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  • MDPI AG  (35)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    TCR CDR3 Sequencing as a Clue to Elucidate the Landscape of Dysimmunity in Patients with Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Clinical Medicine Vol. 11, No. 19 ( 2022-09-26), p. 5665-
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 19 ( 2022-09-26), p. 5665-
    Abstract: Background: Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder. The existence of autoreactive T cells has long been proposed in ITP. Yet the identification of autoreactive T cells has not been achieved, which is an important step to elucidate the pathogenesis of ITP. Methods: ITP patients’ peripheral blood was collected prior to the treatment and one month after initiating dexamethasone treatment per related therapeutic guideline. Serum cytokines were profiled to examine T cell subtypes imbalance using a protein chip. TCR Vβ analysis in CD8+T cells of ITP patients, and TCR CDR3 DNA sequencing of CD4+T and CD8+T cells were performed to determine the autoreactive T cells’ clones. Results: Cytokine profiling revealed imbalanced distribution of T cells subtypes, which was confirmed by CD4+T and CD8+T cells’ oligoclonal expansion of TCR Vβ analysis and TCR CDR3 DNA sequencing. VDJ segments were found to be more frequently presented in ITP patients, when compared with health controls. There was an individualized CD4+T cell or CD8+T cell CDR3 sequence in each ITP patient. Conclusions: The present study revealed that T cell clones expanded in ITP patients’ peripheral blood, and each clone had an individualized TCR CDR3 sequence. The expanded T cell clones preferred to use some specific VDJ segment. Further studies are warranted to get access to individualized treatment such as Car-T in patients with ITP.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0383
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195665
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662592-1
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  • 2
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    Comparative Study of Thermodynamic Regulation Characteristics in a Dual-Tube Reactor with an External Heat Exchanger
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2022-09-16), p. 6794-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 18 ( 2022-09-16), p. 6794-
    Abstract: A special dual-tube reactor-dual fluidized bed reactor (DFBR), including an external heat exchanger (EHE) and a bypass, was designed to solve the problems that the waste heat of the hot fluid cannot be fully utilized and the reaction temperature cannot be accurately adjusted. Two connection schemes of DFBR and EHE with their thermodynamic equilibrium models and algorithms were proposed, and the optimal scheme was obtained by comparing the outlet temperature and thermal load. The results of the thermodynamic and operating characteristics of the optimal scheme showed that the hot fluid and the cold fluid had positive and negative effects on the heat transfer process, respectively. Increasing the cold fluid mass flow rate in the main stream can enhance the thermal load of the system and increasing the cold fluid mass flow rate in the bypass helped to increase the thermal load of DFBR, even exceeding that of EHE. Adding a bypass can adjust temperature precisely and increasing the inlet temperature can more effectively increase the adjustment range of the reaction zone temperature. The experimental results showed that introducing a bypass can significantly reduce the calculation deviation (12.8%), which decreased with the increasing temperature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15186794
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 3
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    Speaker-Independent Spectral Enhancement for Bone-Conducted Speech
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Algorithms Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2023-03-09), p. 153-
    Details
    In: Algorithms, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 3 ( 2023-03-09), p. 153-
    Abstract: Because of the acoustic characteristics of bone-conducted (BC) speech, BC speech can be enhanced to better communicate in a complex environment with high noise. Existing BC speech enhancement models have weak spectral recovery capability for the high-frequency part of BC speech and have poor enhancement and robustness for the speaker-independent BC speech datasets. To improve the enhancement effect of BC speech for speaker-independent speech enhancement, we use a GANs method to establish the feature mapping between BC and air-conducted (AC) speech to recover the missing components of BC speech. In addition, the method adds the training of the spectral distance constraint model and, finally, uses the enhanced model completed by the training to reconstruct the BC speech. The experimental results show that this method is superior to the comparison methods such as CycleGAN, BLSTM, GMM, and StarGAN in terms of speaker-independent BC speech enhancement and can obtain higher subjective and objective evaluation results of enhanced BC speech.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4893
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/a16030153
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2455149-1
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  • 4
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    Thermodynamic Characteristics Study with Pyrolysis Steam Coupled Multi-Stage Condensers
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Processes Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2022-10-08), p. 2030-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2022-10-08), p. 2030-
    Abstract: A four-stage condensers in series system was adopted to solve the problems of insufficient condensation of high-temperature pyrolysis steam and difficulty in the classification and recovery of pyrolysis oil, where the internal fluids conducted countercurrent convection heat exchange. A steady-state physical and mathematical model of a single condenser was established to clarify the discipline of heat transfer between the internal fluids. Meanwhile, the model of pyrolysis steam coupled multi-stage condensers was proposed with the help of the model compound firstly. A numerical simulation was carried out and the results showed that when the number of condensers in series was four, the heat transfer process of the system reached saturation, and the heat exchange of the cold and hot fluids was completely realized, and it was of little significance to continue to connect more condensers in series for the condensation of pyrolysis steam. To quickly condense the hot fluid, the key was to increase the mass flow rate of the cold fluid in the first-stage condenser. Compared with the experimental values, the calculated values of hot fluid outlet temperature were not higher than 10%, indicating that the model was highly reliable.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr10102030
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 5
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    A Review of Treatment Technologies for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Water
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Processes Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-07-27), p. 2260-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2023-07-27), p. 2260-
    Abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are a category of persistent, non-degradable pollutants that are widespread in the environment and in humans. They have attracted considerable attention due to their high bioaccumulation, multiple toxicities, long-term stability, and, in particular, their effects on human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for highly efficient technologies and systematic mechanisms for the degradation of PFOS and PFOA. Therefore, we summarize four mainstream technologies for the degradation of PFOS and PFOA in water and their research progress in this review, namely adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, microbial treatment, and membrane separation. Among them, adsorption technology is the earliest and relatively mature, the advanced oxidation process has relatively high treatment efficiency, there are deep and broad development prospects for microbial treatment in the future, and membrane separation technology can recycle raw materials and help to save resources. Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the existing technologies, the development prospect of reasonable optimization technology is prospected, with a view to providing a practical scientific reference for the research and engineering practice of PFOS and PFOA pollution control in China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr11082260
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 6
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    Synthesis of a Novel Magnetically Retrievable Nanocomposite with Au Nanocatalysts for Hydration Reaction
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Catalysts Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2019-09-22), p. 789-
    Details
    In: Catalysts, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 10 ( 2019-09-22), p. 789-
    Abstract: Developing efficient catalysts with good recyclability is of great importance for its practical applications. In this study, a novel magnetically retrievable nanocomposite (Au-SiO2@Fe3O4-RGO) was synthesized for catalyzing hydration reaction. Active Au nanoparticles are deposited on core-shell SiO2@Fe3O4, which are further supported by a two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (RGO) platform. The prepared Au-SiO2@Fe3O4-RGO was proven to be efficient as well as recyclable. An excellent catalytic performance, with 97% yield towards the hydration of phenylacetylene, was achieved for the catalyst in dioxane. Remarkably, the catalyst can be readily recycled through magnetic separation and achieved superior catalyst recovery and stability after seven cycles without any metal leaching. This work provides a strategy to fabricate recyclable and durable catalysts for industrial applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4344
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/catal9100789
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662126-5
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  • 7
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    Optimization of Spatial Resolution and Image Reconstruction Parameters for the Small-Animal Metis™ PET/CT System
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Electronics Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2022-05-11), p. 1542-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2022-05-11), p. 1542-
    Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the optimization of the spatial resolution and image reconstruction parameters related to image quality in an iterative reconstruction algorithm for the small-animal Metis™ PET/CT system. Methods: We used a homemade Derenzo phantom to evaluate the image quality using visual assessment, the signal-to-noise ratio, the contrast, the coefficient of variation, and the contrast-to-noise ratio of the 0.8 mm hot rods of eight slices in the center of the phantom PET images. A healthy mouse study was performed to analyze the influence of the optimal reconstruction parameters and the Gaussian post-filter FWHM. Results: In the phantom study, the image quality was the best when the phantom was placed at the end, keeping the central axis parallel to the X-axis of the system, and selecting between 30 and 40 iterations, a 0.314 mm reconstructed voxel size, and a 1.57 mm Gaussian post-filter FWHM. The optimization of the spatial resolution could reach 0.6 mm. In the animal study, it was suitable to choose a voxel size of 0.472 mm, between 30 and 40 iterations, and a 2.36 mm Gaussian post-filter FWHM. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the optimal imaging conditions and reconstruction parameters are very necessary to obtain high-resolution images and quantitative accuracy, especially for the high-precision recognition of tiny lesions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics11101542
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 8
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    Optimization of the Algorithm for the Implementation of Point Spread Function in the 3D-OSEM Reconstruction Algorithm Based on the List-Mode Micro PET Data
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Electronics Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-03-09), p. 1309-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-03-09), p. 1309-
    Abstract: Positron emission tomography (PET) is a popular research topic. People are becoming more interested in PET images as they become more widely available. However, the partial volume effect (PVE) in PET images remains one of the most influential factors causing the resolution of PET images to degrade. It is possible to reduce this PVE and achieve better image quality by measuring and modeling the point spread function (PSF) and then accounting for it inside the reconstruction algorithm. In this work, we examined the response characteristics of the MetisTM PET/CT system by acquiring 22Na point source at different locations in the field of view (FOV) of the scanner and reconstructing with small pixel size for images to obtain their radial, tangential, and axial full-width half maximum (FWHM). An image-based model of the PSF model was then obtained by fitting asymmetric two-dimensional Gaussians on the 22Na images. This PSF model determined by FWHM in three directions was integrated into a three-dimensional ordered subsets expectation maximization (3D-OSEM) algorithm based on a list-mode format to form a new PSF-OSEM algorithm. We used both algorithms to reconstruct point source, Derenzo phantom, and mouse PET images and performed qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the point source study, the PSF-OSEM algorithm reduced the FWHM of the point source PET image in three directions to about 0.67 mm, and in the phantom study, the PET image reconstructed by the PSF-OSEM algorithm had better visual effects. At the same time, the quantitative analysis results of the Derenzo phantom were better than the original 3D-OSEM algorithm. In the mouse experiment, the results of qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that the imaging quality of PSF-OSEM algorithm was better than that of 3D-OSEM algorithm. Our results show that adding the PSF model to the 3D-OSEM algorithm in the MetisTM PET/CT system helps to improve the resolution of the image and satisfy the qualitative and quantitative analysis criteria.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics12061309
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 9
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    Detecting Spatial-Temporal Changes of Urban Environment Quality by Remote Sensing-Based Ecological Indices: A Case Study in Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, China
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2022-08-23), p. 4137-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 17 ( 2022-08-23), p. 4137-
    Abstract: Panzhihua City is a typical agricultural-forestry-pastoral and ecologically sensitive city in China. It is also an important ecological defense in the upper Yangtze River. It has abundant mineral resources, including vanadium, titanium, and water supplies. However, ecological and environmental problems emerge due to the excessive development of mining, agriculture, animal husbandry, and other non-natural urban economies. Therefore, a scientific understanding of the spatio-temporal changes of the eco-environment of Panzhihua is critical for environmental protection, city planning, and construction. To objectively evaluate the eco-environmental status of Panzhihua, the remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) was first applied to Panzhihua, a typical resource-based city, and its ecological environmental quality (EEQ) was quantitatively assessed from 1990 to 2020. This study explored the effects of mining activities and policies on EEQ and used change detection to reveal the spatial-temporal changes of EEQ in Panzhihua City over the past three decades. In addition, this study also verified the suitability of RSEI for evaluating EEQ in resource-based city using spatial autocorrelation, revealed the spatial heterogeneity of EEQ in Panzhihua City using optimized hot spot analysis, and showed different ecological clustering by hot spot analysis at two scales of urban and mining areas. According to the results: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the general eco-environmental condition of Panzhihua is improving, but there are still regional differences. (2) The Moran’s I value ranges from 0.436 (1990) to 0.700 (2020), indicating that there is autocorrelation in the distribution of eco-environmental quality. (3) At the mine, the mean value of RSEI dropped by 20–40%, and the EEQ decreased significantly due to mining activities. (4) A series of ecological restoration policies can buffer the negative impact of mining activities on the ecosystem, resulting in a slight improvement in the quality of the ecological environment. This study evaluates the EEQ of resource-based city and its spatial-temporal changes using RSEI constructed by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, which can provide theoretical support for ecological and environmental conditions monitoring, development planning, and environmental protection policy-making of a resource-based city.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs14174137
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 10
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    Effects of Mining on Urban Environmental Change: A Case Study of Panzhihua
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 14, No. 23 ( 2022-11-26), p. 6004-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 23 ( 2022-11-26), p. 6004-
    Abstract: The environment supplies water, land, biological resources, and climate resources for people’s daily life and development, dramatically affecting the subsistence and development of human beings. Panzhihua City is a representative resource-based industrial city of southwestern China. The abundant mineral resources provide the material basis for the city’s development. However, while the overdevelopment of the past decades has provided the preconditions for its rapid economic growth, it has also inevitably had a huge impact on its environmental quality and land use structure. In this study, the landsat remote sensing images, terrain data, socio-economic data, and mining resources exploitation data of Panzhihua were used to extract the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDBSI (Normalized Difference Build and Soil Index) and LST (Land Surface Temperature) of the past 20 years at 5-year intervals. We normalized four indicators by Principal Component Analysis to derive a remote sensing ecological index of each factor and build the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index evaluation model. This research quantified the changes in environmental quality in the past 20 years through the range method, showing that the environmental quality of Panzhihua City first declined and then increased slowly. This research also analyzed the influence of land use types, terrain, mining area, and socio-economy on the environmental quality of Panzhihua City by grey relational analysis and buffer analysis. It is found that with the influence of its unique topographical factors and economic aspects, the environmental quality of Panzhihua City changed to varying degrees. The results provide a reliable basis for the future environmental planning of Panzhihua City and a reference for the ecological restoration of mining areas with different mineral species accurately.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs14236004
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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