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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Thermochemical Mechanism of the Epoxy-Glutamic Acid Reaction with Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu Solder Powder for Electrical Joining
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Polymers Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2021-03-20), p. 957-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2021-03-20), p. 957-
    Abstract: An epoxy-based solder paste (ESP) is a promising alternative to conventional solder pastes to improve the reliability of fine-pitch electrical joining because the epoxy encapsulates the solder joint. However, development of an appropriate epoxy formulation and investigation of its reaction mechanism with solder powder is challenging. In this study, we demonstrate a newly designed ESP consisting of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) resin, Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu (SAC305) solder powder, and L-glutamic acid (Glu), which is a proteinogenic amino acid for biosynthesis of proteins in living systems. The mechanism of the thermochemical reaction was explored and tentatively proposed, which reveals that the products of the reaction between SAC305 and Glu function as catalysts for the etherification of epoxides and alcohols produced by chemical bonding between DGEBF and Glu, consequently leading to highly crosslinked polymeric networks and an enhancement of impact resistance. Our findings provide further insight into the mechanism of the reaction between various formulations comprising an epoxy, amino acid, and solder powder, and their potential use as ESPs for electrical joining.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym13060957
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Co-Creation for Social Innovation in the Ecosystem Context: The Role of Higher Educational Institutions
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2019-12-30), p. 307-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2019-12-30), p. 307-
    Abstract: This study examined the role of Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in promoting, creating, and sustaining social innovation. Recently, HEIs have extended their contribution beyond the traditional function of teaching and research to perform in socio-economic problem-solving. Considering the increasing trends of higher education involvement in social innovation practices, this study tries to examine the tools such as learning processes and systemic thinking approach that could be helpful to align the function and responsibilities of HEIs towards social innovation. The objective is to develop a theoretical understanding of the “co-creation for social innovation” concept and to understand the functions and activities of HEIs that can contribute to this process. To promote co-creation for social innovation, HEIs should actively encourage collaborative learning tools that focus on open platforms for collective action and systemic change that help them to engage with society and strengthen their collaboration with social actors. Different activities such as mutual learning and knowledge diffusion using a transdisciplinary approach, technology-based learning and collaboration, and relational transformation are key enablers that can promote social innovation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12010307
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
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    Is There Pathological Uniformity between the Periphery and Center of a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor?
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2021-02-10), p. 687-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2021-02-10), p. 687-
    Abstract: Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors and have some malignant potential. Mitotic count is important for predicting the malignant potential of GISTs. Proper treatment of GISTs requires accurate pathological diagnosis. In general, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and deep biopsy are used for pathological diagnosis of GIST before making decisions about surgery. This study sought to evaluate the pathological uniformity of gastric GISTs for mitotic index of the center and periphery of the GIST. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 37 gastric GIST patients who underwent wedge resection at Hanyang University Hospital. We used Armed Forces Institute of Pathology criteria to classify gastric GISTs. To determine the pathological uniformity of gastric GISTs, we compared GIST risk stratification between the center and periphery of GISTs. Results: The mean size of GISTs was 3.56 ± 2.10 cm. Three lesions were located in the antrum, 11 in the fundus, 9 in the cardia, and 14 in the body. The mean age of patients was 58.65 ± 9.44 years; 18 patients were male and 19 were female. Thirty-five patients (94.6%) showed the same level of risk stratification between the center and periphery of gastric GISTs, while two patients (5.4%) presented different levels of risk between the two sites. No significant difference in mitotic count was observed between the two sites (kappa value = 0.863; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Mitotic index category (either more than five mitoses per high-power field or five or fewer mitoses per high-power field) of GISTs showed good concurrence between the center and periphery.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040687
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Genomic Instability of Circulating Tumor DNA as a Prognostic Marker for Pancreatic Cancer Survival: A Prospective Cohort Study
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Cancers Vol. 13, No. 21 ( 2021-10-30), p. 5466-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 21 ( 2021-10-30), p. 5466-
    Abstract: Genomic instability of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a prognostic biomarker has not been evaluated in pancreatic cancer. We investigated the role of the genomic instability index of ctDNA in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We prospectively enrolled 315 patients newly diagnosed with resectable (n = 110), locally advanced (n = 78), and metastatic (n = 127) PDAC from March 2015 through January 2020. Low-depth whole-genome cell-free DNA sequencing identified genome-wide copy number alterations using instability score (I-score) to reflect genome-wide instability. Plasma cell-free and matched tumor tissue DNA from 15 patients with resectable pancreatic cancer was sequenced to assess the concordance of chromosomal copy number alteration profiles. Associations of I-score with clinical factors or survival were assessed. Seventy-six patients had high genomic instability with I-score 〉 7.3 in pre-treatment ctDNA; proportions of high I-score were 5.5%, 5.1%, and 52% in resectable, locally advanced, and metastatic stages, respectively. Correlation coefficients between Z-scores of plasma and tissue DNA at segment resolution were high (r2 = 0.82). Univariable analysis showed the association of I-score with progression-free survival in each stage. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that clinical stage-adjusted I-scores were significant factors for progression-free and overall survival. In these patients, ctDNA genomic I-scores provided prognostic information relevant to progression-free survival in each clinical stage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215466
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Replacing Corn with Hydroponically Sprouted Barley on the Growth Performance and Blood Metabolite Status of Holstein Dairy Heifers
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2020-10-23), p. 7442-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 21 ( 2020-10-23), p. 7442-
    Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effects of replacing corn with hydroponically sprouted barley (HSB) in Holstein heifer feed on growth performance and blood metabolites. For this purpose, the barley was prepared with hydroponic sprouting under optimized conditions, and its chemical composition was analyzed on a dry matter (DM) basis. A total of 30 Holstein heifers that were 7 months old with an average body weight of 212.60 ± 55.00 kg were used in a completely randomized design comprising 10 repetitions and three groups over a period of 11 months. Dietary treatments included control (CON), basal diet (corn meal-based diets), and trail diets, in which 10% and 30% HSB gradually replaced corn meal. The growth performance and biochemical indices were analyzed every month. Results showed that the HSB diet increased chemical compositions compared with the control diets on a DM basis. In addition, diets with up to 30% HSB did not show any negative effects on the growth performance (body weight, height at withers, and height at rump) or selected blood metabolites of heifers compared with the CON diet. In conclusion, the use of HSB instead of corn meal did not lead to any adverse effects on growth performance or biochemical indices; therefore, HSB can be used as an alternative dietary source for raising Holstein heifers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10217442
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Genetic Confirmation and Identification of Novel Variants for Glanzmann Thrombasthenia and Other Inherited Platelet Function Disorders: A Study by the Korean Pediatric Hematology Oncology Group (KPHOG)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Genes Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2021-05-06), p. 693-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 5 ( 2021-05-06), p. 693-
    Abstract: The diagnosis of inherited platelet function disorders (IPFDs) is challenging owing to the unavailability of essential testing methods, including light transmission aggregometry and flow cytometry, in several medical centers in Korea. This study, conducted by the Korean Pediatric Hematology Oncology Group from March 2017 to December 2020, aimed to identify the causative genetic variants of IPFDs in Korean patients using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Targeted exome sequencing, followed by whole-genome sequencing, was performed for diagnosing IPFDs. Of the 11 unrelated patients with suspected IPFDs enrolled in this study, 10 patients and 2 of their family members were diagnosed with Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT). The variant c.1913+5G 〉 T of ITGB3 was the most common, followed by c.2333A 〉 C (p.Gln778Pro) of ITGB2B. Known variants of GT, including c.917A 〉 C (p.His306Pro) of ITGB3 and c.2975del (p.Glu992Glyfs*), c.257T 〉 C (p.Leu86Pro), and c.1750C 〉 T (p.Arg584*) of ITGA2B, were identified. Four novel variants of GT, c.1451G 〉 T (p.Gly484Val) and c.1595G 〉 T (p.Cys532Phe) of ITGB3 and c.1184G 〉 T (p.Gly395Val) and c.2390del (p.Gly797Valfs*29) of ITGA2B, were revealed. The remaining patient was diagnosed with platelet type bleeding disorder 18 and harbored two novel RASGRP2 variants, c.1479dup (p.Arg494Alafs*54) and c.813+1G 〉 A. We demonstrated the successful application of NGS for the accurate and differential diagnosis of heterogeneous IPFDs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes12050693
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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  • 7
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    Keratinocyte Growth Factor-1 Protects Radioiodine-Induced Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Mice
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 17, No. 17 ( 2020-08-31), p. 6322-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 17 ( 2020-08-31), p. 6322-
    Abstract: Background: Most patients with thyroid cancer suffer from salivary gland (SG) dysfunctions after radioiodine (RI) therapy. We investigated the effects of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)-1 on RI-induced SG dysfunction in an animal model. Methods: Six C57BL/6 mice were assigned to each of the following groups: treatment naïve control group, RI group, and RI+KGF-1 group. Body and SG weights, salivary flow rates, salivary lag times and changes in 99mTc pertechnetate uptake and excretion were measured, and histologic changes were noted. Amylase activities and epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations in saliva were also measured. In addition, TUNEL assays were performed and apoptosis-related protein expressions were assessed. Results: RI-induced reductions in salivary flow rates and increases in salivary lag times observed in the RI group were not observed in RI+KGF-1 group. Mice in RI group had higher HIF1a levels than controls, but HIF1a levels in RI+KGF-1 group were similar to those in control group. Furthermore, mice in RI+KGF-1 group had more mucin stained acini and decreased periductal fibrosis than mice in RI group, and tissue remodeling of many salivary epithelial cells (AQP5) and endothelial cells (CD31) were observed in RI+KGF-1 group. Amylase activity and expression in saliva were greater in RI+KGF-1 group than in RI group, and fewer apoptotic cells were observed in RI+KGF-1 group. Furthermore, BCLxl (anti-apoptotic) expression was higher, and Bax (pro-apoptotic) expression was lower in RI+KGF-1 group than in RI group. Conclusions: Local delivery of KGF-1 might prevent RI-induced SG damage by reducing apoptosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176322
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Therapeutic Potential of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. and Its Active Components in a Delayed Corneal Wound Healing Model Following Blue Light Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-05-29), p. 1171-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-05-29), p. 1171-
    Abstract: Blue light is reported to be harmful to eyes by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, the roles of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. leaf extract (PJE) in corneal wound healing under blue light irradiation are investigated. Blue-light-irradiated human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) show increased intracellular ROS levels and delayed wound healing without a change in survival, and these effects are reversed by PJE treatment. In acute toxicity tests, a single oral administration of PJE (5000 mg/kg) does not induce any signs of clinical toxicity or body weight changes for 15 days post-administration. Rats with OD (oculus dexter, right eye) corneal wounds are divided into seven treatment groups: NL (nonwounded OS (oculus sinister, left eye)), NR (wounded OD), BL (wounded OD + blue light (BL)), and PJE (BL + 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Blue-light-induced delayed wound healing is dose-dependently recovered by orally administering PJE once daily starting 5 days before wound generation. The reduced tear volume in both eyes in the BL group is also restored by PJE. Forty-eight hours after wound generation, the numbers of inflammatory and apoptotic cells and the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) largely increase in the BL group, but these values return to almost normal after PJE treatment. The key components of PJE, identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation, are CA, neochlorogenic acid (NCA), and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA). Each CA isomer effectively reverses the delayed wound healing and excessive ROS production, and their mixture synergistically enhances these effects. The expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) related to ROS, such as SOD1, CAT, GPX1, GSTM1, GSTP1, HO-1, and TRXR1, is significantly upregulated by PJE, its components, and the component mixture. Therefore, PJE protects against blue-light-induced delayed corneal wound healing via its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects mechanistically related to ROS production.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061171
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 9
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    Combined Treatment of Dichloroacetic Acid and Pyruvate Increased Neuronal Survival after Seizure
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2022-11-13), p. 4804-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 22 ( 2022-11-13), p. 4804-
    Abstract: During seizure activity, glucose and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are significantly decreased in the brain, which is a contributing factor to seizure-induced neuronal death. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) has been shown to prevent cell death. DCA is also known to be involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by activating pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a gatekeeper of glucose oxidation, as a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor. To confirm these findings, in this study, rats were given a per oral (P.O.) injection of DCA (100 mg/kg) with pyruvate (50 mg/kg) once per day for 1 week starting 2 h after the onset of seizures induced by pilocarpine administration. Neuronal death and oxidative stress were assessed 1 week after seizure to determine if the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA increased neuronal survival and reduced oxidative damage in the hippocampus. We found that the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA showed protective effects against seizure-associated hippocampal neuronal cell death compared to the vehicle-treated group. Treatment with combined pyruvate and DCA after seizure may have a therapeutic effect by increasing the proportion of pyruvate converted to ATP. Thus, the current research demonstrates that the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA may have therapeutic potential in seizure-induced neuronal death.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu14224804
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 10
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    APOE Promoter Polymorphism-219T/G is an Effect Modifier of the Influence of APOE ε4 on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk in a Multiracial Sample
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 8, No. 8 ( 2019-08-16), p. 1236-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 8 ( 2019-08-16), p. 1236-
    Abstract: Variants in the APOE gene region may explain ethnic differences in the association of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with ε4. Ethnic differences in allele frequencies for three APOE region SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and tested for association in 19,398 East Asians (EastA), including Koreans and Japanese, 15,836 European ancestry (EuroA) individuals, and 4985 African Americans, and with brain imaging measures of cortical atrophy in sub-samples of Koreans and EuroAs. Among ε4/ε4 individuals, AD risk increased substantially in a dose-dependent manner with the number of APOE promoter SNP rs405509 T alleles in EastAs (TT: OR (odds ratio) = 27.02, p = 8.80 × 10−94; GT: OR = 15.87, p = 2.62 × 10−9) and EuroAs (TT: OR = 18.13, p = 2.69 × 10−108; GT: OR = 12.63, p = 3.44 × 10−64), and rs405509-T homozygotes had a younger onset and more severe cortical atrophy than those with G-allele. Functional experiments using APOE promoter fragments demonstrated that TT lowered APOE expression in human brain and serum. The modifying effect of rs405509 genotype explained much of the ethnic variability in the AD/ε4 association, and increasing APOE expression might lower AD risk among ε4 homozygotes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081236
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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