous counts in communal roosts, the jackdaw can serve as a model for assessing temporal trends potentially linked to large-scale anthropogenic modifications of open and agricultural environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-7159
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/conservation2010007
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 3
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    A Distributed Clustering Algorithm Guided by the Base Station to Extend the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sensors Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2020-04-18), p. 2312-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2020-04-18), p. 2312-
    Abstract: Clustering algorithms are necessary in Wireless Sensor Networks to reduce the energy consumption of the overall nodes. The decision of which nodes are the cluster heads (CHs) greatly affects the network performance. The centralized clustering algorithms rely on a sink or Base Station (BS) to select the CHs. To do so, the BS requires extensive data from the nodes, which sometimes need complex hardware inside each node or a significant number of control messages. Alternatively, the nodes in distributed clustering algorithms decide about which the CHs are by exchanging information among themselves. Both centralized and distributed clustering algorithms usually alternate the nodes playing the role of the CHs to dynamically balance the energy consumption among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a distributed approach to form the clusters dynamically, but it is occasionally supported by the Base Station. In particular, the Base Station sends three messages during the network lifetime to reconfigure the s k i p value of the network. The s k i p , which stands out as the number of rounds in which the same CHs are kept, is adapted to the network status in this way. At the beginning of each group of rounds, the nodes decide about their convenience to become a CH according to a fuzzy-logic system. As a novelty, the fuzzy controller is as a Tagaki–Sugeno–Kang model and not a Mandami-one as other previous proposals. The clustering algorithm has been tested in a wide set of scenarios, and it has been compared with other representative centralized and distributed fuzzy-logic based algorithms. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed clustering method is able to extend the network operability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s20082312
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 4
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    Wireless Intelligent Sensors Management Application Protocol-WISMAP
    MDPI AG ; 2010
    In:  Sensors Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2010-09-28), p. 8827-8849
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2010-09-28), p. 8827-8849
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s101008827
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 5
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    Simulated LCSLM with Inducible Diffractive Theory to Display Super-Gaussian Arrays Applying the Transport-of-Intensity Equation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Photonics Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-30), p. 39-
    Details
    In: Photonics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 1 ( 2022-12-30), p. 39-
    Abstract: We simulate a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM), previously validated by Fraunhofer diffraction to observe super-Gaussian periodic profiles and analyze the wavefront of optical surfaces applying the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE). The LCSLM represents an alternative to the Ronchi Rulings, allowing to avoid all the related issues regarding diffractive and refractive properties, and noise. To this aim, we developed and numerically simulated a LCSLM resembling a fractal from a generating base. Such a base is constituted by an active square (values equal to one) and surrounded by eight switched-off pixels (zero-valued). We replicate the base in order to form 1 ×N-pixels and the successive rows to build the 1024×1024 LCSLM of active pixels. We visually test the LCSLM with calibration images as a diffractive object that is mathematically inducible, using mathematical induction over the N×N-shape (1×1, 2×2, 3×3, …, n×n pixels for the generalization). Finally, we experimentally generate periodic super-Gaussian profiles to be visualized in the LCSLM (transmission SLM, 1024×768-pixels LC 2012 Translucent SLM), modifying the TIE as an optical test in order to analyze the optical elements by comparing the results with ZYGO/APEX.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-6732
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/photonics10010039
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2770002-1
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  • 6
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    A New Centralized Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sensors Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2019-10-11), p. 4391-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 20 ( 2019-10-11), p. 4391-
    Abstract: Clustering is presently one of the main routing techniques employed in randomly deployed wireless sensor networks. This paper describes a novel centralized unequal clustering method for wireless sensor networks. The goals of the algorithm are to prolong the network lifetime and increase the reliability of the network while not compromising the data transmission. In the proposed method, the Base Station decides on the cluster heads according to the best scores obtained from a Type-2 Fuzzy system. The input parameters of the fuzzy system are estimated by the base station or gathered from the network with a careful design that reduces the control message exchange. The whole network is controlled by the base station in a rounds-based schedule that alternates rounds when the base station elects cluster heads, with other rounds in which the cluster heads previously elected, gather data from their contributing nodes and forward them to the base station. The setting of the number of rounds in which the Base Station keeps the same set of cluster heads is another contribution of the present paper. The results show significant improvements achieved by the proposal when compared to other current clustering methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s19204391
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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