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  • MDPI AG  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Polymer-Modified Liposomes for Drug Delivery: From Fundamentals to Applications
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Pharmaceutics Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022-04-02), p. 778-
    Details
    In: Pharmaceutics, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2022-04-02), p. 778-
    Abstract: Liposomes are highly advantageous platforms for drug delivery. To improve the colloidal stability and avoid rapid uptake by the mononuclear phagocytic system of conventional liposomes while controlling the release of encapsulated agents, modification of liposomes with well-designed polymers to modulate the physiological, particularly the interfacial properties of the drug carriers, has been intensively investigated. Briefly, polymers are incorporated into liposomes mainly using “grafting” or “coating”, defined according to the configuration of polymers at the surface. Polymer-modified liposomes preserve the advantages of liposomes as drug-delivery carriers and possess specific functionality from the polymers, such as long circulation, precise targeting, and stimulus-responsiveness, thereby resulting in improved pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarize the progress in polymer-modified liposomes for drug delivery, focusing on the change in physiological properties of liposomes and factors influencing the overall therapeutic efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4923
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040778
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527217-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Effects and Regulatory Mechanism of Casein-Derived Peptide VLPVPQK in Alleviating Insulin Resistance of HepG2 Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Foods Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2023-07-07), p. 2627-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2023-07-07), p. 2627-
    Abstract: The liver plays a key role in keeping the homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism. Insulin resistance of the liver induced by extra glucose and lipid ingestion contributes greatly to chronic metabolic disease, which is greatly threatening to human health. The small peptide, VLPVPQK, originating from casein hydrolysates of milk, shows various health-promoting functions. However, the effects of VLPVPQK on metabolic disorders of the liver are still not fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, the effects and regulatory mechanism of VLPVPQK on insulin-resistant HepG2 cells was further investigated. The results showed that VLPVPQK exerted strong scavenging capacities against various free radicals, including oxygen radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and cellular reactive oxygen species. In addition, supplementation of VLPVPQK (62.5, 125, and 250 μM) significantly reversed the high glucose and fat (30 mM glucose and 0.2 mM palmitic acid) induced decrement of glucose uptake in HepG2 cells without affecting cell viability. Furthermore, VLPVPQK intervention affected the transcriptomic profiling of the cells. The differentially expressed (DE) genes (FDR 〈 0.05, and absolute fold change (FC) 〉 1.5) between VLPVPQK and the model group were mostly enriched in the carbohydrate metabolism-related KEGG pathways. Interestingly, the expression of two core genes (HKDC1 and G6PC1) involved in the above pathways was dramatically elevated after VLPVPQK intervention, which played a key role in regulating glucose metabolism. Furthermore, supplementation of VLPVPQK reversed the high glucose and fat-induced depression of AKR1B10. Overall, VLPVPQK could alleviate the metabolic disorder of hepatocytes by elevating the glucose uptake and eliminating the ROS, while the HKDC1 and AKR1B10 genes might be the potential target genes and play important roles in the process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods12132627
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 3
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    The Rejuvenating Potential of Plasticizers on Oxidatively Aged Asphalts: Rheological and Molecular Dynamics Perspectives
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-31), p. 4624-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 21 ( 2022-10-31), p. 4624-
    Abstract: Recycle and reuse of waste asphalt materials in the pavement industry has brought tremendous contributions to the infrastructure sustainability and environmental preservation. The recent literature has suggested a great potential of plasticizers to be used for rejuvenating the oxidated paving asphalts. This study was aimed at assessing the rejuvenating effectiveness by rheological characterizations of two typical plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and tributyl citrate (TBC), selected based on the molecular structural differences. The underlying rejuvenating mechanisms were approached using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, for probing the interactions between the plasticizers and oxidized asphaltenes and examining the outcomes in terms of deagglomeration. The results indicated that both plasticizers were highly effective in restoring the stiffness and elasticity properties as well as fatigue resistance of the aged asphalt. According to the simulations, the two plasticizers were able to deagglomerate the asphaltene associations. Owing to the high polarity and hydroxyl group, TBC appeared to be slightly more efficient in dissociating the asphaltenes, which explained its higher effectiveness in restoring the rheological properties as compared to DBP. Both the rheology and simulation results suggested that the plasticizers were rejuvenating instead of simply softening the aged asphalt.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym14214624
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 4
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    Alleviative Effect of Probiotic Ferment on Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Piglets
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Biology Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-06-17), p. 879-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-06-17), p. 879-
    Abstract: (1) Background: Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes porcine ileitis. Pigs infected with LI have severe ileal lesions and show symptoms of diarrhea, indigestion, and growth retardation. Previous studies found that probiotic ferment (FAM) improved the growth performance, gut barrier, and function in piglets. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the mechanism that FAM alleviates negative performance in LI-challenged piglets by characterizing the changes in intestinal integrity, function, and gut microbiota following FAM supplementation. (2) Methods: Twenty-four healthy piglets were randomly allotted to four treatments. Three groups were challenged with LI; both FAM addition and vaccination were performed to explore their positive effects on LI-infected piglets. (3) Results: Piglets infected with LI showed lower growth performance and typical pathological symptoms. Moreover, microscopic images showed that observed intestinal morphological damage could be repaired by FAM and vaccine. To explore the digestion of nutrients in piglets, both digestive enzyme activity and ileal transporter expression were performed to reveal the promoting effect of additives. Reduction of LI colonization intervention by FAM could also ameliorate abnormal differentiation and function of intestinal epithelial cells and alleviate severe inflammatory responses in piglets. Regarding the gut microbiota, both the structure and function of the ileal and colonic microbiota were altered following FAM supplementation. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, probiotic ferment can reduce the colonization of LI in the ileum, improve intestinal damage, barrier function and microbiota structure, and enhance digestive enzyme activity and nutrient transport proteins expression, thereby improving piglet growth performance, which has the effect of preventing ileitis in pigs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology12060879
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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  • 5
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    Detection of 3,4-Methylene Dioxy Amphetamine in Urine by Magnetically Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing Strategy
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Biosensors Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09-02), p. 711-
    Details
    In: Biosensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-09-02), p. 711-
    Abstract: Abuse of illicit drugs has become a major issue of global concern. As a synthetic amphetamine analog, 3,4-Methylene Dioxy Amphetamine (MDA) causes serotonergic neurotoxicity, posing a serious risk to human health. In this work, a two-dimensional substrate of ITO/Au is fabricated by transferring Au nanoparticle film onto indium–tin oxide glass (ITO). By magnetic inducing assembly of Fe3O4@Au onto ITO/Au, a sandwich-based, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection strategy is designed. Through the use of an external magnet, the MDA is retained in the region of hot spots formed between Fe3O4@Au and ITO/Au; as a result, the SERS sensitivity for MDA is superior compared to other methods, lowering the limit of detection (LOD) to 0.0685 ng/mL and attaining a corresponding linear dynamic detection range of 5–105 ng/mL. As an actual application, this magnetically improved SERS sensing strategy is successfully applied to distinguish MDA in urine at trace level, which is beneficial to clinical and forensic monitors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6374
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/bios12090711
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662125-3
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  • 6
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    Diversity of Circulating NKT Cells in Defense against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-12-07), p. 2025-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-12-07), p. 2025-
    Abstract: Nosocomial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP) infection has become a global public health problem. Human NK and NKT cells in peripheral immune responses are recognized as occupying a critical role in anti-bacterial immunity. Through performed scRNA-seq on serial peripheral blood samples from 3 patients with CRKP undergoing colonization, infection, and recovery conditions, we were able to described the immune responses of NK and NKT cells during CRKP infection and identified a mechanism that could contribute to CRKP clearance. The central player of CRKP infection process appears to be the NKT subset and CD56hiNKT subset which maintained immune competence during CRKP colonization. With time, CRKP leads to the loss of NK and CD160hiNKT cells in peripheral blood, resulting in suppressed immune responses and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection. In summary, our study identified a possible mechanism for the CRKP invasion and to decipher the clues behind the host immune response that influences CRKP infection pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122025
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662248-8
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  • 7
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    Transcriptome Changes in the Mink Uterus during Blastocyst Dormancy and Reactivation
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 20, No. 9 ( 2019-04-28), p. 2099-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 20, No. 9 ( 2019-04-28), p. 2099-
    Abstract: Embryo implantation in the mink follows the pattern of many carnivores, in that preimplantation embryo diapause occurs in every gestation. Details of the gene expression and regulatory networks that terminate embryo diapause remain poorly understood. Illumina RNA-Seq was used to analyze global gene expression changes in the mink uterus during embryo diapause and activation leading to implantation. More than 50 million high quality reads were generated, and assembled into 170,984 unigenes. A total of 1684 differential expressed genes (DEGs) in uteri with blastocysts in diapause were compared to the activated embryo group (p 〈 0.05). Among these transcripts, 1527 were annotated as known genes, including 963 up-regulated and 564 down-regulated genes. The gene ontology terms for the observed DEGs, included cellular communication, phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix and G-protein couple receptor activity. The KEGG pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, focal adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interactions were the most enriched. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and hub nodes such as VEGFA, EGF, AKT, IGF1, PIK3C and CCND1 with high degrees of connectivity represent gene clusters expected to play an important role in embryo activation. These results provide novel information for understanding the molecular mechanisms of maternal regulation of embryo activation in mink.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092099
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Annual Review of In Situ Observations of Tropical Cyclone–Ocean Interaction in the Western North Pacific during 2023
    MDPI AG ; 2024
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 16, No. 11 ( 2024-05-31), p. 1990-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 16, No. 11 ( 2024-05-31), p. 1990-
    Abstract: We present a review of in situ observations regarding the interactions between tropical cyclones and the ocean in the western North Pacific for the year 2023. A total of at least 13 tropical cyclones occurred during this period. According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, Typhoon Mawar recorded the yearly minimum pressure at 900 hPar. On average, each tropical cyclone captured 7.4 surface drifters and 25.2 Argo floats when the search radius is 300 km. During Guchol, the maximum in situ Lagrangian current reached 1.23 m/s, with sustained wind speeds of the tropical cyclone up to 31.7 m/s and a relative position of 174 km. Additionally, several Argo floats were active during tropical cyclones, with maximum sea surface temperature cooling reaching 0.66 °C. This annual review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of in situ observations regarding tropical cyclone–ocean interaction. These findings serve as valuable references for both scientific research and operational forecasting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs16111990
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 9
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    Vision-Based Distance Measurement in Advanced Driving Assistance Systems
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 20 ( 2020-10-17), p. 7276-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 20 ( 2020-10-17), p. 7276-
    Abstract: As the forward-looking depth information plays a considerable role in advanced driving assistance systems, in this paper, we first propose a method of depth map estimation based on semi-supervised learning, which uses the left and right views of binocular vision and sparse depth values as inputs to train a deep learning network with an encoding–decoding structure. Compared with unsupervised networks without sparse depth labels, the proposed semi-supervised network improves the estimation accuracy of depth maps. Secondly, this paper combines the estimated depth map with the results of instance segmentation to measure the distance between the subject vehicle and the target vehicle or pedestrian. Specifically, for measuring the distance between the subject vehicle and a pedestrian, this paper proposes a depth histogram-based method that calculates the average depth values of all pixels whose depth values are in the peak range of the depth histogram of this pedestrian. To measure the distance between the subject vehicle and the target vehicle, this paper proposes a method that first fits a 3-D plane based on the locations of target points in the camera body coordinate using RANSAC (RANdom SAmple Consensus), it then projects all the pixels of the target to this plane, and finally uses the minimum depth value of these projected points to calculate the distance to the target vehicle. The results of the quantitative and qualitative comparisons on the KITTI dataset show that the proposed method can effectively estimate depth maps. The experimental results in real road scenarios and the KITTI dataset confirm the accuracy of the proposed distance measurement methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10207276
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 10
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    An All-Optical Microwave Frequency Divider with Tunable Division Factors Based on DP-DPMZM
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Photonics Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 138-
    Details
    In: Photonics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2023-01-30), p. 138-
    Abstract: Based on a dual-polarization dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DP-DPMZM), an all-optical frequency divider is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Two radio frequency (RF) signals are modulated on an optical carrier to work as a dual-beam master laser (ML). The optical signals of the ML are injected into a distributed feedback (DFB) laser to initiate the period-two (P2) state oscillation. By beating the output of the slave laser (SL) via circulator in a photodetector, a frequency divider with tunable factors can be achieved. The innovation of the scheme lies in having a simple structure and only requires optical devices, which is operated in wide RF frequency range without any electrical amplifiers before the photodetector to increase the conversion gain. Experiment results also demonstrate that the frequency division factors can be adjusted.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-6732
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/photonics10020138
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2770002-1
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