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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the Risk of Natural Disaster-Induced Losses to Tunnel-Construction Projects Using Empirical Financial-Loss Data from South Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 19 ( 2020-09-28), p. 8026-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 19 ( 2020-09-28), p. 8026-
    Abstract: Tunnel construction, a common byproduct of rapid economic growth and transportation-system development, carries inherent risks to life and various kinds of property that operations and management professionals must take into account. Due to various and complicated geological conditions, tunnel construction projects can produce unexpected collapses, landslides, avalanches, and water-related hazards. Moreover, damage from such events can be intensified by other factors, including geological hazards caused by natural disasters, such as heavy rainfall and earthquakes, resulting in huge social, economic, and environmental losses. Therefore, the present research conducted multiple linear regression analyses on financial-loss data arising from tunnel construction in Korea to develop a novel tunnel-focused method of natural-hazard risk assessment. More specifically, the total insured value and actual value of damage to 277 tunnel-construction projects were utilized to identify significant natural-disaster indicators linked to unexpected construction-budget overruns and construction-scheduling delays. Damage ratios (i.e., actual losses over total insured project value) were used as objective, quantitative indices of the extent of damage that can be usefully applied irrespective of project size. Natural-hazard impact data—specifically wind speed, rainfall, and flood occurrences—were applied as the independent variables in the regression model. In the regression model, maximum wind speed was found to be correlated with tunnel projects’ financial losses across all three of the natural-hazard indicators. The present research results can serve as important baseline references for natural disaster-related risk assessments of tunnel-construction projects, and thus serve the wider purpose of balanced and sustainable development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12198026
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enclosure Design for Brake Wear Particle Measurement Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Energies Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-04-21), p. 2356-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 9 ( 2021-04-21), p. 2356-
    Abstract: The harmfulness of fine dust generated by automobile brakes to the environment has recently received attention. Therefore, we aimed to analyze and regulate the brake wear particles in dynamometers. To accurately measure the number of particles and particle mass, the sampling system used needs to minimize transportation losses and reduce the residence time in the brake enclosure system. The brake dust measurement system currently used can estimate the main transportation loss but cannot evaluate the complex flow field in the brake enclosure system under different design conditions. We used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology to predict the behavior of brake wear particles and analyze the static pressure characteristics, the uniformity of the system flow, and the residence time of the brake dust particles in the system. In addition, we compared the design of the basic structure of the brake enclosure system, combined with the four factors affecting the design of the brake dynamometer, with the enclosure system. As a result, we proposed that the design of the cross section of the brake dynamometer enclosure should be circular, the outlet angle of the enclosure should be 15°, the caliper should be fixed to 150°, and two sets of splitters should be added. This design improves pressure loss and reduces the residence time of brake dust particles in the brake enclosure system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en14092356
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Derivation of Risk Factors to Quantify the Risk of Safety Accidents for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Construction Industry
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2022-06-15), p. 7306-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 12 ( 2022-06-15), p. 7306-
    Abstract: The accident rate in the construction industry is much higher than in other industries. In particular, small- and medium-sized construction sites need to be managed by differentiating them from large construction sites. In order to create and manage a separate management guideline, a quantitative study on the difference between the two groups should be preceded. However, in previous studies, research particularly based on empirical and quantitative data is insufficient and somewhat inadequate. In this study, through statistical analysis of small- and medium-sized construction enterprises and large-scale construction enterprises, this research statistically proves the difference between the risk of occupational accidents. Furthermore, through multiple regression, safety accidents and significant factors of small- and medium-sized construction sites and large-scale construction companies have been verified and considered. The result shows the day of the week, accident time, and workers’ contract type are significant factors affecting construction workers’ accident risk for SMEs, while only the contract type was identified as a factor influencing accident risk for large construction companies. As this study aims at recognizing the risk factors of small-sized construction companies, the findings can provide effective references for assessing and managing the risks particular to the small- and medium-sized construction enterprises.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su14127306
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Phenalenones from a Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp.
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Marine Drugs Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2019-03-18), p. 176-
    Details
    In: Marine Drugs, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2019-03-18), p. 176-
    Abstract: Six new phenalenone derivatives (1–6), along with five known compounds (7–11) of the herqueinone class, were isolated from a marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. The absolute configurations of these compounds were assigned based on chemical modifications and their specific rotations. 4-Hydroxysclerodin (6) and an acetone adduct of a triketone (7) exhibited moderate anti-angiogenetic and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively, while ent-peniciherqueinone (1) and isoherqueinone (9) exhibited moderate abilities to induce adipogenesis without cytotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-3397
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/md17030176
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175190-0
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Inhibitor Butyrolactone I Elicits a Partial Agonist Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Biomolecules Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2020-02-11), p. 275-
    Details
    In: Biomolecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2020-02-11), p. 275-
    Abstract: Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine having an insulin-sensitizing activity. During the phenotypic screening of secondary metabolites derived from the marine fungus Aspergillus terreus, a poly cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor butyrolactone I affecting CDK1 and CDK5 was discovered as a potent adiponectin production-enhancing compound in the adipogenesis model of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). CDK5 inhibitors exhibit insulin-sensitizing activities by suppressing the phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). However, the adiponectin production-enhancing activities of butyrolactone I have not been correlated with the potency of CDK5 inhibitor activities. In a target identification study, butyrolactone I was found to directly bind to PPARγ. In the crystal structure of the human PPARγ, the ligand-binding domain (LBD) in complex with butyrolactone I interacted with the amino acid residues located in the hydrophobic binding pockets of the PPARγ LBD, which is a typical binding mode of the PPARγ partial agonists. Therefore, the adiponectin production-enhancing effect of butyrolactone I was mediated by its polypharmacological dual modulator activities as both a CDK5 inhibitor and a PPARγ partial agonist.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2218-273X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biom10020275
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2701262-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring Vulnerability of Typhoon in Residential Facilities: Focusing on Typhoon Maemi in South Korea
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2019-05-15), p. 2768-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 10 ( 2019-05-15), p. 2768-
    Abstract: Typhoons cause severe monetary damage globally. Many global insurance companies and public agencies are currently developing and utilizing windstorm risk estimation models to calculate the level of risk and set up strategies for avoiding, mitigating, and relocating those economic risks. Hence, the usage and accuracy of the windstorm risk estimation model is becoming increasingly significant, and reflecting local vulnerabilities is essential for refined risk assessment. While key risk indicators have been recognized in practical studies of economic losses associated with windstorms, there remains a lack of comprehensive research addressing the relationship between economic losses of residential buildings for South Korea and vulnerability. This research investigates the real damage record of Typhoon Maemi from an insurance company in order to bridge this gap. The aim of this study is to define the damage indicators of typhoons and create a framework for typhoon damage function, using the damage caused by Typhoon Maemi as a representative paradigm. Basic building information and natural disaster indicators are adopted to develop the damage function. The results and metric of this research provide a pragmatic approach that helps create damage functions for insurance companies and contingency planners, reflecting the actual financial losses and local vulnerabilities of buildings. The framework and results of this study will provide a practical way to manage extreme cases of natural disasters, develop a damage function for insurers and public authorities, and reveal the real economic damage and local vulnerability of residential buildings in South Korea.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su11102768
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Loss Assessment for Sustainable Industrial Infrastructure: Focusing on Bridge Construction and Financial Losses
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2020-07-01), p. 5316-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2020-07-01), p. 5316-
    Abstract: Bridges are important infrastructures for urban growth and the economic development of a country, because bridges allow a large volume of logistics and transportation by connecting rivers, canyons, islands and lands. As such, massive resources including financial, material and human resources are invested for bridge construction and management. However, although the latest bridge construction is undergoing rapid development of new technologies and designs, the management and prevention of risks still tend to rely on qualitative practices, which, as a result, calls for more quantified and systematic measurement and, thus, more sustainable management of potential risks. As part of efforts in managing risks to achieve quantitative risk management, this study aimed to predict losses of financial resources by identifying statistically significant risk factors based on the past record of insurance claim payouts (compensation for a loss that occurred as a result of a material damage in bridge construction projects) from a major insurance company in Korea, and conducted a multiple regression analysis to identify the loss indicators and to develop a loss estimation model. The statistical analysis confirmed that superstructure types, superstructure construction methods, and construction duration are the three significant risk factors that affects financial losses of bridge construction projects among the seven variables adopted as independent variables, which included the superstructure type, maximum span length, superstructure construction method, foundation type, floods, typhoons, and construction duration. Such findings, and the consequentially developed risk prediction model of this study, will contribute to sustainable construction management through cost reduction by predicting and preventing the future financial loss factors of bridge construction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12135316
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analyzing the Risk of Safety Accidents: The Relative Risks of Migrant Workers in Construction Industry
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2020-07-06), p. 5430-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 13 ( 2020-07-06), p. 5430-
    Abstract: This study analyzed the relative risks of migrant workers, and identified risk factors based on quantitative data for the systematic safety management of migrant workers. Many studies have found that migrant workers are more vulnerable to safety accidents than non-migrant workers. Nevertheless, there are few quantitative studies of migrant workers’ accident-risk in the construction industry, where safety accidents are most frequent. In addition, safety management for the identified accident risk factors has not been implemented systematically. To fill the gap, this study uses safety accident data from construction sites, from the +, for the methodical safety management of migrant workers. The t-test and multiple regression analysis methods are used to define the variance in non-migrant and migrant workers, and the risk indicators, respectively. The two analyses show that the results for migrant construction workers were 2.2% higher in safety accident severity than non-migrant workers, and significant factors are also different. This study’s results will provide critical guidance for the safety management of migrant construction workers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12135430
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sustainable Risk Assessment through the Analysis of Financial Losses from Third-Party Damage in Bridge Construction
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2020-04-23), p. 3435-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2020-04-23), p. 3435-
    Abstract: Due to the recent introduction of innovative construction methods and technologies, construction projects increasingly require sustainability in their high degrees of specialization and complex work processes. This is due to a wide variety of new risk factors associated with construction projects that can lead to extensive and severe damage. When an accident occurs during a construction project, it can cause material, property, or bodily damage not only within the actual construction site but also outside, affecting third parties. This study analyzed the record of such third-party damage and the subsequent financial losses in bridge construction management, to identify the objective and quantified relationship of risk indicators related to the damage and losses. In order to assess the actual losses in construction projects, we adopted the loss claim payout data as recorded and provided by a major Korean insurance company, and conducted a multiple regression analysis to identify the loss indicators and to develop a loss estimation model. In this study, the analysis of the data indicated that the superstructure type, the foundation type, floods, and company ranking by the amount of the contract were the four statistically significant risk indicators that affected financial losses from third-party damage, among the nine variables used as independent variables, which included the superstructure type, foundation type, superstructure construction method, maximum span length, floods, typhoons, total construction cost, total construction period, and company ranking. As this study focused on identifying the risk factors and producing a loss assessment model quantified in numerical values, the results provide important references for assessing and minimizing the risks to third parties and the consequential financial losses in bridge construction, while promoting sustainability objectives.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su12083435
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Optimal Spatial Coherence of a Light-Emitting Diode in a Digital Holographic Display
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-04-21), p. 4176-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 9 ( 2022-04-21), p. 4176-
    Abstract: The coherence of a light source is a vital aspect regarding the image quality of holographic contents. Generally, the coherence of the light source is the reason for speckle noise in a holographic display, which degrades the image quality. To reduce the speckle noise, partially coherent light sources such as light-emitting diodes (LED) have been studied. However, if the coherence of the light source is too low, the reconstructed image will blur. Therefore, using a spatial filter to improve the spatial coherence of LEDs has been proposed. In this study, we analyze the effect of the spatial and temporal coherence of the LED light source in a digital holographic display, and the optimal spatial coherence is determined. For this purpose, we devised an optical structure to control the spatial coherence in a holographic display system using a digital micro-mirror device (DMD). Here, the DMD functions as a dynamic spatial filter. By evaluating the change in the holographic image quality according to the spatial filter size, we obtained an optimal spatial filter size of 270 µm in our system. The proposed method is expected to be useful for selecting the optimal coherence of the light source for holographic displays.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app12094176
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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