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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Empowering Intelligent Surfaces and User Pairing for IoT Relaying Systems: Outage Probability and Ergodic Capacity Performance
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Sensors Vol. 22, No. 17 ( 2022-08-31), p. 6576-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 17 ( 2022-08-31), p. 6576-
    Abstract: The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) networks has been studied owing to the associated benefits in useful applications. Although the evolution is highly helpful, the increasing day-to-day demands of mobile users have led to immense requirements for further performance improvements such as efficient spectrum utilization, massive device connectivity, and high data rates. Fortunately, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques have recently been introduced as two possible current-generation emerging technologies with immense potential of addressing the above-mentioned issues. In this paper, we propose the integration of RIS to the existing techniques (i.e., NOMA and relaying) to further enhance the performance for mobile users. We focus on a performance analysis of two-user group by exploiting two main performance metrics including outage probability and ergodic capacity. We provide closed-form expressions for both performance metrics to highlight how NOMA-aided RIS systems provide more benefits compared with the benchmark based on traditional orthogonal multiple access (OMA). Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to validate the correctness of obtained expressions. The simulations show that power allocation factors assigned to two users play a major role in the formation of a performance gap among two users rather than the setting of RIS. In particular, the strong user achieves optimal outage behavior when it is allocated 35% transmit power.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s22176576
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Secure Performance Analysis of Aerial RIS-NOMA-Aided Systems: Deep Neural Network Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Electronics Vol. 11, No. 16 ( 2022-08-18), p. 2588-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 16 ( 2022-08-18), p. 2588-
    Abstract: The next generation of wireless systems has benefits in terms of spectrum and energy inefficiencies by exploiting two promising techniques including Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS). The scenario of two legitimate users existing together with an eavesdropper is worth examining in terms of secure matter while enabling machine learning tools at the base station for expected improvement. The base station deals with a highly complicated algorithm to adjust parameters against the attack of eavesdroppers and to better improve the secure performance of mobile users. This paper suggests a better solution to allow the base station to predict performance at destinations to adjust necessary parameters such as power allocation coefficients properly. To this end, we propose a deep neural network (DNN)-based approach which also leverages the benefits of aerial RIS to achieve predictable performance and significant secure performance improvement could be enhanced. We first derive the formulations for security outage probability (SOP) in closed-form expressions and analyze the strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), which are crucial performance metrics to determine how the systems are against the existence of eavesdroppers. Such eavesdroppers intend to overhear signal transmission dedicated to intended users and incur degraded system performance. The numerical simulations are expected to evaluate how the machine learning tool works with the traditional computation of system performance metrics which is able to be verified by comparing with the Monte-Carlo method. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the design of a higher number of meta-surface elements at the RIS, as well as a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels at the base station, are key parameters to achieving improved security performance for users. For detailed guidelines of the RIS-NOMA aided system, we provide a table of parameters samples resulting in secure performance as expected.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics11162588
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Influence of Dopant Concentration on Optical-Electrical Features of Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cell
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Molecules Vol. 26, No. 10 ( 2021-05-12), p. 2865-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 26, No. 10 ( 2021-05-12), p. 2865-
    Abstract: In this study, TiO2/CdS/CdxCu1−xSe, TiO2/CdS/CdxMn1−xSe, and TiO2/CdS/CdxAg2−2xSe thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition for the fabrication of photoanode in quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. As a result, the structural properties of the thin films have been studied by X-ray diffraction, which confirmed the zinc Blende structure in the samples. The optical films were researched by their experimental absorption spectra with different doping concentrations. Those results were combined with the Tauc correlation to estimate the absorption density, the band gap energy, valence band and conduction band positions, steepness parameter, and electron–phonon interaction. Furthermore, the electrical features, electrochemical impedance spectrum and photocurrent density curves were carried out. The result was used to explain the enhancing performance efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102865
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Fast, Decentralized, Self-Aligned Carrier Method for Multicellular Converters
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2020-12-25), p. 137-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2020-12-25), p. 137-
    Abstract: This paper proposes a fast, decentralized method for self-aligning the carriers of a multiphase/multilevel converter operating on the basis of phase-shifted pulse width modulation or level-shifted pulse width modulation. In the proposed method, each cell of the converter synchronizes and updates simultaneously its own carrier angle or carrier level based on the information shared with its neighboring cell, such as its angle/level, its index number, and the total number of activated cells of the converter. Different from the conventional decentralized method (with basic and modified updating rules), which requires some conditions in terms of cell number and initial carrier angles to start up and operate properly, the proposed method can be applied to the system with any number of cells and does not require special conditions of initial carrier angles. Further, while the conventional method needs an iteration process to adjust the inter-carrier phase-shifts and can be applied only to a multiphase converter which uses phase-shifted pulse width modulation, the proposed method offers an accurate and fast alignment of phases (for phase-shifted pulse width modulation) or levels (for level-shifted pulse width modulation) and thus can be applied to both multiphase and multilevel converter types. The simulations and the experimental results are presented in detail to show the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Further, thorough simulations on multiphase converters with different number of cells also show that the proposed method is much faster than the conventional method in both configuration and reconfiguration processes, especially in case the system has a large number of cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app11010137
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Optical Genome Mapping for Cytogenetic Diagnostics in AML
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Cancers Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-09), p. 1684-
    Details
    In: Cancers, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2023-03-09), p. 1684-
    Abstract: The classification and risk stratification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is based on reliable genetic diagnostics. A broad and expanding variety of relevant aberrations are structural variants beyond single-nucleotide variants. Optical Genome Mapping is an unbiased, genome-wide, amplification-free method for the detection of structural variants. In this review, the current knowledge of Optical Genome Mapping (OGM) with regard to diagnostics in hematological malignancies in general, and AML in specific, is summarized. Furthermore, this review focuses on the ability of OGM to expand the use of cytogenetic diagnostics in AML and perhaps even replace older techniques such as chromosomal-banding analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, or copy number variation microarrays. Finally, OGM is compared to amplification-based techniques and a brief outlook for future directions is given.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6694
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061684
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527080-1
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  • 6
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    Exome Sequencing and Optical Genome Mapping in Molecularly Unsolved Cases of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Identification of a Causative X-Chromosomal Inversion Disrupting the DMD Gene
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 24, No. 19 ( 2023-09-28), p. 14716-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 24, No. 19 ( 2023-09-28), p. 14716-
    Abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle disease that mainly affects boys due to X-linked recessive inheritance. In most affected individuals, MLPA or sequencing-based techniques detect deletions, duplications, or point mutations in the dystrophin-encoding DMD gene. However, in a small subset of patients clinically diagnosed with DMD, the molecular cause is not identified with these routine methods. Evaluation of the 60 DMD patients in our center revealed three cases without a known genetic cause. DNA samples of these patients were analyzed using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and, if unconclusive, optical genome mapping (OGM). WES led to a diagnosis in two cases: one patient was found to carry a splice mutation in the DMD gene that had not been identified during previous Sanger sequencing. In the second patient, we detected two variants in the fukutin gene (FKTN) that were presumed to be disease-causing. In the third patient, WES was unremarkable, but OGM identified an inversion disrupting the DMD gene (~1.28 Mb) that was subsequently confirmed with long-read sequencing. These results highlight the importance of reanalyzing unsolved cases using WES and demonstrate that OGM is a useful method for identifying large structural variants in cases with unremarkable exome sequencing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914716
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mitochondria and Energetic Depression in Cell Pathophysiology
    MDPI AG ; 2009
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2009-05-19), p. 2252-2303
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2009-05-19), p. 2252-2303
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms10052252
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
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    Evidences for Mutant Huntingtin Inducing Musculoskeletal and Brain Growth Impairments via Disturbing Testosterone Biosynthesis in Male Huntington Disease Animals
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Cells Vol. 11, No. 23 ( 2022-11-25), p. 3779-
    Details
    In: Cells, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 23 ( 2022-11-25), p. 3779-
    Abstract: Body weight (BW) loss and reduced body mass index (BMI) are the most common peripheral alterations in Huntington disease (HD) and have been found in HD mutation carriers and HD animal models before the manifestation of neurological symptoms. This suggests that, at least in the early disease stage, these changes could be due to abnormal tissue growth rather than tissue atrophy. Moreover, BW and BMI are reported to be more affected in males than females in HD animal models and patients. Here, we confirmed sex-dependent growth alterations in the BACHD rat model for HD and investigated the associated contributing factors. Our results showed growth abnormalities along with decreased plasma testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels only in males. Moreover, we demonstrated correlations between growth parameters, IGF-1, and testosterone. Our analyses further revealed an aberrant transcription of testosterone biosynthesis-related genes in the testes of BACHD rats with undisturbed luteinizing hormone (LH)/cAMP/PKA signaling, which plays a key role in regulating the transcription process of some of these genes. In line with the findings in BACHD rats, analyses in the R6/2 mouse model of HD showed similar results. Our findings support the view that mutant huntingtin may induce abnormal growth in males via the dysregulation of gene transcription in the testis, which in turn can affect testosterone biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4409
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cells11233779
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661518-6
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Novel Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Inhibitor Beditin Reduces Cytotoxicity and Huntingtin Aggregates in Cell Models of Huntington’s Disease
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Pharmaceuticals Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2021-03-12), p. 257-
    Details
    In: Pharmaceuticals, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2021-03-12), p. 257-
    Abstract: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a monogenetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (mHTT). There is currently no cure, and therefore disease-slowing remedies are sought to alleviate symptoms of the multifaceted disorder. Encouraging findings in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease on alpha-2 adrenoceptor (α2-AR) inhibition have shown neuroprotective and aggregation-reducing effects in cell and animal models. Here, we analyzed the effect of beditin, a novel α2- adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist, on cell viability and mHTT protein levels in cell models of HD using Western blot, time-resolved Foerster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) cytotoxicity assays. Beditin decreases cytotoxicity, as measured by TUNEL staining and LDH release, in a neuronal progenitor cell model (STHdh cells) of HD and decreases the aggregation propensity of HTT exon 1 fragments in an overexpression model using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. α2-AR is a promising therapeutic target for further characterization in HD models. Our data allow us to suggest beditin as a valuable candidate for the pharmaceutical manipulation of α2-AR, as it is capable of modulating neuronal cell survival and the level of mHTT.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8247
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ph14030257
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2193542-7
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 10
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    Homozygous Inversion on Chromosome 13 Involving SGCG Detected by Short Read Whole Genome Sequencing in a Patient Suffering from Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Genes Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-09-28), p. 1752-
    Details
    In: Genes, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-09-28), p. 1752-
    Abstract: New techniques in molecular genetic diagnostics now allow for accurate diagnosis in a large proportion of patients with muscular diseases. Nevertheless, many patients remain unsolved, although the clinical history and/or the muscle biopsy give a clear indication of the involved genes. In many cases, there is a strong suspicion that the cause must lie in unexplored gene areas, such as deep-intronic or other non-coding regions. In order to find these changes, next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods are constantly evolving, making it possible to sequence entire genomes to reveal these previously uninvestigated regions. Here, we present a young woman who was strongly suspected of having a so far genetically unsolved sarcoglycanopathy based on her clinical history and muscle biopsy. Using short read whole genome sequencing (WGS), a homozygous inversion on chromosome 13 involving SGCG and LINC00621 was detected. The breakpoint in intron 2 of SGCG led to the absence of γ-sarcoglycan, resulting in the manifestation of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 5 (LGMDR5) in the young woman.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4425
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/genes13101752
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527218-4
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