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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Proton-NMR ; spin-spin-relaxation ; lineshape analysis ; multicomponent polimeric systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A method is presented to study the proton spin-spin-relaxation of one and two phase polymeric systems in a time range of 10−6 to 10−1 s, using a logarithmic time scale. Observing the line shape of the free induction decay (FID), an extensive description of the relaxation behaviour is possible in case of one phase systems in the temperature range from the rigid solid to the melt, and in case of two phase systems (in the temperature range between the glass temperatures of each phase) for each phase separately. By a combination of serveral pulse methods known from the literature, the true shape of the FID's is measured. The FID's are analyzed by comparison with simple mathematical line shapes. Several examples of measurements and analyses are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Grundlage von Polymeruntersuchungen wird ein Meßverfahren vorgestellt, das die Beobachtung der Protonen-Spin-Spin-Relaxation von Ein- und Zweiphasensy steinen in einem Zeitbereich von 10−6 bis 10−1 s unter Verwendung einer logarithmischen Zeitachse gestattet. Hierdurch wird eine einwandfreie Kennzeichnung der Einphasensysteme hinsichtlich der Kettenbeweglichkeit vom Festbis in den Schmelzzustand und der Zweiphasensysteme für jede Phase separat ermöglicht. Durch die Kombination einer Reihe von in der Literatur beschriebener Meßverfahren werden Störeffekte, die die Relaxationskurve verzerren, ausgeschaltet. Die gemessenen Relaxationskurven werden durch Vergleich mit geeigneten Kurvenprofilen mathematisch analysiert. Einige Anwendungsbeispiele werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 1094-1104 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relaxation behavior of polyethylene is studied by analyzing the line shape of the NMR-spectra. The broad, medium and narrow components correspond to three kinds of molecular motion: rigid, hindered mobile and liquid like mobile. The line shapes of the components are assumed to be that of a completely crystalline polyethylene sample, a hybrid between aGauβ andLorentz curve, and aLorentz curve, respectively. For a melt crystallized linear polyethylene of density 0,972 gcm−3 it is found that only (25±3)% of the noncrystalline protons are able to participate in the liquid like motion. For solution crystallized polyethylene this fraction is only (3±1)%. By swelling the polyethylene with carbon tetrachloride the mobility of the noncrystalline regions is increased. This is seen by the lowering of the glass transition temperature and a narrowing of the medium and narrow component. Branched polyethylene shows a different relaxation behavior from linear polyethylene, which follows from the disturbance of the polyethylene structure by the branching points.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung des Relaxationsverhaltens von Polyäthylen geschieht durch die Linienformanalyse der NMR-Spektren. Der breiten, mittleren und schmalen Komponente entsprechen drei Arten der Molekularbeweglichkeit: unbeweglich, behindert beweglich und fiüssigkeitsähnlich beweglich. Zur mathematischen Beschreibung der breiten Komponente benutzen wir die an einer hochkristallinen Probe experimentell bestimmte Kurvenform, für die mittlere Komponente eine ausGauss- undLorentz-Kurve gemischte Kurve und für die schmale Komponente eineLorentz-Kurve. Die Wendepunktsbreiten der drei Komponenten betragen 14 bis 16 G, 2 bis 10 G und⩽1G. Es wird gefunden, daß bei schmelzkristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen der Dichte 0,972 g cm−3 nur (25±3)% aller nichtkristallinen Protonen eine flüssigkeitsähnliche Bewegung ausführen. Bei lösungskristallisiertem linearem Polyäthylen derselben Kristallinität ist der Anteil mit (3 ±1)% noch wesentlich kleiner. Durch die Quellung des Polyäthylens mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff erhöht sich die Beweglichkeit in den nichtkristallinen Bereichen. Dies äußert sich in der Erniedrigung der Glastemperatur sowie in einer Verschmälerung der mittleren und schmalen Komponente. Verzweigtes Polyäthylen zeigt aufgrund seiner durch die Verzweigungsstellen gestörten Struktur ein von linearem Polyäthylen abweichendes Verhalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 241-259 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Compact pinch plasma devices are intense sources of pulsed EUV radiation with output energies of several joules per pulse in single lines. Their spectrum peaks in a wavelength range where conventional x-ray tubes provide poor intensity. With correct optimization, both continuous radiation or line radiation with λ/Δλ 〉 1000 can be produced for broadband and narrowband applications, respectively. Because of their low cost and their compact size, pinch plasmas seem well suited to supplement research activities based on synchrotron radiation. In this paper, pinch plasma sources developed for x-ray lithography and x-ray microscopy are described. Their emission characteristics are optimized with regard to specific requirements given by the particular application and are compared to laser produced plasmas. The lithography source is compatible with the electron storage ring printing process with respect to its spectrum and enables full-depth exposures in 1-μm-thick 60 mJ cm-2 sensitivity resist at resolution below 0.2 μm within 10 minutes. The source for microscopy applications enables flash imaging of biological specimens with suboptical resolution (0.1–0.2 μm) at nanosecond exposure times. In addition, the averaged plasma parameters meet the requirements for an EUV laser medium. The nitrogen 2–3 transition is especially promising for achieving amplified spontaneous emission of hydrogen-like or helium-like ions excited by three-body or charge exchange recombination.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 240 (1984), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Biochemical analysis ; Perilymph ; Sources of error ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contamination of perilymph with other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, tissue fluid, blood, endolymph) together with sampling, anaesthesia, surgical intervention or food intake of the animals may considerably affect the analytical result. The numerous possible artefacts seem to be the main reason why varying values are given in the literature for the same chemical component of perilymph. This is also partly true of cerebrospinal fluid and blood. The effect of some sources of error on selected chemical components of perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid and blood is briefly summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 220 (1978), S. 299-301 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Fluorocarbon ; O2-Solubility ; Perfusion ; Cochlea ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Because oxygen is at least ten times as soluble in fluorocarbon liquids as in plasma or saline, we investigated the principle possibility of perilymphatic perfusion of the cochlea with perfluortributylamin. Our experiments show that fluorocarbons in spite of the excellent O2-solubility in it are not suitable for the perilymphatic perfusion due to their physical properties (density 1.91 g/ml, non-solubility in water, necessity and difficulties of emulsification).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 224 (1979), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Guinea pig ; Cochlear aqueduct ; Round window membrane ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Perilymph ; Protein concentration ; Electrophysiology ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To prevent the perilymph (guinea pig) from contamination with CSF during the sampling the aqueductus cochleae (AC) was blocked by injection of tissue adhesive into the meningeal aperture. The control of an exact blockage of AC was carried out by examination of perilymph-outflow after opening the cochlea (injection of fluorescein-Na into the CSF-space), analysis of perilymphprotein-concentration, macroscopic and microscopic examination of the temporal bones. In all cochleae we have found the same morphological structures, notwith-standing whether the AC was blocked (for a time from 30 min to 7 weeks) or not: The cochlear aqueduct is filled with a mesh of mesenchymal tissue, which grows more dense towards the cochlear aperture and continues into the round window membrane. From scala tympani the AC is always limited by one layer of cells forming a sort of membrane (under light microscope). It seems possible that CSF moves in the inner of the round window membrane between AC and subepithelian space of middle ear mucosa, whereas perilymph of scala tympani is not in direct contact with the flow of CSF. The scala tympanic side of the round window membrane may be a big area for diffusion and there also may be an exchange between CSF and perilymph. The outflow of CSF into the cochlea after experimental opening of the cochlea is an artifact, caused by damage of pressure equilibration between CSF-space and cochlea. 30 min and 5–7 weeks after blockage no morphological and electrophysiological alterations from those of the control ears were to be seen. The protein concentration, however, increased significantly 5–7 weeks after blockage from normally about 200 mg/100 ml to almost the double especially in the scala tympani (see Table 1).
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 450-453 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Urinary Excretion ; Methyldigoxin ; Digoxin ; Metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In man the oral or intravenous administration of 4‴-methyldigoxin yields metabolites in urine which are soluble either in chloroform or in water. The chromatographic analysis reveals demethylation as the main metabolic reaction in man. In addition to methyldigoxin and digoxin small amounts of digoxigenin-bisdigitoxoside and digoxigenin-mono-digitoxoside can be detected. The water soluble metabolites represent 7% of the radioactivity excreted in 7 days reaching a maximum within the first 8 h.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Gallstones ; Bile ; Nucleation time ; Cholesterol crystals ; Terpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with cholesterol gallstones referred to elective cholecystectomy were randomly assigned prior to operation to no treatment (n=14), treatment with one capsule t.d.s. (n=12) or two capsules t.d.s. (n=11) of a terpene mixture (Rowachol). Patients with pigment stones (n=7) or no biliary tract disease (n=5) were also studied. Lipid composition, presence of cholesterol monohydrate crystals, and nucleation time were determined in galbladder bile aspirated during surgery. Cholesterol saturation was similar in the different groups. Crystals were present in all cholesterol gallstone patients without treatment and in none of the controls. In one of the patients treated with one capsule and four of the patients treated with two capsules crystals could not be detected. The terpenes prolonged nucleation time from 2.8 to 5.8 days (one capsule;P〈0.05) and to 9.5 days (two capsules;P〈0.001), respectively; but nucleation did not occur in seven controls. Although the mechanism by which the terpene mixture inhibits the formation of cholesterol crystals in bile was not determined, the findings suggest that the terpene mixture might be a useful agent for a clinical trial to test whether they will prevent recurrence of gallstones after medical dissolution.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 8 (1975), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Nozzle beams ; Laser Diagnostic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The output from a stabilized, tunable single-mode laser is split into two beams which cross the molecular beam perpendicularly and at an angle of β to the beam axis. Tuning the laser frequency across the unshifted and Doppler-shifted absorption profile of the molecular transition yileds the velocity distribution of the molecules in the beam for individual quantum states. The internal state distribution among vibrational and rotational levels in the beam can be determined by comparing the fluorescence simultaneously induced in the beam and in a cell with molecules in thermal equilibrium.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 1163-1169 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cholesterol gallstones ; Biliary lipid secretion ; Deoxycholic acid ; Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Measurements of biliary lipid secretion rates were performed in 14 non-obese patients with radiolucent gallstones (9 females, 5 males; mean age 48 years; mean body weight 65 kg) and in 14 healthy male volunteers (mean age 26 years, mean body weight 74 kg). The results in the gallstone patients differ in several respect from those obtained in the volunteers. Molar percentage of cholesterol was higher (5.8 versus 5.0 mol%;P〈0.05) and molar percentage of bile acids lower (73.8 versus 76.9 mol%;P〈0.05) in the gallstone patients. However, these changes were not followed by notable differences in cholesterol saturation of bile (94% vs 88%). Generally, hepatic secretion rates of cholesterol were significantly elevated in the gallstone patients (55 vs 46 mg/h;P〈0.05) whereas outputs of bile acids and phospholipids did not differ between the two groups. Although patients with cholesterol gallstones tended to have a lower percentage of chenodeoxycholic acid (38 versus 42 mol%) and increased deoxycholic acid (23 versus 16 mol%) in their bile, these differences were not significant. Nevertheless, in patients with cholesterol gallstones a significant positive correlation between deoxycholic acid secretion and cholesterol output was observed. For the whole group of patients and volunteers a positive correlation between age and cholesterol secretion could be demonstrated. The higher hepatic cholesterol secretion in gallstone patients seems not be due to differences in body weight, but rather to the older age of the patients. These results suggest that age itself or age-related changes in deoxycholic acid metabolism contributes to biliary cholesterol output in non-obese patients with cholesterol gallstones.
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