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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2024 roadmap for sustainable batteries
    IOP Publishing ; 2024
    In:  Journal of Physics: Energy
    Details
    In: Journal of Physics: Energy, IOP Publishing
    Abstract: Modern batteries are highly complex devices. Not the least the cells contain many components – which in turn all have many variations, both in terms of chemistry and physical properties. A few examples; the active materials of the electrodes are coated on current collectors using solvents, binders and additives; the multicomponent electrolyte, containing salts, solvents, and additives to make it functional – or be a solid ceramic, polymer or a glass; and most often a separator, which can be glass fibres, polymeric, ceramic, composite, etc. Moving up in scale all these components are assembled in cells of different formats and geometries, coin cells and Swagelok cells for testing, and pouch, prismatic and cylindrical cells for application. & #xD;Given this complexity dictated by so many components and variations, there is no wonder that addressing the crucial issue of true sustainability is an extremely challenging task. How can we make sure that each component is sustainable? How can the performance needed be delivered using more sustainable battery components? What actions do we need to address battery sustainability properly? How do we actually qualify and quantify the sustainability in the best way possible? And perhaps most importantly; how can we all work – academia and battery industry together – to enable the latter to manufacture more sustainable batteries for a truly cleaner future? & #xD;This Roadmap assembles views from experts from academia, industry, research institutes, and other organisations on how we could and should achieve a more sustainable battery future. The palette has many colours; it discusses the very definition of a sustainable battery, the need for diversification beyond lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the importance of sustainability assessments, the threat of scarcity of raw materials and the possible impact on future manufacturing of LIBs, the possibility of more sustainable cells by electrode and electrolyte chemistries as well as manufacturing, the important role of new battery chemistries, and the crucial role of AI and automation in the discovery of the truly sustainable batteries of the future. & #xD;
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7655
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad6bc0
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2950951-8
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
    IOP Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Physics: Energy Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2021-07-01), p. 031503-
    Details
    In: Journal of Physics: Energy, IOP Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2021-07-01), p. 031503-
    Abstract: Increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of lithium sources, due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase, have raised awareness of the importance of developing alternative energy-storage candidates that can sustain the ever-growing energy demand. Furthermore, limitations on the availability of the transition metals used in the manufacturing of cathode materials, together with questionable mining practices, are driving development towards more sustainable elements. Given the uniformly high abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium, as well as its very suitable redox potential (close to that of lithium), sodium-ion battery technology offers tremendous potential to be a counterpart to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in different application scenarios, such as stationary energy storage and low-cost vehicles. This potential is reflected by the major investments that are being made by industry in a wide variety of markets and in diverse material combinations. Despite the associated advantages of being a drop-in replacement for LIBs, there are remarkable differences in the physicochemical properties between sodium and lithium that give rise to different behaviours, for example, different coordination preferences in compounds, desolvation energies, or solubility of the solid–electrolyte interphase inorganic salt components. This demands a more detailed study of the underlying physical and chemical processes occurring in sodium-ion batteries and allows great scope for groundbreaking advances in the field, from lab-scale to scale-up. This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in academia and industry of the current state of the art in 2021 and the different research directions and strategies currently underway to improve the performance of sodium-ion batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges and opportunities, from the fundamental properties to the practical applications of this technology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7655
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ac01ef
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2950951-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries and beyond
    IOP Publishing ; 2020
    In:  Progress in Energy Vol. 2, No. 4 ( 2020-10-01), p. 042002-
    Details
    In: Progress in Energy, IOP Publishing, Vol. 2, No. 4 ( 2020-10-01), p. 042002-
    Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the much more abundant resources of Na compared with Li in the world. Developing SIB technology to satisfy the increased demand for energy storage is therefore a significant task . However, one of the biggest bottlenecks is the design of high-performance and low-cost anode materials, since the graphite anode in commercial LIBs is not suitable for SIBs due to thermal dynamic issues. Hard carbon materials have been regarded as having the greatest potential as anodes in commercial SIBs owing to their excellent cost-effectiveness, but their relatively limited performance compared to the graphite in LIBs as well as the dimness of the sodium storage mechanisms still need further investigation. In this review, we summarize the progress of recent research into hard carbons for SIB applications, including the fundamentals of SIBs, sodium storage mechanisms, structures and the electrochemical performances of different types of hard carbons in SIBs and other types of sodium-based energy storage as well as the main challenges in this field. We aim to provide a general insight into hard carbons and their applications in SIBs, opening up future perspectives and possible research directions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2516-1083
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/aba5f5
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2988011-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Achieving high volumetric EDLC carbons via hydrothermal carbonization and cyclic activation
    IOP Publishing ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Physics: Energy Vol. 2, No. 2 ( 2020-04-01), p. 025005-
    Details
    In: Journal of Physics: Energy, IOP Publishing, Vol. 2, No. 2 ( 2020-04-01), p. 025005-
    Abstract: A novel activation method involving hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and a pressure-induced low temperature oxidation has been demonstrated for cellulose derived HTC char by using hydrogen peroxide as an active di-oxygen source. The optimized porosity versus gravimetric capacitance results from cellulose derived HTC char synthesized at 220 °C. Almost homogeneous and small particle size micro-ellipse/sphere, relatively high surface area and narrow pore size distributions lead to a high bulk density, i.e. 0.73 g cm −3 , of coating-type electrodes, which is much denser than those manufactured from steam-activated carbons for supercapacitor industry, i.e. 0.52 g cm −3 . The resulting carbon prepared herein achieves a relatively high volumetric capacitance in an organic electrolyte-based supercapacitor, reaching a competitive value of an industrial system with the features being environment-friendly, cost-effective as well as high yield, and less energy consumption.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7655
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ab60e6
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2950951-8
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    Online Resource
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2021 roadmap on lithium sulfur batteries
    IOP Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Physics: Energy Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2021-07-01), p. 031501-
    Details
    In: Journal of Physics: Energy, IOP Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2021-07-01), p. 031501-
    Abstract: Batteries that extend performance beyond the intrinsic limits of Li-ion batteries are among the most important developments required to continue the revolution promised by electrochemical devices. Of these next-generation batteries, lithium sulfur (Li–S) chemistry is among the most commercially mature, with cells offering a substantial increase in gravimetric energy density, reduced costs and improved safety prospects. However, there remain outstanding issues to advance the commercial prospects of the technology and benefit from the economies of scale felt by Li-ion cells, including improving both the rate performance and longevity of cells. To address these challenges, the Faraday Institution, the UK’s independent institute for electrochemical energy storage science and technology, launched the Lithium Sulfur Technology Accelerator (LiSTAR) programme in October 2019. This Roadmap, authored by researchers and partners of the LiSTAR programme, is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the LiSTAR consortium. In compiling this Roadmap we hope to aid the development of the wider Li–S research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government and funding agencies in this important and rapidly developing research space.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7655
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/abdb9a
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2950951-8
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Roadmap on multivalent batteries
    IOP Publishing ; 2024
    In:  Journal of Physics: Energy Vol. 6, No. 3 ( 2024-07-01), p. 031501-
    Details
    In: Journal of Physics: Energy, IOP Publishing, Vol. 6, No. 3 ( 2024-07-01), p. 031501-
    Abstract: Battery technologies based in multivalent charge carriers with ideally two or three electrons transferred per ion exchanged between the electrodes have large promises in raw performance numbers, most often expressed as high energy density, and are also ideally based on raw materials that are widely abundant and less expensive. Yet, these are still globally in their infancy, with some concepts (e.g. Mg metal) being more technologically mature. The challenges to address are derived on one side from the highly polarizing nature of multivalent ions when compared to single valent concepts such as Li + or Na + present in Li-ion or Na-ion batteries, and on the other, from the difficulties in achieving efficient metal plating/stripping (which remains the holy grail for lithium). Nonetheless, research performed to date has given some fruits and a clearer view of the challenges ahead. These include technological topics (production of thin and ductile metal foil anodes) but also chemical aspects (electrolytes with high conductivity enabling efficient plating/stripping) or high-capacity cathodes with suitable kinetics (better inorganic hosts for intercalation of such highly polarizable multivalent ions). This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in the different technologies, which exhibit similarities but also striking differences, of the current state of the art in 2023 and the research directions and strategies currently underway to develop multivalent batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges, potential bottlenecks, and also emerging opportunities for their practical deployment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2515-7655
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad34fc
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2950951-8
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