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  • MDPI AG  (8)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Compound Probiotics on Cecal Microbiota and Metabolome of Swine
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Animals Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-10), p. 1006-
    Details
    In: Animals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-10), p. 1006-
    Abstract: Complex probiotics are made from various single probiotics mixed in scientific formula. The long-term intake of different probiotics is beneficial to maintain the intestinal microecological balance, inhibiting harmful pathogenic flora and facilitating organism health. Based on the limited research on intestinal flora and related metabolites after the long-term intake of the probiotic complex, in this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were used to further investigate the effects of the probiotic complex on the intestinal flora and metabolome of pigs. The results demonstrated that the content of flora in the intestinal tract or metabolites of pigs varied greatly and was related to cellular metabolic pathways after the long-term feeding of complex probiotics. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for farmers to raise pigs scientifically and healthily.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2615
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ani13061006
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606558-7
    SSG: 23
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Construction of Novel Thermostable Chimeric Vaccine Candidates for Genotype VII Newcastle Disease Virus
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 82-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 1 ( 2022-12-28), p. 82-
    Abstract: Genotype VII Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) has caused a pandemic in many countries and usually causes fatal consequences in infected chickens. Although current commercial attenuated NDV vaccines can provide an ideal protection against genotype VII NDV, they cannot completely prevent the infection and viral shedding, and the genotype of some vaccine strains cannot match with the prevalent strain. In this study, in order to construct a thermostable and genotype VII-matched live attenuated vaccine, we used a thermostable genotype VIII virulent HR09 strain as the backbone and replaced its F gene with that of the genotype VII DT-2014 strain. Meanwhile, the cleavage site of F gene of DT-2014 was mutated to that of class I F protein and avirulent class II F protein, respectively. The results showed that the two chimeric viruses, designated rcHR09-CI and rcHR09-CII, shared a similar growth kinetics and thermostability with their parental HR09 strain. Mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) tests showed that the two chimeric viruses were highly attenuated. Though both chimeric NDVs and La Sota vaccine strain could provide complete protection to immunized chickens against the challenge of virulent genotype VII ZJ1 strain, the two chimeric NDVs could induce a higher level of antibody response against ZJ1 strain and could significantly reduce the viral shedding compared with La Sota vaccine strain. In conclusion, our study constructed two chimeric thermostable genotype VII-matched NDV vaccine candidates, which provided complete protection against the challenge of virulent genotype VII NDV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15010082
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Avian Reovirus σB Interacts with Caveolin-1 in Lipid Rafts during Dynamin-Dependent Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-10-06), p. 2201-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-10-06), p. 2201-
    Abstract: Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the basic component of caveolae, a specialized form of lipid raft that plays an essential role in endocytic viral entry. However, the evidence of direct involvement of caveolae and Cav-1 in avian reovirus (ARV) entry remains insufficient. In this study, the membrane lipid rafts were isolated as detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs) by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the capsid protein σB of ARV was found to associate with Cav-1 in DRMs fractions. Additionally, the interaction between ARV σB protein and Cav-1 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, we found that the internalization of ARV is sensitive to caveolae and dynamin inhibitors, while it is insensitive to clathrin inhibitors. In conclusion, these results indicate that the ARV σB protein interacts with Cav-1 during dynamin-dependent caveolae-mediated endocytosis for the entry of ARV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14102201
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Research on Air-Flow-Field Characteristics and Structural Optimization of the Guide Channels of the Autoclave
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2022-02-02), p. 1119-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2022-02-02), p. 1119-
    Abstract: In order to solve the problem of uneven air inlet flow in the guide channel of autoclave, three optimization schemes for the guide plate were proposed. The flow field in the guide channels of autoclave was simulated and analyzed by the realizable k-epsilon turbulence model and dynamic boundary method. The results show that the three optimization schemes have a certain effect on solving the problem of uneven air inlet flow in each guide channel, but some of them also have some negative effects. The integration of the three optimization schemes effectively increases the total air inlet flow of the guide channels; the increase ratio reaches 4.15%, improves the flow-field characteristics at the outlet of the guide channels and greatly reduces the difference in the air inlet flow in the left and right guide channels; the difference ratio drops from 62.61% to 5.37%.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15031119
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of Na+/K+-ATPase Inhibitor Bufalin as a Novel Pseudorabies Virus Infection Inhibitor In Vitro and In Vivo
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 19 ( 2023-09-23), p. 14479-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 19 ( 2023-09-23), p. 14479-
    Abstract: Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alpha herpesvirus, induces significant economic losses to the swine industry and infects multiple kinds of animals. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore anti-PRV compounds. In this study, to explore the anti-PRV compounds, a library of natural compounds was screened through a cell-based ELISA assay, and it was discovered that bufalin, a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, had a robust inhibitory effect on PRV replication. A time-of-addition experiment and temperature-shift assay showed that bufalin significantly inhibited the entry stage of PRV. NaCl- or KCl-treatment showed that NaCl could enhance the inhibitory effect of bufalin on PRV replication, whereas there was no significant effect under the treatment of KCl. Meanwhile, it was also found that bufalin possessed antiviral activity against other alpha herpesviruses, including human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and chicken Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Finally, it was found that bufalin could decrease the viral load in multiple tissues, and reduce the morbidity and mortality in PRV-challenged BALB/c mice. Overall, our findings demonstrated that bufalin has the potential to be developed as an anti-PRV compound.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914479
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gallocatechin Gallate Inhibits the Replication of Pseudorabies Virus via Suppressing the Entry and Release Stages in Its Replication Cycle
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2023-03-01), p. 189-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2023-03-01), p. 189-
    Abstract: The pseudorabies virus is a widespread swine pathogen that has caused significant economic losses to the global pig industry. Due to the emergence of PRV variant strains in recent years, vaccines cannot provide complete protection against the infection of PRV. Therefore, the research on antiviral compounds is of great importance for PRV treatment. In this study, an EGFP-labeled PRV was used to screen anti-PRV compounds from 86 natural product extracts. Gallocatechin gallate was found to efficiently inhibit the replication of PRV with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.41 μM. In addition, it was found that gallocatechin gallate was unable to directly inactivate PRV and had no effect on the attachment stage of PRV. However, it was found that gallocatechin gallate significantly suppressed the viral entry stage. Furthermore, it was found that the release stage of PRV was also significantly suppressed by gallocatechin gallate. Together, this study found that gallocatechin gallate could efficiently inhibit the replication of PRV by suppressing the entry and release stages of PRV, which will contribute to the development of a new therapeutic strategy against PRV infection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030189
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Generation and Evaluation of Recombinant Thermostable Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing the HA of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Viruses Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-08-13), p. 1606-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 8 ( 2021-08-13), p. 1606-
    Abstract: H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become endemic in many countries, causing great economic losses when co-infected with other pathogens. So far, several live vaccines based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors expressing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have been developed. However, the thermostable recombinant NDV is rarely reported. In this study, using a thermostable NDV rAHR09 strain as the vector, three recombinant NDVs expressing native HA, chimeric HA ectodomain with transmembrane domain/C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain from fusion protein of NDV, and HA ectodomain were generated, designated rAHR09-HA, rAHR09-HAF, and rAHR09-HAE. The MDT value of three recombinant NDVs was above 120 h, their ICPI value was about 0.03, and the recombinant NDVs were still infectious when treated for 100 min under 56 °C, which demonstrated that the recombinant NDVs kept the lentogenic and thermostable nature of rAHR09. The immunization data showed that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF induced a higher HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV and NDV. After being challenged with H9N2 AIV, the rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF could significantly reduce the virus shedding in cloacal and tracheal swab samples. Our results suggest that rAHR09-HA and rAHR09-HAF might be vaccine candidates against H9N2 AIV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v13081606
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Pseudorabies Virus Variants: Genomics, Vaccination, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Viruses Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-05-09), p. 1003-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 5 ( 2022-05-09), p. 1003-
    Abstract: Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease, has a broad host range including most mammals and avian species. In 2011, a PRV variant emerged in many Bartha K61-vaccinated pig herds in China and has attracted more and more attention due to its serious threat to domestic and wild animals, and even human beings. The PRV variant has been spreading in China for more than 10 years, and considerable research progresses about its molecular biology, pathogenesis, transmission, and host–virus interactions have been made. This review is mainly organized into four sections including outbreak and genomic evolution characteristics of PRV variants, progresses of PRV variant vaccine development, the pathogenicity and transmission of PRV variants among different species of animals, and the zoonotic potential of PRV variants. Considering PRV has caused a huge economic loss of animals and is a potential threat to public health, it is necessary to extensively explore the mechanisms involved in its replication, pathogenesis, and transmission in order to ultimately eradicate it in China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v14051003
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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