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  • 1
    Keywords: Meereskunde ; Tiefsee
    Description / Table of Contents: Banned from taking naval vessels to foreign ports after WW1 Germany undertakes a comprehensive oceanographic expedition to the Atlantic Ocean to test many new measurement systems and to establish the long term circulation patterns of the Atlantic. Challenged by the proscription on German naval vessels from visiting foreign ports after WW1 a group of German oceanographers from the Institute for Marine Sciences in Berlin carried out a pioneering research expedition from 1925-27 to sample the hydrographic structure of the South Atlantic Ocean. Its captain Fritz Spiess was the primary driving force behind the expedition and the German navy supplied the survey ship Meteor. During this 2.5 year expedition the Meteor scientists tested a great many new measurement systems many of which later became routine oceanographic measurement systems. As a result of their observations the mean circulation pattern of the Atlantic was revealed that has remained valid to this day. - - People interested in the history of ocean exploration, the history of Earth science and German scientific activity between the World Wars will find this volume to be an intriguing read. Much of the book has been taken from the original cruise report written by Captain Fritz Spiess (1933). In addition, his role has been expanded to demonstrate his essential contribution to the creation of the expedition, its execution and the dissemination of its results upon completion. The present text comments on the captain's life before and after the expedition. - - In 1934 Fritz Spiess started his second carrier as President of the German Marine Observatory (Deutsche Seewarte) in Hamburg. A great number of so far unpublished documents demonstrate Spiess's ability to run his dignified agency in the turbulent times of Nazi Germany without becoming a Nazi himself. - - Readers will learn how this first ocean expedition, dedicated to the study of the physics a whole ocean basin, helped to provide the background for modern physical oceanography.
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 274 Seiten , zahlr. Ill. , 23 cm
    ISBN: 9781627347129
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    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 82 (1997), S. 439-474 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Air-sea interaction ; cool skin ; freshwater skin ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rainfall over the sea modifies the molecular boundary layers of the upper ocean through a variety of different effects. These cover the freshwater flux stabilizing the near-surface layer, additional heat flux established due to rain versus surface temperature differences, modification of physical parameters by temperature and salinity changes, enhancement of the surface roughness, damping of short gravity waves, surface mixing by rain, and transfer of additional momentum from air to sea. They are separately described and included in our surface renewal model to investigate the rain's influence on the cool skin of the ocean and the creation of a haline molecular diffusion layer. Simulations with the upgraded model show that the most important effect on the conductive layer is that of reduced renewal periods followed by additional surface cooling due to rain on the order of 0.1 K. At rain rates below 50 mm h-1 rainfall is not able to completely destroy the mean temperature difference across the cool skin. A freshwater skin is created that exhibits a salinity difference exceeding 4‰ under strong rainfall. Comparisons with field data of the cool skin taken during the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment confirm the upgraded renewal model. Surface salinity measurements taken during the same field campaign are consistent with the calculated salinity differences across the freshwater skin. The enhancement of surface roughness by natural rain is less pronounced than described in earlier laboratory studies of rain with large drop sizes only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 40 (1987), S. 261-276 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden zweimonatliche Bathythermographenschnitte zwischen Europa und Brasilien vom September 1980 bis Mai 1984 vorgestellt. Die Daten werden zur Darstellung eines mehrjährigen Trends im oberflächennahen äquatorialen Stromsystem verwandt, welches senkrecht zu den Schnitten liegt. Unter Ausnutzung einer mittleren Temperatur-Salzgehaltsbeziehung werden die Temperaturprofile in Dichteprofile überführt. Aus diesen wird die dynamische Tiefe (0/300 dbar) errechnet. In Äquatornähe wird eine rechnerische Näherung für die geostrophischen Ströme verwandt. Ferner wird ein Spline-Interpolationsverfahren für die raumzeitliche Herleitung der quasi-meridionalen Strömungsverteilung genutzt. Das äquatoriale Stromsystem wird als eine Zeitserie der dynamischen Tiefe und der geostrophischen Ströme dargestellt.
    Abstract: Résumé Des coupes thermiques au moyen de Bathythermographes à tête perdue (XBT) entre l'Europe et le Brésil environ deux fois par mois de septembre 1980 à mai 1984 sont utilisées pour caracteriser des tendances dans les courants géostrophiques équatoriaux perpendiculaires à ces coupes. Les profils de température dans les couches superficielles sont convertis en profils de densité au moyen de relations temperature-salinité moyennes, et permettent de calculer la hauteur dynamique 0/300 db. Après interpolation (spline) dans le temps et l'espace, on obtient une série spatio-temporelle, présentée sous la forme de cartes trimestrielles de hauteurs dynamiques et de courants géostrophiques.
    Notes: Summary Approximately twice-monthly expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections between Europe and Brazil, are used to characterize trends in the equatorial geostrophic surface currents orthogonal to the sections between September, 1980 and May, 1984. Using mean temperature-salinity relationships the upper layer temperature profiles are converted to density and used to compute 0/300 db dynamic height. Applying a second derivative method, at and near the equator, geostrophic surface currents are computed along each quasimeridional XBT section and time/space series of the equatorial currents are developed using spline interpolations in both time and space. Equatorial currents are mapped as time series of dynamic height and geostrophic current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Springer
    In:  Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 40 (6). pp. 261-276.
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Approximately twice-monthly expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections between Europe and Brazil, are used to characterize trends in the equatorial geostrophic surface currents orthogonal to the sections between September, 1980 and May, 1984. Using mean temperature-salinity relationships the upper layer temperature profiles are converted to density and used to compute 0/300 db dynamic height. Applying a second derivative method, at and near the equator, geostrophic surface currents are computed along each quasimeridional XBT section and time/space series of the equatorial currents are developed using spline interpolations in both time and space. Equatorial currents are mapped as time series of dynamic height and geostrophic current.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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