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  • Hogrefe Publishing Group  (5)
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  • Hogrefe Publishing Group  (5)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Langzyklus bei Ovulationshemmern
    Hogrefe Publishing Group ; 2009
    In:  Therapeutische Umschau Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 101-108
    Details
    In: Therapeutische Umschau, Hogrefe Publishing Group, Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 101-108
    Abstract: Surveys show that most women desire a change in their menstrual pattern in the sense that they would prefer less menstruations or even amenorrhea. On this behalf, there is no difference between women having spontaneous natural cycles and women taking the pill. The main reasons are less menstrual bleedings, better hygienic conditions, a better quality of life and less blood loss. In women wanting regular monthly periods, the opinion is dominant that suppression of menstrual bleedings is "unnatural". It is therefore primordial to inform women that contraceptive safety is even increased in users following the long-cycle principal and that a fertility decrease has not to be feared. The benefit of the long-cyle OC is a reduction of the hormonal fluctuations induced by the pill-free interval with its consecutive somatic and mental symptoms, as well as an increased contraceptive safety. The following cycle- and menstruation-dependent symptoms as listed as an indication for the long-cycle use: Endometriosis, hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, hemorrhagic diathesis, uterine fibroma, polyzystic ovary syndrom, migraine due to estrogen-deficiency in the pill-free interval as well as premenstrual syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0040-5930 , 1664-2864
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.66.2.101
    Language: German
    Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hormonale Kontrazeption – Dosierung und Verabreichungsformen
    Hogrefe Publishing Group ; 2009
    In:  Therapeutische Umschau Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 93-99
    Details
    In: Therapeutische Umschau, Hogrefe Publishing Group, Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 93-99
    Abstract: Since the correlation between the amount of Ethinylestradiol (EE) and the thromboembolic risk has been recognized, the development of new oral contraceptives (OC) has been characterized by a constant lowering of the EE dosage. The consecutive decrease of ovulation inhibition has been compensated by the introduction of potent progestagens. Therefore, the contraceptive safety has been maintained in presence of less side-effects. The effect of ultra-low-dose OC on acne and seborrhea remains beneficial. The effect of ultra-low-dose OC on bone is contradictory. Because there are fundamental differences between Estradiol and EE, the thromboembolic risk is not decreased by the parenteral administration of EE. In users of the contraceptive patch, it is even increased. EE is not bound at SHBG. Because of its Ethinyl group, the inactivation of EE occurs slowly. Therefore, EE reaches the liver in a low but constant concentration where it modifies many estrogen-dependent hepatic parameters significantly. One of these is hemostasis. It is generally accepted that such changes are responsable for the increased thromboembolic risk of the contraceptive patch and vaginalring. A reduction of the homone-free interval of the pill to 5 or 4 days results in a complete suppression of the ovarian function, a reliable ovulation inhibition and an increase of the contraceptive efficacy in spite of a reduction of the EE dosage to 20 μg or 15 μg.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0040-5930 , 1664-2864
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.66.2.93
    Language: German
    Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kontrazeption bei Problemfällen
    Hogrefe Publishing Group ; 2009
    In:  Therapeutische Umschau Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 117-128
    Details
    In: Therapeutische Umschau, Hogrefe Publishing Group, Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 117-128
    Abstract: Thromboembolic, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events are age-dependent. They are extremely rare in young women. In contrast to the progestogen-only pills, oral contraceptives (OC) increase the risk of venous thrombosis. However, decisive ist the genetic predisposition. In healthy non-smokers of less than 35 years of age, the risk to suffer from a myocardial infarction or a cerebrovascular accident is not increased by OC. Risk factors play a major role in the etiology of cardiovascular dieases. A detailed personal and family history is therefore mandatory before OC are prescribed. Very rarely, blood pressure is increased by OC. Although the incidence of such an increase is very low, blood pressure has to be measured regularly in pill users. Inspite of a current opinion, weight increase is rare in OC users. It depends mainly on the individual predisposition. An increased water retention can be reduced by a combined OC containing a progestagen with an antimineralocorticoid activity. Changes in insulin and blood sugar induced by low-dose OC are minimal so that they have no clinical relevance. OC do not increase the incidence of diabetes. Adrenal and thyroid function are not influenced by OC, there is no increased incidence of prolactinomas. Asthma is no contraindication against OC. If there is a cycle-dependent aggravation of the disease, OC might be beneficial. OC have no side-effects on the eye or the ear. In women suffering from lupus erythematodes having no renal participation, no increased antiphospholipid-antibodies and showing a stable or inactve disease, low-dose OC might be used.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0040-5930 , 1664-2864
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.66.2.117
    Language: German
    Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Erhöht die hormonale Kontrazeption das Tumorrisiko?
    Hogrefe Publishing Group ; 2009
    In:  Therapeutische Umschau Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 129-135
    Details
    In: Therapeutische Umschau, Hogrefe Publishing Group, Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 129-135
    Abstract: A non-contraceptive benefit of oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) is a dimished risk for certain benign as well as malignant tumours, such as benign breast tumours, uterine fibroids and ovarian cysts. Endometriosis itself is not positively influenced by OC, but dysmenorrhea is decreased. Modern low-dose OC do not increase the risk of liver cell adenomata or carcinomata. OC do not influence melanoma. Modern data do not suggest an increased risk for breast carcinoma in OC users. Long-term use of OC leads to a decreased risk of endometrial and colorectal carcinomata. Cervical carcinoma is not influenced directly by OC, but probably indirectly through a change in sexual behaviour. There is no increase of vulvar or vaginal carcinoma, even after long-term use of OC.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0040-5930 , 1664-2864
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.66.2.129
    Language: German
    Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kontrazeption zu Beginn und Ende der fertilen Lebensphase
    Hogrefe Publishing Group ; 2009
    In:  Therapeutische Umschau Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 109-115
    Details
    In: Therapeutische Umschau, Hogrefe Publishing Group, Vol. 66, No. 2 ( 2009-02-01), p. 109-115
    Abstract: The risk-benefit-ratio of hormonal contraception (OC) is positive in adolescents as well as in women over 40 years of age if some essential rules are respected. In adolescents, the acquirement of a normal peak bone mass has to be guaranteed by the use of the OC. The dosage of the OC has to be adapted individually to the basic hormonal situation. In women over 40, contraindications such as hypertension, obesity, smoking or dyslipidemia have to be actively excluded. In both groupes of age, the risk of a correctly indicated OC is inferior to the risk of an unwanted pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0040-5930 , 1664-2864
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.66.2.109
    Language: German
    Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing Group
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 82044-1
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