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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Postoperative Skeletal Stability and Pharyngeal Airway: Counterclockwise versus Clockwise Rotation during Mandibular Setback Surgery
    Hindawi Limited ; 2020
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2020 ( 2020-01-30), p. 1-6
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2020 ( 2020-01-30), p. 1-6
    Abstract: Purpose . To compare the effects of counterclockwise rotation (CCR) and clockwise rotation (CR) of the mandible on the pharyngeal airway during mandibular setback surgery. Materials and Methods . Serial cephalograms of 40 patients with mandibular prognathism, including 20 who underwent CCR and 20 who underwent CR, were taken at the following time intervals: preoperatively (T1), immediately postoperatively (T2), 〉 1 year after surgery (T3), final surgical changes (T31), postoperative stability (T32), and immediate surgical change (T21). Changes in menton (Me) and hyoid (H) positions, soft palate width, soft palate length, soft palate angle and craniovertebral angle (C2C4-SN), and pharyngeal airway spaces (nasal pharyngeal airway (NOP), uvula pharyngeal airway (UOP), tongue pharyngeal airway (TOP), and epiglottis pharyngeal airway (EOP)) were evaluated. Results . The mean Me (T31) setback for CCR and CR was 12.56 and 13.06 mm, respectively, with 2.41 mm upward and 3.29 mm downward, respectively. The vertical Me position of CR exhibited significant downward movement compared with that of CCR. The mean H setback results for CCR and CR were 4.42 and 5.75 mm, respectively, with 1.47 mm downward and 2.97 mm downward, respectively. The C4C2-SN angles for CCR and CR increased by 2.68° and 3.65°, respectively, whereas their palatal angles increased by 2.35° and 5.25°, respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis (T31) revealed that for CCR, no pharyngeal airway spaces were significantly correlated with any measured variables. In CR, NOP was significantly correlated ( r  = 0.58) with the vertical Me position. Significant relapse (T32) was observed after CR in the horizontal ( r  = −0.72) and vertical ( r  = −0.82) Me positions. Conclusion . Pharyngeal airway space narrowed postoperatively, and its patency was appropriately maintained through natural physiological regulation of the craniovertebral angle (C2C4-SN). Significant postoperative relapse was correlated with CR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2020/3283080
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 2
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    Dimension and Location of the Mandibular Lingula: Comparisons of Gender and Skeletal Patterns Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
    Hindawi Limited ; 2020
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2020 ( 2020-02-14), p. 1-6
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2020 ( 2020-02-14), p. 1-6
    Abstract: Objective . The study aimed to investigate and measure the anatomical relationship between the mandibular lingula (Li) and skeletal patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods . In total, 72 participants (23 men and 49 women) were categorized into three groups according to their skeletal patterns (specifically, the A point–nasion–B point (ANB]) angle) as follows: Class I (0°  〈  ANB  〈  4°), Class II (ANB ≥ 4°), and Class III (ANB ≤ 0°). The CBCT images of 144 rami were collected, and the distance from the Li to the external oblique ridge (Li-EOR), internal oblique ridge (Li-IOR), posterior border of the ramus (Li-PBR), inferior border of the ramus (Li-IBR), sigmoid notch (Li-Sm), and mandibular foramen (Li-MF) was examined. The Li-hMF (horizontal distance from the Li to the MF) and Li-vMF (vertical distance from the Li to the MF) were measured. The comparisons of gender, side (right and left), and skeletal patterns were then evaluated by statistical analysis. Results . The values of the Li-EOR and Li-PBR (19.99 mm and 15.93 mm, respectively) were significantly higher in men than in women (18.85 mm and 14.89 mm, respectively). Moreover, the Li-IBR was higher in men (32.91 mm) than in women (30.40 mm). Both sides (right and left) and skeletal patterns demonstrated that the Li-EOR, Li-IOR, and Li-PBR were not significantly different. Pearson’s correlation test reported a strong correlation between the Li-EOR and Li-IOR ( r = 0.610 ). Conclusion . The distances from mandibula lingula to the external oblique ridge, posterior border of ramus, and inferior border of ramus were significantly longer in men than in women. Similarly, both horizontal and vertical distances from the lingula to the mandibular foramen were significantly longer in men than in women. Therefore, the results demonstrated that the Li was longer and more protruding in men than in women. With respect to the horizontal distance from the mandibular lingula to the mandibular foramen, of the three types of the skeletal system (Class I, Class II, and Class III), Class III was the significantly largest.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2020/2571534
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Effect of Pterygomasseteric Sling’s Area in the Postoperative Stability after Mandibular Setback Surgery
    Hindawi Limited ; 2017
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2017 ( 2017), p. 1-8
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2017 ( 2017), p. 1-8
    Abstract: Purpose . The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the postoperative stability and area of pterygomasseteric sling (PMS). Materials and Methods . Forty patients of mandibular prognathism were treated by isolated mandibular setback. Serial lateral cephalograms were collected (preoperatively [T1], immediately after surgery [T2] , and more than 1 year postoperatively [T3]). The postoperative stability (T32) was divided into 3 groups (total, forward, and backward movements). The areas of PMS, immediate surgical changes (T21), postoperative stability (T32), and final surgical change (T31) were analyzed by Student’s t -test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results . The amount of mean setback (T21) was 12.6 mm in total group, 13.8 mm in forward group, and 10.8 mm in backward group. In the total group, postoperative stability (T32) was 0.6 mm forward and reduction area of PMS (T31) was 291 mm 2 (17.2%). The reduction area of PMS (T31) was 298.2 mm 2 (18%) and 263.1 (15.3%) mm 2 in the forward group (3 mm) and backward group (2.4 mm), respectively. However, reduction area of PMS (T31) showed weak correlation with postoperative stability (T32) in all groups. Conclusion . Total and forward groups presented significant correlations between postoperative stability (T32) and amount of setback (T21).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2017/7216120
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Are Hyoid Bone and Tongue the Risk Factors Contributing to Postoperative Relapse for Mandibular Prognathism?
    Hindawi Limited ; 2016
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2016 ( 2016), p. 1-7
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2016 ( 2016), p. 1-7
    Abstract: Objective . The purpose of this study was to investigate postoperative stability and the correlation between hyoid, tongue, and mandible position following surgery for mandibular prognathism. Materials and Methods . Thirty-seven patients, treated for mandibular prognathism using intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO), were evaluated cephalometrically. A set of four standardized lateral cephalograms were obtained from each subject preoperatively (T1), immediately postoperatively (T2), six weeks to three months postoperatively (T3), and more than one year postoperatively (T4). The Student t -tests, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the multiple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results . Immediately after surgery, menton (Me) setback was 12.8 mm, hyoid (H) setback was 4.9 mm, and vallecula epiglottica (V) setback was 5.8 mm. The postoperative stability significantly correlated ( r = - 0.512 , p 〈 0.01 ) with the amount of setback. The hyoid bone and tongue did not have significant effects on postoperative stability. Multiple linear regression model ( R 2 = 0.2658 , p 〈 0.05 ) showed predictability: Horizontal Relapse Me (T4-T2) = −6.406 − 0.488Me (T2-T1) + 0.069H (T2-T1) − 0.0619V (T2-T1). Conclusion . Mandibular setback surgery may push the hyoid and tongue significantly backward, but this did not correlate with mandibular relapse. Postoperative stability significantly correlated with the amount of mandibular setback.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2016/5284248
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 5
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    The Changes of Cheek Line (Lateral) and Face Line (Frontal) after Correction of Mandibular Prognathism
    Hindawi Limited ; 2018
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2018 ( 2018-06-11), p. 1-7
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2018 ( 2018-06-11), p. 1-7
    Abstract: Objective . The purpose of the present study was to investigate the improvements of facial profile and postoperative stability by single mandibular setback surgery. Materials and Methods . The study included twenty-seven patients who underwent mandibular prognathism correction by sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Cephalometric radiograms (lateral and frontal) were collected and analyzed at three intervals: preoperatively (T1), immediately postoperatively (T2), and final follow-up postoperatively (T3). The lateral and frontal cephalometric parameters were measured. The immediate postoperative change (T21), postoperative stability (T32), and final surgical change (T31) were calculated and analyzed. The null hypothesis is that postoperative stability (T32) was not significantly correlated to amount of mandibular setback (T21). Results . The immediate postoperative change (T21) of menton (Me) was significantly backward 8.7 mm. In the final postoperative change (T31), average chin points anterior movements were approximately 0.32 mm. Investigating frontal appearance, inter ramus posterior (InterRp) and intergonion (InterGo) widths were significantly increased with 1.8 and 2.2 mm, respectively. Bilateral ramus angles were not significantly increased, about 1°. The horizontal Me (T32) had significant correlation ( p = 0.028 ) with amount of setback (T21). Therefore, null hypothesis is rejected. Conclusion . Postoperative relapse was significantly correlated to the amount of setback. The frontal transverse changes (InterRp and InterGo) were significantly increased.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2018/4926528
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 6
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    Morphology of Sella Turcica and Bridging Prevalence Correlated with Sex and Craniofacial Skeletal Pattern in Eastern Asia Population: CBCT Study
    Hindawi Limited ; 2021
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2021 ( 2021-3-22), p. 1-13
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2021 ( 2021-3-22), p. 1-13
    Abstract: Purpose. Sella turcica bridging (STB) refers to a rare anatomical variation formed by the ossification of the ligament between the anterior and posterior clinoid processes. The presence of the STB was significantly correlated with craniofacial skeleton classification and a higher prevalence rate in skeletal Class III. The current study is aimed at investigating the dimensions of sella turcica and the prevalence of STB in different sexes and on the three craniofacial skeletal patterns using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods. A total of 159 adults (66 males and 93 females), including 3 different craniofacial skeletal patterns (skeletal Classes I, II, and III), were included in the study. The sella turcica dimensions and the prevalence of STB were calculated. An independent t -test and generalized linear model were used to compare the differences in the sella turcica dimensions and the skeletal relations. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlations between sella turcica dimensions and skeletal relation. Results. The sella length (SL) was 11.05 ± 1.80   mm for males and 10.77 ± 1.56   mm for females. The anterior clinoid distance (ACD) which was measured for the anterior width of sella turcica showed 25.83 ± 2.04   mm and 24.04 ± 2.28   mm for males and females, respectively ( p 〈 0.0001 ). The overall percentage of complete bridging and partial bridging was 6.6% and 56.9%, respectively. Complete bridges were more common in males (males: 9.1%, females: 4.8%), and partial bridges were more frequent in females (males: 49.2%, females: 62.4%). Both sexes differed with respect to sella turcica dimensions. Moreover, males had a significantly larger ACD, posterior clinoid distance (PCD), and diameter of sella turcica (DST), on both sides, relative to females. Conclusion. The prevalence rate of complete STB in the Taiwanese population was 6.6%. Significant differences between sexes were found in sella turcica dimensions. The prevalence rates of STB as well as the sella turcica dimensions did not significantly differ between different craniofacial skeletal patterns (skeletal Classes I, II, and III).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6141 , 2314-6133
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2021/6646406
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Relationship between Frontal Gap and Postoperative Stability in the Treatment of Mandibular Prognathism
    Hindawi Limited ; 2016
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2016 ( 2016), p. 1-5
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2016 ( 2016), p. 1-5
    Abstract: Objectives . To investigate the correlation between frontal gaps and skeletal stability after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) for correction of mandibular prognathism. Materials and Methods . Thirty-three patients with frontal gaps after IVRO-based mandibular prognathism correction were included. Three lateral and frontal cephalometric radiographs were obtained: preoperatively (T1), immediately postoperatively (T2), and 2 years postoperatively (T3). Two linear measurements (menton [Me] and frontal gap) were compared from T1 to T3 (T21: immediate surgical changes; T32: postoperative stability; T31: 2-year surgical change). Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression. Results . The T21 mean surgical horizontal change in the Me position was 12.4 ± 4.23  mm. Vertically, the mean downward Me movement was 0.6 ± 1.73  mm. The mean frontal gaps were 4.7 ± 2.68  mm and 4 ± 2.48  mm in the right and left gonial regions, respectively. Postoperative stability (T32) significantly correlated with the amount of setback. Frontal gaps did not have a significant effect on postoperative stability. However, multiple regression model ( R 2 = 0.341 , P = 0.017 ) showed value predictability, especially in the amount of setback. Conclusion . Frontal gaps occur after IVRO but have no significant effect on long-term postoperative skeletal stability. The primary risk factor for postoperative relapse remains the amount of mandibular setback.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2016/7046361
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 8
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    Comparisons of Jaw Line and Face Line after Mandibular Setback: Intraoral Vertical Ramus versus Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomies
    Hindawi Limited ; 2018
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2018 ( 2018-12-18), p. 1-7
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2018 ( 2018-12-18), p. 1-7
    Abstract: Background . This study investigates the differences in the lateral profile and frontal appearance after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) procedures for the correction of mandibular prognathism. Methods . Sixty patients (30 SSRO and 30 IVRO) underwent mandibular setback surgery. Serial cephalograms were obtained: (1) T1: approximately 1 month before surgery; (2) T2: at least 6 months after surgery for SSRO and at least 1 year after surgery for IVRO. The landmarks, linear distances, and related angles were measured. The t -test was applied to the intragroup and intergroup comparisons. The null hypothesis was that SSRO and IVRO made no difference in the facial appearance. Results . In the IVRO group, the ramus and gonial widths significantly decreased by 3.9 mm and 5.8 mm, respectively. SSRO significantly reduced the gonial angle by 2.6°, and IVRO increased it significantly by 5.3°. The postoperative increases at frontal bone levels 0 and 1 after IVRO were significantly larger than those after SSRO, but, at level 3, the increases after SSRO were larger than those after IVRO. In the frontal muscular and facial planes, SSRO and IVRO presented no difference. The frontal jaw angle and face angle were significantly larger with IVRO than with SSRO. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. Conclusions . The ramus width and gonial width were significantly decreased in IVRO compared to SSRO. IVRO increased angles in the lateral profile (gonial angle and mandibular plane angle) and frontal appearance (jaw angle and face angle) more than SSRO did.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2018/1375085
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 9
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    Comparison of Pharyngeal Airway between Mandibular Setback Surgery Patients (Skeletal Class III) and Nonsurgery Patients (Skeletal Classes I and II)
    Hindawi Limited ; 2019
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2019 ( 2019-03-17), p. 1-6
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2019 ( 2019-03-17), p. 1-6
    Abstract: Purpose . We investigated the pharyngeal airway dimensions and their correlations in patients who underwent mandibular setback surgery versus those who did not. Materials and Methods . One hundred and sixty cephalometric radiographs (120 patients) were obtained from patients with three skeletal malocclusion classifications: Class I and Class II in the nonsurgery group and Class III in the surgery group (preoperative and postoperative cephalograms). The following dimensions were measured: nasopharyngeal airway (NOP), uvulopharyngeal airway (UOP), shortest distance from the posterior tongue to the pharyngeal wall (TOP), and distance from the epiglottis to the pharyngeal wall (EOP). Paired t test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. Results . Preoperatively, UOP and TOP of skeletal Class III patients (15.2 mm and 16.6 mm) were significantly larger than those of skeletal Class II (11.5 mm and 12 mm) and Class II (12.3 mm and 12.9 mm) patients, respectively. No differences were observed in EOP between the three skeletal patterns. The hyoid bone of Class III patients was significantly anterior to that of Class I/II patients. Furthermore, UOP had a moderate negative correlation with soft palate length. Postoperatively, no significant difference (UOP, TOP, EOP, soft palate width, and hyoid bone) was found between the skeletal classes. Conclusion . Preoperatively, UOP and TOP of skeletal Class III patients were significantly wider than those of skeletal Class I/II patients. Pre- and postoperatively, EOP did not exhibit significant differences among the three skeletal classifications. No differences were found in all postoperative pharyngeal airway dimensions between Class III patients and nonsurgery patients (Class I and Class II).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6133 , 2314-6141
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2019/5012037
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 10
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    Importance in the Occurrence Distribution of Minimum Oropharyngeal Cross-Sectional Area in the Different Skeletal Patterns Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
    Hindawi Limited ; 2021
    In:  BioMed Research International Vol. 2021 ( 2021-05-05), p. 1-8
    Details
    In: BioMed Research International, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2021 ( 2021-05-05), p. 1-8
    Abstract: Purpose. Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition involving repetitive partial or complete collapse of the pharyngeal airway, especially in patient with mandibular hypoplasia. The present study investigated the differences between the volume of the oropharyngeal airway and the minimum axial area in three skeletal patterns through the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods. CBCT scans of 147 patients were collected to measure the upper oropharyngeal airway volume (UOV), lower oropharyngeal airway volume (LOV), upper oropharyngeal airway area (UOA), minimum upper oropharyngeal airway area (MUOA), lower oropharyngeal airway area (LOA), minimum lower oropharyngeal airway area (MLOA), anatomical structures (orbitale, Or; porion, Po; pogonion, Pog; hyoid, H; second cervical vertebra, C2; fourth cervical vertebra, C4), and relevant angles. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Pearson’s test. Results. Compared with patients in Class II, those in Class III and Class I exhibited a significantly anterior position of H and Pog. The vertical positions of H and Pog revealed no significant difference between the three skeletal patterns. Patients in skeletal Class III exhibited significantly larger oropharyngeal area (UOA, MUOA, LOA, MLOA) and oropharyngeal airway (UOV and LOV) than those in skeletal Class II did. The horizontal position of Pog had a moderately significant correlation with UOA ( r = 0.471 ) and MUOA ( r = 0.455 ). Conclusion. Patients in skeletal Class II had significantly smaller oropharyngeal airway areas and volumes than those in Class III did. The minimum oropharyngeal cross-sectional area had a 67% probability of occurrence in the upper oropharyngeal airway among patients in Class I and Class II and a 50% probability of occurrence among patients in Class III.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2314-6141 , 2314-6133
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2021/5585629
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2021
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