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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Microfluidic-Based Droplets for Advanced Regenerative Medicine: Current Challenges and Future Trends
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Biosensors Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2021-12-31), p. 20-
    Details
    In: Biosensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2021-12-31), p. 20-
    Abstract: Microfluidics is a promising approach for the facile and large-scale fabrication of monodispersed droplets for various applications in biomedicine. This technology has demonstrated great potential to address the limitations of regenerative medicine. Microfluidics provides safe, accurate, reliable, and cost-effective methods for encapsulating different stem cells, gametes, biomaterials, biomolecules, reagents, genes, and nanoparticles inside picoliter-sized droplets or droplet-derived microgels for different applications. Moreover, microenvironments made using such droplets can mimic niches of stem cells for cell therapy purposes, simulate native extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue engineering applications, and remove challenges in cell encapsulation and three-dimensional (3D) culture methods. The fabrication of droplets using microfluidics also provides controllable microenvironments for manipulating gametes, fertilization, and embryo cultures for reproductive medicine. This review focuses on the relevant studies, and the latest progress in applying droplets in stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, reproductive biology, and gene therapy are separately evaluated. In the end, we discuss the challenges ahead in the field of microfluidics-based droplets for advanced regenerative medicine.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6374
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/bios12010020
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662125-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Thermal Management of Solar Photovoltaic Cell by Using Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)/Water: Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sustainability Vol. 14, No. 18 ( 2022-09-14), p. 11523-
    Details
    In: Sustainability, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 18 ( 2022-09-14), p. 11523-
    Abstract: Despite the attractiveness of Photovoltaic (PV) cells for electrification and supplying power in term of environmental criteria and fuel saving, their efficiency is relatively low and is further decreased by temperature increment, as a consequence of absorption of solar radiation. In order to prevent efficiency degradation of solar cells due to temperature increment, thermal management is suggested. Active cooling of solar cells with use of liquid flow is one of the most conventional techniques used in recent years. By use of nanofluids with improved thermophysical properties, the efficiency of this cooling approach is improvable. In this article, Single Walled Carbon Nano Tube (SWCNT)/water nanofluid is used for cooling of a PV cell by considering variations in different factors such as volume fraction of solid phase, solar radiation, ambient temperature and mass flow rate. According to the findings, use of the nanofluid can lead to improvement in performance enhancement; however, this is not significant compared with water. In cases using water and the nanofluid at 0.5% and 1% concentrations, the maximum improvement in the efficiency of the cell compared with the cell without cooing were 49.2%, 49.3 and 49.4%, respectively. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed on the performance enhancement of the cell and it was noticed that solar radiation has the highest impact on the performance enhancement by using the applied cooling technique, followed by ambient temperature, mass flow rate of the coolants and concentration of the nanofluid, respectively. Moreover, exergy analysis is implemented on the system and it is noticed that lower ambient temperature and solar radiation are preferred in term of exergy efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2071-1050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/su141811523
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518383-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development of an ESCO Risk Assessment Model as a Decision-Making Tool for the Energy Savings Certificates Market Regulator: A Case Study
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2020-04-08), p. 2552-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 7 ( 2020-04-08), p. 2552-
    Abstract: This article is focused on developing an Energy Service Company (ESCO) risk assessment model for use by energy savings certificates (ESC) market regulators. This model enables market regulators to determine the appropriate point in time for ESCOs to sell their certificates with the aim of minimizing risk as well as maximizing economic gain yet remain motivated for reducing the cost of energy efficiency technologies. To this end, the interactions between an ESCO and other parties (such as suppliers) in the market in addition to the principles of the energy efficiency performance contract are taken into consideration. Then, appropriate probability distributions have been fitted to the stochastic variables to be applied in the Net Present Value (NPV) function, based on sampled company data. A case study considers a one MW Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) implementation in Iran’s petrochemical industry. The finding of this study shows if the ESCO is allowed to sell the certificates during the first seven years as well reduce 30% of the investment cost, the expected Net Present Value over Investment Cost (NPV/I) savings will cover more than one cycle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app10072552
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 4
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    Entropy Analysis in MHD CNTS Flow Due to a Stretching Surface with Thermal Radiation and Heat Source/Sink
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Mathematics Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2022-09-19), p. 3404-
    Details
    In: Mathematics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 18 ( 2022-09-19), p. 3404-
    Abstract: The consequence of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow on entropy generation analysis and thermal radiation for carbon nanotubes via a stretched surface through a magnetic field has been discovered. The governing partial differential equations are altered into ordinary differential equations with the aid of the similarity variable. Here, water is considered the base fluid with two types of carbon nanotubes, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This domain is used in the energy equation, and then it is solved analytically and transferred in terms of hypergeometric function. The existence and nonexistence of solutions for stretching are investigated. Some of the primary findings discussed in this article show that the presence of carbon nanotubes, magnetic field, and Eckert number develop heat transfer in nanofluids and heat sources and that Eckert number reduces entropy formation. Different regulating parameters, such as Casson fluid, mass transpiration, thermal radiation, solid volume fractions, magnetic constraint, and heat source/sink constraint, can be used to analyze the results of velocity and temperature profiles. The novelty of the current study on the influence of magnetic field entropy analysis on CNTs flow with radiation, is that elastic deformation is the subject of this research, and this has not previously been examined. Higher values of heat sources and thermal radiation enhance the heat transfer rate. The study reveals that thermal radiation, Casson fluid; mass transpiration, Darcy number, and Prandtl number increase, and that decrease in the buoyancy ratio, magnetic parameter, and volume fraction decrease the values of the buoyancy ratio, and also control the transfer of heat.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-7390
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/math10183404
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704244-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cold Physical Plasma-Mediated Fenretinide Prodrug Activation Confers Additive Cytotoxicity in Epithelial Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Antioxidants Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-06-14), p. 1271-
    Details
    In: Antioxidants, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 6 ( 2023-06-14), p. 1271-
    Abstract: Cold physical plasma is a partially ionized gas operated at body temperature and utilized for heat-sensitive technical and medical purposes. Physical plasma is a multi-component system consisting of, e.g., reactive species, ions and electrons, electric fields, and UV light. Therefore, cold plasma technology is an interesting tool for introducing biomolecule oxidative modifications. This concept can be extended to anticancer drugs, including prodrugs, which could be activated in situ to enhance local anticancer effects. To this end, we performed a proof-of-concept study on the oxidative prodrug activation of a tailor-made boronic pinacol ester fenretinide treated with the atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet kINPen operated with either argon, argon–hydrogen, or argon–oxygen feed gas. Fenretinide release from the prodrug was triggered via Baeyer–Villiger-type oxidation of the boron–carbon bond based on hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, which were generated by plasma processes and chemical addition using mass spectrometry. Fenretinide activation led to additive cytotoxic effects in three epithelial cell lines in vitro compared to the effects of cold plasma treatment alone regarding metabolic activity reduction and an increase in terminal cell death, suggesting that cold physical plasma-mediated prodrug activation is a new direction for combination cancer treatment studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3921
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061271
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704216-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Experimental Investigation on Stability, Viscosity, and Electrical Conductivity of Water-Based Hybrid Nanofluid of MWCNT-Fe2O3
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Nanomaterials Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-08), p. 136-
    Details
    In: Nanomaterials, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2021-01-08), p. 136-
    Abstract: The superiority of nanofluid over conventional working fluid has been well researched and proven. Newest on the horizon is the hybrid nanofluid currently being examined due to its improved thermal properties. This paper examined the viscosity and electrical conductivity of deionized water (DIW)-based multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-Fe2O3 (20:80) nanofluids at temperatures and volume concentrations ranging from 15 °C to 55 °C and 0.1–1.5%, respectively. The morphology of the suspended hybrid nanofluids was characterized using a transmission electron microscope, and the stability was monitored using visual inspection, UV–visible, and viscosity-checking techniques. With the aid of a viscometer and electrical conductivity meter, the viscosity and electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanofluids were determined, respectively. The MWCNT-Fe2O3/DIW nanofluids were found to be stable and well suspended. Both the electrical conductivity and viscosity of the hybrid nanofluids were augmented with respect to increasing volume concentration. In contrast, the temperature rise was noticed to diminish the viscosity of the nanofluids, but it enhanced electrical conductivity. Maximum increments of 35.7% and 1676.4% were obtained for the viscosity and electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanofluids, respectively, when compared with the base fluid. The obtained results were observed to agree with previous studies in the literature. After fitting the obtained experimental data, high accuracy was achieved with the formulated correlations for estimating the electrical conductivity and viscosity. The examined hybrid nanofluid was noticed to possess a lesser viscosity in comparison with the mono-particle nanofluid of Fe2O3/water, which was good for engineering applications as the pumping power would be reduced.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-4991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nano11010136
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662255-5
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Novel Method for the Classification of Butterfly Species Using Pre-Trained CNN Models
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Electronics Vol. 11, No. 13 ( 2022-06-27), p. 2016-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 13 ( 2022-06-27), p. 2016-
    Abstract: In comparison to the competitors, engineers must provide quick, low-cost, and dependable solutions. The advancement of intelligence generated by machines and its application in almost every field has created a need to reduce the human role in image processing while also making time and labor profit. Lepidopterology is the discipline of entomology dedicated to the scientific analysis of caterpillars and the three butterfly superfamilies. Students studying lepidopterology must generally capture butterflies with nets and dissect them to discover the insect’s family types and shape. This research work aims to assist science students in correctly recognizing butterflies without harming the insects during their analysis. This paper discusses transfer-learning-based neural network models to identify butterfly species. The datasets are collected from the Kaggle website, which contains 10,035 images of 75 different species of butterflies. From the available dataset, 15 unusual species were selected, including various butterfly orientations, photography angles, butterfly lengths, occlusion, and backdrop complexity. When we analyzed the dataset, we found an imbalanced class distribution among the 15 identified classes, leading to overfitting. The proposed system performs data augmentation to prevent data scarcity and reduce overfitting. The augmented dataset is also used to improve the accuracy of the data models. This research work utilizes transfer learning based on various convolutional neural network architectures such as VGG16, VGG19, MobileNet, Xception, ResNet50, and InceptionV3 to classify the butterfly species into various categories. All the proposed models are evaluated using precision, recall, F-Measure, and accuracy. The investigation findings reveal that the InceptionV3 architecture provides an accuracy of 94.66%, superior to all other architectures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics11132016
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID)
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 13 ( 2021-06-28), p. 6937-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 13 ( 2021-06-28), p. 6937-
    Abstract: Viral-associated respiratory infectious diseases are one of the most prominent subsets of respiratory failures, known as viral respiratory infections (VRI). VRIs are proceeded by an infection caused by viruses infecting the respiratory system. For the past 100 years, viral associated respiratory epidemics have been the most common cause of infectious disease worldwide. Due to several drawbacks of the current anti-viral treatments, such as drug resistance generation and non-targeting of viral proteins, the development of novel nanotherapeutic or nano-vaccine strategies can be considered essential. Due to their specific physical and biological properties, nanoparticles hold promising opportunities for both anti-viral treatments and vaccines against viral infections. Besides the specific physiological properties of the respiratory system, there is a significant demand for utilizing nano-designs in the production of vaccines or antiviral agents for airway-localized administration. SARS-CoV-2, as an immediate example of respiratory viruses, is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the coronaviridae family. COVID-19 can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, similarly to other members of the coronaviridae. Hence, reviewing the current and past emerging nanotechnology-based medications on similar respiratory viral diseases can identify pathways towards generating novel SARS-CoV-2 nanotherapeutics and/or nano-vaccines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136937
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Insight into the Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Barrier Properties of Lipid Bilayer Models
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2022-05-25), p. 5932-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2022-05-25), p. 5932-
    Abstract: As a new field of oxidative stress-based therapy, cold physical plasma is a promising tool for several biomedical applications due to its potential to create a broad diversity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Although proposed, the impact of plasma-derived RONS on the cell membrane lipids and properties is not fully understood. For this purpose, the changes in the lipid bilayer functionality under oxidative stress generated by an argon plasma jet (kINPen) were investigated by electrochemical techniques. In addition, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the plasma-induced modifications on the model lipids. Various asymmetric bilayers mimicking the structure and properties of the erythrocyte cell membrane were transferred onto a gold electrode surface by Langmuir-Blodgett/Langmuir-Schaefer deposition techniques. A strong impact of cholesterol on membrane permeabilization by plasma-derived species was revealed. Moreover, the maintenance of the barrier properties is influenced by the chemical composition of the head group. Mainly the head group size and its hydrogen bonding capacities are relevant, and phosphatidylcholines are significantly more susceptible than phosphatidylserines and other lipid classes, underlining the high relevance of this lipid class in membrane dynamics and cell physiology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115932
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Flat Unglazed Transpired Solar Collector: Performance Probability Prediction Approach Using Monte Carlo Simulation Technique
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2022-11-23), p. 8843-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 23 ( 2022-11-23), p. 8843-
    Abstract: Engineering applications including food processing, wastewater treatment, home heating, commercial heating, and institutional heating successfully use unglazed transpired solar collectors (UTCs). Trapping of solar energy is the prime goal of developing an unglazed transpired solar collector. The UTC is usually developed in and around the walls of the building and absorbs the solar energy to heat the air. One of the key challenges faced by the UTC designer is the prediction of performance and its warranty under uncertain operating conditions of flow variables. Some of the flow features are the velocity distribution, plate temperature, exit temperature and perforation location. The objective of the present study was to establish correlations among these flow features and demonstrate a method of predicting the performance of the UTC. Hence, a correlation matrix was generated from the dataset prepared after solving the airflow over a perforated flat UTC. Further, both strong and weak correlations of flow features were captured through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A comparison between the outcomes from a linear regression model and that of computational simulation was showcased. The performance probability for the UTC was interlinked with correlation matrix data. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to predict the performance from random values of the flow parameters. The study showed that the difference between the free stream value of temperature and the value of temperature inside the UTC’s chamber varied between 15 and 20 °C. The probability of achieving system efficiency greater than 35% was 55.2%. This has raised the hope of recommending the UTC for drying and heating where the required temperature differential is within 20 °C.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15238843
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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