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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Ediacaran Post-Collisional Granitoid Rocks in the Midyan Terrain, Northern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Minerals Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-08), p. 379-
    Details
    In: Minerals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2023-03-08), p. 379-
    Abstract: Midyan granites are located in the northern Arabian shield, northwest Saudi Arabia, in the Midyan terrain. They represent the most northerly segment of the Arabian–Nubian shield, which comprises the northern part of the East African orogeny. Consequently, understanding the origin of post-collisional and anorogenic magmatism in the Midyan terrain has significant geodynamic implications. Midyan granites are mainly composed of alkali feldspar granite, syenogranite, and rarely of granodiorite and diorite. Most of the studied granites are alkali-calcic, calc-alkaline, and metaluminous to peraluminous magma types. They are characterized by enrichment with light rare earth elements (LREEs), large-ion lithophile elements (especially Rb and Th), and some high-field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ta, Zr, and U), and the slight depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Therefore, the Midyan granites and Hael granites studied in this paper represent good sources of geothermal heat, uranium–thorium, and REE mineralization. The studied granites have moderately strong negative Eu anomalies and a distribution pattern that is very consistent with that of the upper crust, indicating the presence of plagioclase or potassium feldspar cumulates. They have a Th/Ta ratio similar to that of the source of the crust, which may be derived from the upper crust following the collision between East and West Gondwana in the final stage of the Arabian Shield evolution. The data presented in this study are therefore consistent with the post-collisional intraplate magmatism that occurred at the beginning of the transition from convergent to extensional tectonics. The studied granites are derived from melt generated at a crystallization temperature of around 750°C at a pressure of around 0.2–0.5 GPa, emplaced at relatively shallow to moderate depths of between 20 and 30 km.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-163X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/min13030379
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2655947-X
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  • 2
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    Audio Magnetotelluric and Gravity Investigation of the High-Heat-Generating Granites of Midyan Terrane, Northwest Saudi Arabia
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 3429-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2023-03-08), p. 3429-
    Abstract: The Midyan Terrane (northwest Saudi Arabia) is characterized by the presence of a massive belt of radioactive granitic rocks and thick sedimentary cover near the coastal areas. The area is greatly influenced by the tectonic activities of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba, implying its high potentiality of geothermal energy. In the present work, geophysical surveys, including audio magnetotelluric and gravity methods, were integrated to investigate the subsurface structural pattern of the study area, which identified regional deep and shallow fault systems and detected the subsurface geometry/extension of the granitic rocks as well as detecting the thickness of the sedimentary basins near the coastal area. A total number of 80 audio magnetotelluric and 246 gravity stations were recorded, analyzed, and interpreted. Two high-potential geothermal targets were indicated: high-heat-generating granites and thick anomalous sedimentary basins near the coastal areas. High-heat-generating granites are significant in terms of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) whereas sedimentary basins play a crucial role in the formation of conventional geothermal systems. Both areas require more exploration plans to evaluate the energy potential of geothermal reservoirs. The results also contribute to the identification of the subsurface orientation and geometry of radioactive granites, providing the necessary parameters to enhance a volumetric estimation for geothermal reserves.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app13063429
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 3
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    Synergy of Remote Sensing Data for Exploring Hydrothermal Mineral Resources Using GIS-Based Fuzzy Logic Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 13, No. 22 ( 2021-11-09), p. 4492-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 22 ( 2021-11-09), p. 4492-
    Abstract: The Arabian Nubian Shield (ANS) contains a variety of gold deposits in the form of veins and veinlets formed by hydrothermal fluids. Characterizing potential areas of hydrothermal alteration zones therefore provides a significant tool for prospecting for hydrothermal gold deposits. In this study, we develop a model of exploration for hydrothermal mineral resources in an area located in the ANS, Egypt, using multiple criteria derived from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Landsat-Operational Land Imager (OLI), and Sentinel-2 data and field work through GIS-based fuzzy logic approach. The hydrothermal alteration zones (HAZs) map extracted from combining mineral indices, spectral bands, and ratios is consistent with observed argillic alteration zones around the mineralized veins. Combining HAZs and lineament density led to identification of six zones based on their mineralization potential, and provides a tool for successful reconnaissance prospecting for future hydrothermal mineral deposits. The detected zones are labeled as excellent, very high, high, moderate, low, and very low, based on their potential for Au production, and the predictive excellent and very high zones cover about 1.6% of the study area. This model also shows that target prospective zones are quartz veins controlled by NNW-SSE trending fracture/fault zones all crosscutting Precambrian rocks of the ANS. Field observations and petrographic and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to validate the mineral prospective map and revealed that quartz veins consist of gold–sulfide mineralization (e.g., gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite). Consistency between the high potential hydrothermal alterations zones (HAZs) and the location of gold mineralization is achieved.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs13224492
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 4
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    Forecasting of Groundwater Quality by Using Deep Learning Time Series Techniques in an Arid Region
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-12), p. 6529-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-04-12), p. 6529-
    Abstract: Groundwater is regarded as the primary source of agricultural and drinking water in semi-arid and arid regions. However, toxic substances released from sources such as landfills, industries, insecticides, and fertilizers from the previous year exhibited extreme levels of groundwater contamination. As a result, it is crucial to assess the quality of the groundwater for agricultural and drinking activities, both its current use and its potential to become a reliable water supply for individuals. The quality of the groundwater is critical in Egypt’s Sohag region because it serves as a major alternative source of agricultural activities and residential supplies, in addition to providing drinking water, and residents there frequently have issues with the water’s suitability for human consumption. This research assesses groundwater quality and future forecasting using Deep Learning Time Series Techniques (DLTS) and long short-term memory (LSTM) in Sohag, Egypt. Ten groundwater quality parameters (pH, Sulfate, Nitrates, Magnesium, Chlorides, Iron, Total Coliform, TDS, Total Hardness, and Turbidity) at the seven pumping wells were used in the analysis to create the water quality index (WQI). The model was tested and trained using actual data over nine years from seven wells in Sohag, Egypt. The high quantities of iron and magnesium in the groundwater samples produced a high WQI. The proposed forecasting model provided good performances in terms of average mean-square error (MSE) and average root-mean-square error (RMSE) with values of 1.6091 × 10−7 and 4.0114 × 10−4, respectively. The WQI model’s findings demonstrated that it could assist managers and policymakers in better managing groundwater resources in arid areas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su15086529
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 5
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    Using Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Frequency Ratio Technique for Revealing Groundwater Prospective Areas at Wadi Al Hamdh Watershed, Saudi Arabia
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Water Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-16), p. 1154-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-16), p. 1154-
    Abstract: For socioeconomic development in arid regions, there is an increasing need for groundwater resources due to rapid population expansion. It is necessary to apply innovative approaches for managing the sustainability of groundwater resources. Thus, remote sensing, geologic, climatic, and hydrologic data are integrated through the GIS-based frequency ratio and overlay analysis for assessing the spatial distribution of groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) of Wadi Al Hamdh, Saudi Arabia. Twelve factors controlling groundwater’s existence and infiltration were identified, normalized using the frequency ratio technique and combined through GIS techniques. To accomplish this, 313 well locations in the study area were used for training (70%) and 137 well locations were utilized for validation (30%). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and field data, the model predictions were validated and showed very good performance (AUC: 0.893). The five zones on the GWPZs map correspond to 2.24, 5.81, 13.39, 53.90, and 24.65% of the entire area. These are: excellent, good, moderate, low, and very low perspectivity. As a good example, the applied approaches provided very good results that are significant to planning and sustainable development as well as managing groundwater resources in arid regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w15061154
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 6
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    Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Water Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-02-03), p. 606-
    Details
    In: Water, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 3 ( 2023-02-03), p. 606-
    Abstract: In the coming years, climate change is predicted to impact irrigation water demand considerably, particularly in semi-arid regions. The aim of this research is to investigate the expected adverse impacts of climate change on water irrigation management in Saudi Arabia. We focus on the influence of climate change on irrigation water requirements in the Al Quassim (97,408 ha) region. Different climate models were used for the intermediate emission SSP2-4.5 and the high emission SSP5-8.5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) scenarios. The FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using weather data from 13 stations from 1991 to 2020 and for both the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s. The findings indicated that, for the 2100s, the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios forecast annual average ETo increases of 0.35 mm/d (6%) and 0.7 mm/d (12.0%), respectively. Net irrigation water requirement (NIWR) and growth of irrigation water requirement (GIWR) for the main crops in the Al Quassim region were assessed for the current, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. For SSP5-8.5, the GIWR for the 2040s, 2060s, 2080s, and 2100s are expected to increase by 2.7, 6.5, 8.5, and 12.4%, respectively, compared to the current scenario (1584.7 million m3). As a result, there will be higher deficits in 2100 under SSP5-8.5 for major crops, with deficits of 15.1%, 10.7%, 8.3%, 13.9%, and 10.7% in the crop areas of wheat, clover, maize, other vegetables, and dates, respectively. Optimal irrigation planning, crop pattern selection, and modern irrigation technologies, combined with the proposed NIWR values, can support water resources management. The findings can assist managers and policymakers in better identifying adaptation strategies for areas with similar climates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4441
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/w15030606
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2521238-2
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  • 7
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    Geophysical Prospecting of the Coptic Monastery of Apa Moses Using GPR and Magnetic Techniques: A Case Study, Abydos, Sohag, Egypt
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 14 ( 2023-07-17), p. 11119-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 14 ( 2023-07-17), p. 11119-
    Abstract: As a result of new discoveries, there is a greater opportunity for development and investment in the Al-Arraba EL-Madfuna region of Abydos, Sohag Governorate, Egypt, which benefits tourism and increases the national economy. The Coptic monastery, which was originally established by Apa Moses, the patriarch of the Coptic Church during the ancient Roman Empire, has vanished inside the current market on this site, along with numerous tombs. As a result, the primary goal of this work is to prospect on this site for these potential archaeological features. Ground magnetic and ground-penetration radar (GPR) surveys were employed for discovering these archaeological issues. This work was done in coordination with the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Ground magnetic and GPR surveys were implemented using the G-857 proton-precession magnetometer and GSSI SIR 4000 with a 200 MHz antenna. The data were processed and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj and REFLEXW v.5.8 software packages. The magnetic data were filtered to separate the shallower anomalies representing the archaeological remains from those of the deeper ones. Butterworth high pass filter, first vertical derivatives, analytical signal, and tilt derivative were employed to carry out the processing stages. The results were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to describe these anomalies and determine their locations, geometrical shapes, and depths. The source parameter imaging technique and 3D Euler deconvolution were used to calculate the depths. The analysis of magnetic maps shows that the study site is characterized by a number of anomalies that occur and have geometric squares and rectangle shapes with depths ranging from 0.7 m to ≈4 m. Some of these anomalies are related to potential archaeological objects. GPR findings reveal considerably scattered hyperbolas along several profiles, which may indicate the presence of potential buried objects. The integration of magnetic and GPR results showed that there is some consistency in the identification of the locations of the likely buried archaeological objects and their depths (0.7 to 3 m) for the majority of the discovered targets. The findings of this study suggest excavating at this location and relocating the market in order to protect the buried antiquities from being lost to be safeguarded as a tourist destination target.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su151411119
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 8
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    Mapping Groundwater Prospective Areas Using Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Data Driven Frequency Ratio Techniques and Detecting Land Cover Changes in the Yellow River Basin, China
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Land Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2023-03-29), p. 771-
    Details
    In: Land, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2023-03-29), p. 771-
    Abstract: Groundwater is an essential resource that meets all of humanity’s daily water demands, supports industrial development, influences agricultural output, and maintains ecological equilibrium. Remote sensing data can predict the location of potential water resources. The current study was conducted in China’s Yellow River region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR). Through the use of a GIS-based frequency ratio machine learning technique, nine layers of evidence influenced by remote sensing data were generated and integrated. The layers used are soil characteristics, aspect, and roughness index of the terrain, drainage density, elevation, lineament density, depressions, rainfall, and distance to the river from the location. Six groundwater prospective zones (GWPZs) were found to have very low (13%), low (30%), moderate (25%), high (16%), very high (11%), and extreme potentiality (5.26%) values. According to well data used to validate the GWPZs map, approximately 40% of the wells are consistent to very high to excellent zones. Information about groundwater productivity was gathered from 150 well locations. Using well data that had not been used for model training, the resulting GWPZs maps were validated using area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis. FR models have an accuracy rating of 0.759. Landsat data were used to characterize the study area’s changes in land cover. The spatiotemporal differences in land cover are detected and quantified using multi-temporal images which revealed changes in water, agricultural, and anthropogenic activities. Overall, combining different data sets through a GIS can reveal the promising areas of water resources that aid planners and managers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-445X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/land12040771
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2682955-1
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  • 9
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    Analysis of a Solar Cooling System for Climatic Conditions of Five Different Cities of Saudi Arabia
    MDPI AG ; 2016
    In:  Energies Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2016-01-27), p. 75-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2016-01-27), p. 75-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en9020075
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 10
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    A Subsurface Horizontal Constructed Wetland Design Approach for Wastewater Treatment: Application in Ar Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 15, No. 22 ( 2023-11-14), p. 15927-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 22 ( 2023-11-14), p. 15927-
    Abstract: In this study, a decentralized new sewage water treatment system is suggested and designed in Ar Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to safeguard the environment and reuse treated water for irrigation purposes. The system consists of a primary treatment (septic tank), a subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW), and a storage ground tank. The research methodology employed in this study is (i) to define the wastewater characteristics, where air temperature in winter is 18.6 °C, the wastewater flow per person (q) is 150 L/d, demonstrating an inlet design discharge of 300 m3/d, the influent pollutant concentrations for biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and fecal coliforms (FC) are 350, 1000, 700, 50, 12 mg/L, and 106 CFU/100 mL, respectively; (ii) to design the septic tank based on a retention time of two days and a surfacing load rate of 1.5 m/d; (iii) the P-k-C* model was used to determine the HSSF-CW surface area based on reed beds of Phragmites australis (common reed) and papyrus plants, where the removal rate was constant at 20 °C for BOD, TP, and FC in the effluent concentrations not exceeding 20 mg/L, 3.0 mg/L, and 2000 CFU/100 mL in order to satisfy Saudi Arabia’s wastewater reuse requirements; and (iv) to design the clean water tank for a hydraulic retention time of 10 h. The results demonstrate that the removing pollutants design area is 1872 m2 divided into nine cells, each of width 8 m and length 26 m, with a hydraulic loading rate (LR) of 0.16 m/d and a hydraulic resident time (RT) of 1.1 d. The effluent pollutant concentrations for the BOD, FC, TN, and TP were 245 mg/L, 103 CFU/100 mL, 35, and 8.5 mg/L, respectively. The wastewater treatment system total removal efficiencies for BOD, TN, TP, and FC were estimated to be 91.8, 70, 57, and 98.5%, respectively. Design curves were developed to ease the design steps. The HSSF-CW is a green wastewater treatment technology that offers greatly decreased investment costs, and service particularly for small-scale applications up to 6000 persons.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su152215927
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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