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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Potential Source of Resistance in Introgressed, Mutant and Synthetic Brassica juncea L. Lines against Diverse Isolates of White Rust Pathogen, Albugo candida
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-04-25), p. 1215-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2023-04-25), p. 1215-
    Abstract: The existing resistance genes against white rust disease are often ineffective due to racial variation of the causal fungal pathogen, Albugo candida. Therefore, new sources of resistance effective against multiple races are needed for durable resistance. Large-scale phenotyping of advanced introgressed (ILs), mutant, and resynthesized (RBJ) lines of Brassica juncea L., under artificial inoculation at cotyledonary and true leaf stages, against thirteen diverse isolates of Albugo candida and simultaneously at the adult plant stage under multi-location field evaluation from 2019–2022, revealed significant differences in white rust reactions. Amongst 194 introgressed lines, three lines, namely ERJ 39, ERJ 12, and ERJ 15, and three lines among 90 resynthesized and 9 mutant lines, including RBJ 18, DRMR 18-36-12, and DRMR 18-37-13, were identified as potential sources of resistance against multiple isolates at all three developmental stages of the plant. Furthermore, correlation and principal component analysis revealed a positive correlation between white rust resistance at true leaf and adult plant stages for ILs as well as mutant and RBJ lines. These novel sources of host resistance will play vital roles are required for the mustard improvement program and to establish a strong genetic and molecular foundation for identifying white rust resistance linked marker(s), QTLs, or gene(s) for sustainable disease management in India.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13051215
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Genetic Analysis for Resistance to Sclerotinia Stem Rot, Yield and Its Component Traits in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Plants Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-02-28), p. 671-
    Details
    In: Plants, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-02-28), p. 671-
    Abstract: Understanding the mode of gene action that controls seed yield and Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in Indian mustard is critical for boosting yield potential. In a line × tester mating design, ten susceptible lines and four resistant testers were used to conduct genetic analysis. The significance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances revealed that both additive and non-additive gene actions were involved in the inheritance of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance and yield attributing traits. In addition to 1000-seed weight and number of primary and secondary branches/plant, the genotypes RH 1569 (line) and DRMR 2035 (tester) appeared to be the strongest general combiners for Sclerotinia stem rot resistance. RH 1657 × EC 597317 was the only cross among several that demonstrated a significant desired SCA value for Sclerotinia rot resistance. Regarding SCA effects for yield and component traits, the cross RH 1658 × EC 597328 performed best, with a non-significant but acceptable negative SCA effect for resistance. DRMR 2035, RH 1222-28, RH 1569, RH 1599-41, RH 1657, RH 1658, and EC 597328 are promising genotypes to use as parents in future heterosis breeding and for obtaining populations with high yield potential and greater resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot disease in Indian mustard, based on GCA effects of parents, per se performance, and SCA effects of hybrids. Days to 50% flowering, number of primary branches/plant, main shoot length, and 1000-seed weight all had a high genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV), broad-sense heritability (h2bs), and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) values, as well as significant and desirable correlations and direct effects on seed yield. As a result, these traits have been recognized as the most critical selection criterion for Indian mustard breeding programs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2223-7747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/plants11050671
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704341-1
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Sustainability in Rainfed Maize (Zea mays L.) Production Using Choice of Corn Variety and Nitrogen Scheduling
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-03-07), p. 3116-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-03-07), p. 3116-
    Abstract: Interestingly more than 50% of the world’s area is rainfed and approximately 80% of maize is cultivated under rainfed condition where selection of cultivar and management of nitrogen have major impact on production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth, phenology, yield and quality parameters of maize as influenced by variety and nitrogen scheduling under rainfed condition. For this, a field experiment having two factors was laid out in a factorial randomised block design and replicated three times. The first factor was variety, i.e., V1 (JM 216) and V2 (JM 218), and the second was six nitrogen scheduling, i.e., N1 to N6, in which nitrogen splitting was done based on 30-years of average rainfall data. Variety JM 218 and N5 [40 kg N as basal followed by (fb) 2 splits of 40 kg N and 38.8 kg N at 30 and 52 days after sowing (DAS) and 1% N foliar spray at 40 DAS] nitrogen scheduling were found promising under rainfed situation because it recorded maximum value of growth parameters, yield attributes, grain yield and quality parameters (protein, mineral and dickson quality index). Thus, it can be inferred that JM 218 and N5 nitrogen schedule wou ld be a better choice than alternative options.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14053116
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Field Screening of Wheat Cultivars for Enhanced Growth, Yield, Yield Attributes, and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Agronomy Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2023-07-29), p. 2011-
    Details
    In: Agronomy, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2023-07-29), p. 2011-
    Abstract: Optimizing nitrogen (N) inputs is crucial for maximizing wheat yield and ensuring environmental sustainability. Wheat’s economic significance in India calls for a comprehensive evaluation of its ecological implications to develop a resilient production system. This study aimed to identify and evaluate ten wheat cultivars for their yield and N-use efficiency under varying nitrogen inputs (control (N0), half of the recommended nitrogen (N75), and the recommended nitrogen (N150)) using the surface application of neem-oil-coated urea. All N inputs were applied in three splits, basal, crown root initiation, and tillering stages, and an experiment was conducted in a split-plot design. The application of N150 gave the highest dry matter accumulation (DMA) at harvesting stage (AHS) (871 g m−2), seed/spike (60), grain yield (GY = 7.4 t ha−1), straw yield (SY = 8.9 t ha−1), harvest index (HI = 45.2%), protein (12.5%), and total uptake of N (TUN) (223 kg ha−1) by the cultivar ‘HD 3249’, being closely followed by the cultivar ‘HD3117’. Six cultivars (‘HD 3298’, ‘HD 3117’, ‘HD 3249’, ‘PBW 550’, ‘HD 3086’, ‘HD 2967’) out of the ten cultivars evaluated responded well to different input treatments with respect to the grain yield efficiency index (GYEI ≥ 1). Regarding N input, N75 and N150 recorded the highest increases in plant height, AHS (16.5%; 21.2%), dry matter accumulation (DMA) at 30 days after sowing (DAS) (37.5%; 64%), DMA-60 DAS (42%; 53%), DMA-90 DAS (39.5%; 52.5%), TILL-30 DAS (19.8%; 26.4%), TILL-60 DAS (33.3%; 44%), TILL-90 DAS (37.2%; 47.2%), seed/spike (8%; 10%), 1000-grain weight (7.8%; 12.2%), and protein content (23.3%; and 33%) when compared with N0. Furthermore, the application of N75 and N150 improved GY (72.1%; 142.6%), SY (61.1%; 110.6%), BY (65.5%; 123%), and HI by 4.4% and 9%, respectively, over N0. Nitrogen addition (N75 and N150) also significantly increased total nitrogen uptake (104.7%; 205.6%), respectively, compared to N0. The correlation analysis revealed a positive association among most of the crop parameters. Overall, our research results suggest that the cultivars ‘HD 3249’ and ‘HD 3117’ have the potential to be effective options for improving N utilization efficiency, grain yield, and GYEI in North-West India.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4395
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13082011
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Long-Term Tillage and Irrigation Management Practices: Impact on Carbon Budgeting and Energy Dynamics under Rice–Wheat Rotation of Indian Mid-Himalayan Region
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Conservation Vol. 2, No. 2 ( 2022-06-17), p. 388-401
    Details
    In: Conservation, MDPI AG, Vol. 2, No. 2 ( 2022-06-17), p. 388-401
    Abstract: In modern agriculture, reducing the carbon footprint and emission of greenhouse gases with greater energy efficiency are major issues for achieving the sustainability of agricultural production systems. To address this issue, a long-term field experiment was established from 2001 through 2016 with two contrasting tillage practices (ZT: zero tillage; CT: conventional tillage) and four irrigation schedules {I-1: pre-sowing (PS), I-2: PS + crown root initiation (CRI), I-3: PS + CRI + panicle initiation (PI)/flowering (FL), and I-4: PS + CRI + PI/FL + grain filling (GF)}. The grain yield of rice, wheat and the rice–wheat system was increased significantly by 23.6, 39.5 and 32.8%, respectively, with irrigation at four stages (I-4) compared to a single stage (I-1). Energy appraisal results exhibited that 17.2% higher energy was consumed under CT as compared to ZT (25,894 MJ ha−1). Fertilizer application consumed the highest energy (46.5–54.5%), followed by irrigation (8.83–19.5%), and the lowest energy consumption was associated with winnowing, packing and transport (2.07–2.43%) operations. The total energy output of the rice–wheat system did not change significantly among contrast tillage, but higher energy was obtained under CT (214,603 MJ ha−1) as compared to ZT (209,728 MJ ha−1). ZT practice improved the energy use efficiency (EUE), energy productivity (Ep) and energy profitability (Eprof) by 16.6, 21.0 and 16.6%, respectively, over CT. The EUE, SE (specific energy), Ep, net energy return (NER) and Eprof were enhanced by 17.1, 16.6, 21.0, 36.5 and 20.6%, respectively, with irrigation at four stages (I-4) compared to a single stage (I-1). Zero tillage plots reflected a 8.24% higher carbon use efficiency (CUE) and a 9.0% lower carbon footprint than CT plots. Among irrigation schedules, application of I-4 showed a 8.13% higher CUE and a 9.0% lower carbon footprint over single irrigation (I-1). This investigation indicated that ZT with irrigation at four stages (I-4) was the most sustainable option for improving the EUE and CUE with minimal GHGs emissions from the rice–wheat cropping system of Indian mid-Himalayan regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-7159
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/conservation2020026
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sustainable Intensification of Rice Fallows with Oilseeds and Pulses: Effects on Soil Aggregation, Organic Carbon Dynamics, and Crop Productivity in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2022-09-05), p. 11056-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2022-09-05), p. 11056-
    Abstract: Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are becoming increasingly important due to their better adaptability to harsh climatic conditions (in general) and the unpredictability of monsoons in India (in particular). Conventional rice cultivation (e.g., PTR) involves intensive tilling followed by intensive puddling in standing water that destroys the soil aggregation and depletes carbon pools. Therefore, alternative crop establishment methods need to be devised for the sustainability of system productivity, and the suitabilities of potential oilseeds and pulses need to be tested for cropping intensification in rice-fallow regions. Hence, an ongoing experiment (implemented in 2016) was evaluated to identify the appropriate CSA management practices in restoring soil C and physical health under diversified cropping systems in the rice-fallow system of eastern India. Six tillage and crop establishment methods along with residue management were kept as the main plots [zero-till-direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR), conventional-till-DSR (CT-DSR), puddled transplanted rice (PTR), ZTDSR with rice residue retentions (ZTDSRR+), CTDSR with rice residue retention (CTDSRR+), PTR with rice residue retention (PTRR+)] while five winter/post-rainy crops (oilseeds and pulses) were raised in a subplot. In the ZTDSRR+ production system, soil macro-aggregate (%), macro-aggregate-associated C, MWD, and GMD of aggregates increased by 60.1, 71.3, 42.1, and 17.1%, respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage practices (PTR). The carbon management index (CMI) was 58% more in the ZTDSRR+ production system compared to PTR. Among the winter crops, chickpeas recorded higher values of soil structural indices and C content. In the PTR production system, system productivity, in terms of rice equivalent yield, was comparable to ZTDSRR+. ZT with residue retention in rice followed by post-rainy/winter pulses led to higher C content and structural stability of the soil. Thus, CSA management practices can improve the crop productivity as well as soil health of rice-fallow production systems of eastern India and comparable agroecotypes of South Asia.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su141711056
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    System-Based Integrated Nutrient Management Improves Productivity, Profitability, Energy Use Efficiency and Soil Quality in Peanut-Wheat Cropping Sequence in Light Black Soils
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-11), p. 1361-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-11), p. 1361-
    Abstract: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), being an energy-rich crop, is sensitive to nutrient deficiencies and a scavenger of nutrients from the soil. Optimum and integrated nutrient management (INM) improves productivity and the quality of seeds. The objective of this study was to identify suitable system-based INM (S-INM) options for peanut–wheat cropping sequence in the Saurashtra region of India. Results showed that peanut growth, yield attributing parameters, pod, and haulm yield, and NPK uptake were higher when 100% recommended fertilizer doses (RDFs) + farmyard manure (FYM) @5 t/ha + plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were applied. However, application of 75% RDFs + FYM @5 t/ha + PGPR in peanut and 100% RDF in wheat was most effective to improve growth and yield attributes, yields and nutrient uptake by wheat. Further, this FYM- and PGPR-amended treatment was found to increase system productivity by 15.3 and 17.1%, system profitability by 17.0 and 22.6%, and net energy gain by 10.0 and 17.9% over the reference treatment and over farmers’ practice (FF), respectively. This sustainable system approach will be helpful for agronomists and farmers in identifying and practicing suitable field practices with further study on the residual effect of organic manures on the peanut–wheat based cropping system in the western region of India with light black soils.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15021361
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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