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  • MDPI AG  (39)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Flavour Profile of Traditional Dry Sausage Prepared with Partial Substitution of NaCl with KCl
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Foods Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2023-01-13), p. 388-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 2023-01-13), p. 388-
    Abstract: The effects of partial substitution of NaCl with 0%, 20%, 30% and 40% KCl on the physical characteristics, bacterial community and flavour profile of traditional dry sausage were investigated in this study. With the increase in KCl substitution ratio, the moisture content, astringency, bitterness and umami increased significantly, and the saltiness gradually decreased (p 〈 0.05). The high-throughput sequencing results showed that the dry sausages with KCl substitution had relatively high abundances of Staphylococcus. For volatile compounds, increasing the KCl substitution ratio reduced the formation of aldehydes, ketones and some alcohols, but promoted the formation of acids and esters (p 〈 0.05). Sensory evaluation and partial least square regression analysis showed that the dry sausages with 20% and 30% KCl were similar in overall physical and microbial properties, flavour profiles and sensory attributes, and the sausages with 40% KCl were characterized by taste defects. Overall, partial substitution of NaCl with 30% KCl could ensure the acceptable flavour and sensory attributes of dry sausages.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods12020388
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development and Validation of the Coping Capacity Measurement Scale of Public Health Emergencies in China
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2021-12-23), p. 94-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2021-12-23), p. 94-
    Abstract: Public health emergency coping capacity has been an important direction in crisis research in recent years. The use of the public health emergency coping capacity scale to evaluate the public’s response and feelings regarding public health emergencies is one of the essential ways to improve the effectiveness of public health emergency response. Based on literature research, this paper constructed the theoretical dimension of public health emergency coping ability and completed the development of the items of the initial scale in China. After using SPSS 22.0-conducted exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability test, the scale dimensions and items were deleted and optimized. The final public health emergency coping capacity measurement scale in China included 12 items and four dimensions. The results showed that the developed scale has high reliability and validity, which is helpful for the relevant personnel to understand the level of public health emergency coping ability and provides an essential basis for timely and accurate emergency prevention and control interventions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010094
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Variation of Runoff and Runoff Components of the Lhasa River Basin in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under Climate Change
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2022-11-07), p. 1848-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2022-11-07), p. 1848-
    Abstract: Quantitative analysis of changes in Lhasa River runoff components was significant to local water resources management. This study constructed the spatial processes in hydrology (SPHY) model in the Lhasa River Basin and optimized the model’s parameters using the hydrograph partitioning curves (HPC) method. The Lhasa River Basin’s precipitation and temperature were forecasted for 2020 to 2100 using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and two scenarios from the fifth generation of the Canadian earth system model (CanESM5) dataset, shared socioeconomic pathways 1-2.6 (SSP1-2.6) and shared socioeconomic pathways 2-4.5 (SSP2-4.5). This study analyzed the potential changes in Lhasa River runoff and components based on the future climate. The results showed that the Lhasa River runoff from 2010 to 2019 was composed of snowmelt runoff, glacier melt runoff, rainfall runoff, and baseflow, with the proportions of 15.57, 6.19, 49.98, and 28.26%, respectively. From 2020 to 2100, under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, the precipitation and average temperature increased by 0.76mm and 0.08 °C per decade. Under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, the increasing rate was 3.57 mm and 0.25 °C per decade. Due to the temperature increase, snowmelt and glacier melt runoff showed a decreasing trend. The decline rate of total runoff was 0.31 m3/s per year under the SSP1-2.6 scenario due to the decrease in baseflow. Under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, total runoff and rainfall runoff showed a clear increasing trend at an average rate of 1.13 and 1.16 m3/s per year, respectively, related to the significant increase in precipitation. These conclusions suggested that climate change significantly impacted the Lhasa River’s total runoff and runoff components.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos13111848
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Flavour Compensation Role of Yeast Strains in Reduced-Salt Dry Sausages: Taste and Odour Profiles
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Foods Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-02-23), p. 650-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2022-02-23), p. 650-
    Abstract: The effects of different yeast strains including Pichia kudriavzevii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Debaryomyces hansenii on the taste and odour profiles of reduced-salt dry sausages were explored. Inoculation of P. kudriavzevii and D. hansenii compensated for the lack of saltiness and umami tastes of reduced-salt sausages. Furthermore, inoculation of P. kudriavzevii and T. delbrueckii resulted in an odour profile in the reduced-salt dry sausages that was similar to traditional dry sausages. According to the volatile analysis, the contents of certain alcohols, acids, esters and terpenes were higher in the inoculated sausages. Finally, the sensory evaluation indicated that the inoculation of P. kudriavzevii and D. hansenii contributed positively to the aroma and saltiness of reduced-salt dry sausages. In conclusion, P. kudriavzevii and D. hansenii can be employed as effective starter cultures to compensate for the flavour deficiencies of reduced-salt dry sausages.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods11050650
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    NH3-Sensing Mechanism Using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor with AlO(OH) Film
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2019-12-04), p. 1732-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2019-12-04), p. 1732-
    Abstract: In this study, AlO(OH) (boehmite) film was deposited onto a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator using a combined sol-gel and spin-coating technology, and prepared and used as a sensitive layer for a high-performance ammonia sensor. The prepared AlO(OH) film has a mesoporous structure and a good affinity to NH3 (ammonia gas) molecules, and thus can selectively adsorb and react with NH3. When exposed to ammonia gases, the SAW sensor shows an initial positive response of the frequency shift, and then a slight decrease of the frequency responses. The sensing mechanism of the NH3 sensor is based on the competition between mass-loading and elastic-loading effects. The sensor operated at room temperature shows a positive response of 1540 Hz to 10 ppm NH3, with excellent sensitivity, selectivity and stability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano9121732
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pressure Model Study on Synchronous Grouting in Shield Tunnels Considering the Temporal Variation in Grout Viscosity
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 13, No. 18 ( 2023-09-18), p. 10437-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 18 ( 2023-09-18), p. 10437-
    Abstract: The grout pressure in the shield tunnel tail void during synchronous grouting is the key to controlling ground settlement and restraining the segment. However, the circumferential, longitudinal, and radial distribution of grout pressure considering the temporal variation in grout viscosity has not been well explored yet. In this study, a theoretical model of grout pressure distribution and dissipation considering the temporal variation in Bingham grout viscosity was established. The simulation results of the pressure model were verified by field-measured data. The results showed that the radial and longitudinal distributions of grout pressure considering the temporal variation in grout viscosity were closer to the field-measured data. The impacts of the main parameters on the pressure distribution and dissipation were analyzed. Compared with the effect of the shield tail void thickness, tunnel radius and yield shear stress have greater effects on grout pressure during the circumferential filling phase. During the longitudinal and radial diffusion phases, the increase in soil porosity and permeability coefficient was conducive to grout diffusion. The increase in the grout viscosity reduces the pressure loss during the grout flow process. The results of this research can provide a theoretical basis for the grout design process in shield tunnels.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app131810437
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Synthesis of DOPO-Based Phosphorus-Nitrogen Containing Hyperbranched Flame Retardant and Its Effective Application for Poly(ethylene terephthalate) via Synergistic Effect
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Polymers Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-01-28), p. 662-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-01-28), p. 662-
    Abstract: To obtain industrialized poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composites with highly efficient flame retardancy, a phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) containing hyperbranched flame retardant additive was synthesized by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospho-phenanthrene-butyric acid (DDP) and tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) through high temperature esterification known as hyperbranched DDP-THEIC (hbDT). The chemical structure of the synthesized hbDT was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GPC, etc. Subsequently, hbDT/PET composites were prepared by co-blending, and the effects of hbDT on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, combustion performance, and thermal degradation behavior of PET were explored to deeply analyze its flame retardant mechanism. The test results showed that hbDT was successfully synthesized, and that hbDT maintained thermal stability well with the required processing conditions of PET as retardant additives. The flame retardant efficiency of PET was clearly improved by the addition of hbDT via the synergistic flame-retardant effect of P and N elements. When the mass fraction of flame retardant was 5%, the LOI of the hbDT/PET composite increased to 30.2%, and the vertical combustion grade reached UL-94 V-0. Compared with pure PET, great decreased total heat release (decreased by 16.3%) and peak heat release rate (decreased by 54.9%) were exhibited. Finally, the flame retardant mechanism of hbDT/PET was supposed, and it was confirmed that retardant effect happened in both the gas phase and condensed phase. This study is expected to provide a new idea for the development of low toxic, environment-friendly and highly efficient flame retardant additive for polyesters in an industry scale.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym15030662
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 8
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    Highly Stretchable, Self-Adhesive, Antidrying Ionic Conductive Organohydrogels for Strain Sensors
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Molecules Vol. 28, No. 6 ( 2023-03-21), p. 2817-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 28, No. 6 ( 2023-03-21), p. 2817-
    Abstract: As flexible wearable devices, hydrogel sensors have attracted extensive attention in the field of soft electronics. However, the application or long-term stability of conventional hydrogels at extreme temperatures remains a challenge due to the presence of water. Antifreezing and antidrying ionic conductive organohydrogels were prepared using cellulose nanocrystals and gelatin as raw materials, and the hydrogels were prepared in a water/glycerol binary solvent by a one-pot method. The prepared hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and sensing properties of the hydrogels were studied by means of a universal material testing machine and LCR digital bridge. The results show that the ionic conductive hydrogel exhibits high stretchability (elongation at break, 584.35%) and firmness (up to 0.16 MPa). As the binary solvent easily forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, experiments show that the organohydrogels exhibit excellent freezing and drying (7 days). The organohydrogels maintain conductivity and stable sensitivity at a temperature range (−50 °C–50 °C) and after long-term storage (7 days). Moreover, the organohydrogel-based wearable sensors with a gauge factor of 6.47 (strain, 0−400%) could detect human motions. Therefore, multifunctional organohydrogel wearable sensors with antifreezing and antidrying properties have promising potential for human body monitoring under a broad range of environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062817
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TaNbVTiAlx Refractory High-Entropy Alloys
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Entropy Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2020-02-29), p. 282-
    Details
    In: Entropy, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2020-02-29), p. 282-
    Abstract: A series of TaNbVTiAlx (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) with high specific strength and reasonable plasticity were prepared using powder metallurgy (P/M) technology. This paper studied their microstructure and compression properties. The results show that all the TaNbVTiAlx RHEAs exhibited a single BCC solid solution microstructure with no elemental segregation. The P/M TaNbVTiAlx RHEAs showed excellent room-temperature specific strength (207.11 MPa*cm3/g) and high-temperature specific strength (88.37 MPa*cm3/g at 900 °C and 16.03 MPa*cm3/g at 1200 °C), with reasonable plasticity, suggesting that these RHEAs have potential to be applied at temperatures 〉 1200 °C. The reasons for the excellent mechanical properties of P/M TaNbVTiAl0.2 RHEA were the uniform microstructure and solid solution strengthening effect.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1099-4300
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/e22030282
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2014734-X
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  • 10
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    Analysis of the Characteristics of Stator Circulating Current Inside Parallel Branches in DFIGs Considering Static and Dynamic Air-Gap Eccentricity
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2022-08-24), p. 6152-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 17 ( 2022-08-24), p. 6152-
    Abstract: In this article, the stator winding circulating current inside parallel branches (CCPB) of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is comprehensively investigated. Different from other studies, this study not only focuses on the CCPB in radial static air-gap eccentricity (RSAGE) and radial dynamic air-gap eccentricity (RDAGE) but also takes the radial hybrid air-gap eccentricity (RHAGE) cases into account. Firstly, the detailed expressions of CCPB in normal and radial air-gap eccentricity (RAGE) are obtained. Then, the finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental studies are performed on a four-pole DFIG with a rated speed of 1470 rpm in order to verify the theoretical analysis. It is shown that the RAGE increases the amplitude of the CCPB and brings new frequency components to the CCPB. For RSAGE, the CCPB brings new frequency components, which are f1 (50) and fμ (540/640). For RDAGE, the newly generated frequency components are f1± fr (25/75), fu ± fr (515/565/615/665, and k = ±1). For RHAGE, the newly added frequency components in RSAGE and RDAGE are present at the same time. In addition, the more the RAGE degree is, the larger the amplitude of characteristic frequency components will be. The results obtained in this paper can be used as a supplementary criterion for diagnosing DFIG eccentric faults.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15176152
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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