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  • International Glaciological Society  (27)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Superimposed ice in glacier mass balance on the Tibetan Plateau
    International Glaciological Society ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Glaciology Vol. 42, No. 142 ( 1996), p. 454-460
    Details
    In: Journal of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 42, No. 142 ( 1996), p. 454-460
    Abstract: The relations between mass balance and meltwater refreezing were examined on the basis of glaciological observations carried out in summer 1993 on Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier, Tanggula Mountains, central Tibetan Plateau. On this glacier, a part of meltwaler refreezes at the snow/ice interface as superimposed ice. The amount of superimposed ice formation was determined by both meltwater supply and temperature condition of the glacier. Snow-layer thickness on the glacier ice body is less than 2 m, even in the higher accumulation zone. About 60% of meltwaler generated in the accumulation zone for the period May–September was trapped at the snow/ice interface by refreezing, and was not discharged out of the glacier. About 26% of accumulated snow to the glacier surface was replaced on the snow/ice interface by refreezing in the accumulation zone. These facts indicate that superimposed ice formation is quite significant for water retention in glaciers under low-precipitation conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1430 , 1727-5652
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/S0022143000003440
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140541-4
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Monitoring and prediction of shrinkage of a small glacier in the Nepal Himalaya
    International Glaciological Society ; 1997
    In:  Annals of Glaciology Vol. 24 ( 1997), p. 90-94
    Details
    In: Annals of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 24 ( 1997), p. 90-94
    Abstract: In 1978, the first detailed glaciological studies were carried out on the small glacier AX010 in a glacier inventory of Dudh Kosi region, in the Nepal Himalaya. Its length, area and highest and lowest elevations in 1978 were 1.7 km, 0.57 km 2 , 5360 and 4950 m a.s.l., respectively. Two resurveys of its terminus position and/or surface elevations were carried out in 1989 and 1991. The glacier retreated by about 30 and 28 m during the periods 1978–89 and 1989–91, respectively. In 1995, annual monitoring of this glacier by means of ground survey, stake method and topographical mapping began, in order to obtain its mass balance, surface flow velocity and extent, and link them with climatic conditions. The results obtained in 1995 are summarized as follows: (1) During the period 1991–95, the glacier retreated by 12 m. (2) Associated with the ice-thickness loss in the lower part of the glacier, the horizontal surface velocities along the center line in 1995 (June–October) showed a remarkable decrease on the glacier tongue, to about 50% of those in 1978. Shrinkage of the glacier in the near future is predicted from a simple model calculation for the case that climatic conditions remain unchanged from 1995. The results show that the present shrinkage should continue and accelerate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0260-3055 , 1727-5644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/S0260305500011988
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2122400-6
    SSG: 14
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Performance of ASTER and SRTM DEMs, and their potential for assessing glacial lakes in the Lunana region, Bhutan Himalaya
    International Glaciological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Glaciology Vol. 54, No. 185 ( 2008), p. 220-228
    Details
    In: Journal of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 54, No. 185 ( 2008), p. 220-228
    Abstract: To assess the potential volume of a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) more precisely than in previous studies, we analyze ground survey data and remote-sensing digital elevation models (DEMs) around glacial lakes in the Lunana region, Bhutan. Based on a DEM generated from differential GPS ground surveys, we first evaluate the relative accuracies of DEMs produced by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Root-mean-square errors of the altitudinal difference between these DEMs and ground survey data were 11.0 m for ASTER and 11.3 m for SRTM. These errors are similar to those of previous studies. We show that a topographical classification allows a better estimate of elevation on lakes/ponds, riverbeds and glaciers due to their flat surfaces, while the relative accuracy is worse over moraines and hill slopes due to their narrow ridges and steep slopes. Using the optical satellite images and the ground survey data, we re-evaluate the GLOF volume in 1994 as (17.2 ± 5.3) × 10 6 m 3 . We show GLOF-related information such as distance, altitudinal difference and gradient at possible outburst points where the lake level is higher than the neighboring riverbed and/or glacial lake.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1430 , 1727-5652
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/002214308784886162
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140541-4
    SSG: 14
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Monitoring and prediction of shrinkage of a small glacier in the Nepal Himalaya
    International Glaciological Society ; 1997
    In:  Annals of Glaciology Vol. 24 ( 1997), p. 90-94
    Details
    In: Annals of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 24 ( 1997), p. 90-94
    Abstract: In 1978, the first detailed glaciological studies were carried out on the small glacier AX010 in a glacier inventory of Dudh Kosi region, in the Nepal Himalaya. Its length, area and highest and lowest elevations in 1978 were 1.7 km, 0.57 km 2 , 5360 and 4950 m a.s.l., respectively. Two resurveys of its terminus position and/or surface elevations were carried out in 1989 and 1991. The glacier retreated by about 30 and 28 m during the periods 1978–89 and 1989–91, respectively. In 1995, annual monitoring of this glacier by means of ground survey, stake method and topographical mapping began, in order to obtain its mass balance, surface flow velocity and extent, and link them with climatic conditions. The results obtained in 1995 are summarized as follows: (1) During the period 1991–95, the glacier retreated by 12 m. (2) Associated with the ice-thickness loss in the lower part of the glacier, the horizontal surface velocities along the center line in 1995 (June–October) showed a remarkable decrease on the glacier tongue, to about 50% of those in 1978. Shrinkage of the glacier in the near future is predicted from a simple model calculation for the case that climatic conditions remain unchanged from 1995. The results show that the present shrinkage should continue and accelerate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0260-3055 , 1727-5644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0260305500011988
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2122400-6
    SSG: 14
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy and mass balance of Zhadang glacier surface, central Tibetan Plateau
    International Glaciological Society ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Glaciology Vol. 59, No. 213 ( 2013), p. 137-148
    Details
    In: Journal of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 59, No. 213 ( 2013), p. 137-148
    Abstract: Climate variables that control the annual cycle of the surface energy and mass balance on Zhadang glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau were examined over a 2 year period using a physically based energy-balance model forced by routine meteorological data. The modelled results agree with measured values of albedo, incoming longwave radiation, surface temperature and surface level of the glacier. For the whole observation period, the radiation component dominated (82%) the total surface energy heat fluxes. This was followed by turbulent sensible (10%) and latent heat (6%) fluxes. Subsurface heat flux represented a very minor proportion (2%) of the total heat flux. The sensitivity of specific mass balance was examined by perturbations of temperature (±1 K), relative humidity (±20%) and precipitation (±20%). The results indicate that the specific mass balance is more sensitive to changes in precipitation than to other variables. The main seasonal variations in the energy balance were in the two radiation components (net shortwave radiation and net longwave radiation) and these controlled whether surface melting occurred. A dramatic difference in summer mass balance between 2010 and 2011 indicates that the glacier surface mass balance was closely related to precipitation seasonality and form (proportion of snowfall and rainfall).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1430 , 1727-5652
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/2013JoG12J152
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140541-4
    SSG: 14
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mass balance of Xiao Dongkemadi glacier on the central Tibetan Plateau from 1989 to 1995
    International Glaciological Society ; 2000
    In:  Annals of Glaciology Vol. 31 ( 2000), p. 159-163
    Details
    In: Annals of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 31 ( 2000), p. 159-163
    Abstract: Data on the mass balance of Xiao Dongkemadi glacier in the Tanggula mountains, central Tibetan Plateau, were obtained over 5 5 years from 1989 to 1995. These are the first continuous mass-balance data for a continental-type glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, where the glacier accumulates during the summer monsoon (summer-accumulation-type glacier). Mass-balance vs altitude profiles were steeper in the negative than in the positive mass-balance years. This is considered to have resulted from the effect of summer accumulation. The annual mass balance is compared with air temperature, precipitation, and black-body temperature in the area including the glacier, which is calculated from infrared radiation observations by theJapanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite. It was found that the interannual variation in the glacier mass balance was not closely related to maximum monthly mean air temperature, while it did have a relatively good correlation with maximum monthly mean black-body temperature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0260-3055 , 1727-5644
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/172756400781820075
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2122400-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of summer accumulation on glacier mass balance on the Tibetan Plateau revealed by mass-balance model
    International Glaciological Society ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Glaciology Vol. 46, No. 153 ( 2000), p. 244-252
    Details
    In: Journal of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 46, No. 153 ( 2000), p. 244-252
    Abstract: The characteristics and sensitivities of a cold-based glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, where the summer monsoon provides most of the mass input to glaciers, are discussed using an energy-balance model incorporating the process of water refreezing. The model accurately represents the observational results related to the mass balance of Xiao Dongkemadi glacier on the central plateau during 1992/93. Our data revealed that the mass balance of cold glaciers cannot simply be described by the surface mass/heat balances, because about 20% of infiltrated water is refrozen and thus does not run off from the glacier. Model calculations demonstrate that glaciers in an arid environment can maintain their mass since the monsoon provides precipitation during the melting season. Snowfall in summer keeps surface albedo high and largely restrains ablation. Nevertheless, the calculations also make clear that glaciers on the plateau are more vulnerable than those of other regions because of summer accumulation. In the monsoon climate, warming would cause not only a decrease in accumulation, but also a drastic increase in ablation in combination with surface-albedo lowering. Therefore, although glaciers on and around the plateau can be sustained by summer accumulation, they are more vulnerable to warming than winter-accumulation-type glaciers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1430 , 1727-5652
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/172756500781832945
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140541-4
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Multi-decadal ice-velocity and elevation changes of a monsoonal maritime glacier: Hailuogou glacier, China
    International Glaciological Society ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Glaciology Vol. 56, No. 195 ( 2010), p. 65-74
    Details
    In: Journal of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 56, No. 195 ( 2010), p. 65-74
    Abstract: Digital elevation models (DEMs) of the ablation area of Hailuogou glacier, China, produced from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data obtained in 2009, differential GPS (DGPS) data surveyed in 2008 and aerial photographs acquired in 1966 and 1989 are differenced to estimate long- and short-term glacier surface elevation change (d h /d t ). The mean d h /d t of the ablation area over 43 years (1966–2009) is −1.1 ± 0.4 m a −1 . Since 1989 the thinning has accelerated significantly. Ice velocities measured by DGPS at 28 fixed stakes implanted in the ablation area increase with distance from the glacier terminus, ranging from 41.0 m a −1 approaching the glacier terminus to a maximum of 205.0 m a −1 at the base of an icefall. Our results reveal that the overall average ice velocity in the ablation area has undergone significant temporal variability over the past several decades. Changes in glacier surface elevation in the ablation area result from the combined effects of climate change and glacier dynamics, which are driven by different factors for different regions and periods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1430 , 1727-5652
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/002214310791190884
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140541-4
    SSG: 14
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Distribution of debris thickness and its effect on ice melt at Hailuogou glacier, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, using in situ surveys and ASTER imagery
    International Glaciological Society ; 2011
    In:  Journal of Glaciology Vol. 57, No. 206 ( 2011), p. 1147-1157
    Details
    In: Journal of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 57, No. 206 ( 2011), p. 1147-1157
    Abstract: Debris cover is widely present in glacier ablation areas of the Tibetan Plateau, and its spatial distribution greatly affects glacier melt rates. High-resolution in situ measurements of debris thickness on Hailuogou glacier, Mount Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, show pronounced inhomogeneous debris distribution. An analysis of transverse and longitudinal profiles indicates that the ground-surveyed debris thicknesses and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)-derived thermal resistances of debris layers correlate strongly over the entire ablation area. Across- and along-glacier patterns of ASTER-derived thermal resistance correspond well with spatial patterns of debris thickness, which may reflect large-scale variations in the extent and thickness of the debris cover. The ice melt rate variability over the ablation area simulated by a surface energy-balance model that considered thermal resistance of the debris layer indicates clearly the crucial role of debris and its spatial continuity in modifying the spatial characteristics of melt rates. Because of the inhomogeneous distribution of debris thickness, about 67% of the ablation area on Hailuogou glacier has undergone accelerated melting, whereas about 19% of the ablation area has experienced inhibited melting, and the sub-debris melt rate equals the bare-ice melt rate in only 14% of the ablation area.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1430 , 1727-5652
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/002214311798843331
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140541-4
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  • 10
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    Elevation changes of glaciers revealed by multitemporal digital elevation models calibrated by GPS survey in the Khumbu region, Nepal Himalaya, 1992-2008
    International Glaciological Society ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Glaciology Vol. 58, No. 210 ( 2012), p. 648-656
    Details
    In: Journal of Glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Vol. 58, No. 210 ( 2012), p. 648-656
    Abstract: Due to remoteness and high altitude, only a few ground-based glacier change studies are available in high-mountain areas in the Himalaya. However, digital elevation models based on remotely sensed data (RS-DEMs) provide feasible opportunities to evaluate how fast Himalayan glaciers are changing. Here we compute elevation changes in glacier surface (total area 183.3 km 2 ) in the Khumbu region, Nepal Himalaya, for the period 1992-2008 using multitemporal RS-DEMs and a map-derived DEM calibrated with differential GPS survey data in 2007. Elevation change is calculated by generating a weighted least-squares linear regression model. Our method enables us to provide the distribution of uncertainty of the elevation change. Debris-covered areas show large lowering rates. The spatial distribution of elevation change shows that the different wastage features of the debris-covered glaciers depend on their scale, slope and the existence of glacial lakes. The elevation changes of glaciers in the eastern Khumbu region are in line with previous studies. The regional average mass balance of -0.40 ± 0.25 m w.e.a -1 for the period 1992-2008 is consistent with a global value of about -0.55 m w.e. a -1 for the period 1996-2005.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-1430 , 1727-5652
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3189/2012JoG11J061
    Language: English
    Publisher: International Glaciological Society
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2140541-4
    SSG: 14
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