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  • Hindawi Limited  (4)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fenofibrate Inhibited the Differentiation of T Helper 17 Cells In Vitro
    Hindawi Limited ; 2012
    In:  PPAR Research Vol. 2012 ( 2012), p. 1-10
    Details
    In: PPAR Research, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2012 ( 2012), p. 1-10
    Abstract: Uncontrolled activity of T cells mediates autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Recent findings suggest that enhanced activity of interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells) plays an important role in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Previous papers have revealed that a lipid-lowering synthetic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR α ), fenofibrate, alleviates both atherosclerosis and a few nonlipid-associated autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune colitis and multiple sclerosis. However, the link between fenofibrate and Th17 cells is lacking. In the present study, we hypothesized that fenofibrate inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells. Our results showed that fenofibrate inhibited transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ) and IL-6-induced differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro . However, other PPAR α ligands such as WY14643, GW7647 and bezafibrate did not show any effect on Th17 differentiation, indicating that this effect of fenofibrate might be PPAR α independent. Furthermore, our data showed that fenofibrate reduced IL-21 production and STAT3 activation, a critical signal in the Th17 differentiation. Thus, by ameliorating the differentiation of Th17 cells, fenofibrate might be beneficial for autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1687-4757 , 1687-4765
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2012/145654
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2237981-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fenofibrate Enhances the In Vitro Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells in Mice
    Hindawi Limited ; 2012
    In:  PPAR Research Vol. 2012 ( 2012), p. 1-10
    Details
    In: PPAR Research, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2012 ( 2012), p. 1-10
    Abstract: regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in maintaining immune self-tolerance. Reduced number and activity of Tregs are usually found in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and enhancing the differentiation of Tregs may be a promising therapeutic strategy. Some reports suggested an anti-inflammatory and anti-autoimmune potential for fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug used worldwide, whose lipid effects are mediated by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). In the present paper, we found that fenofibrate dose-dependently increased transforming growth factor- and interleukin-2-induced Treg differentiation in vitro , by 1.96-fold from 0 to 20 M (% to %, ). Other PPAR activators, WY14643 (100 M), gemfibrozil (50 M), and bezafibrate (30 M), could not enhance Treg differentiation. In addition, PPAR could not upregulate the promoter activity of the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3. Fenofibrate might exert its function by enhancing Smad3 phosphorylation, a critical signal in Treg differentiation, via Akt suppression. Our work reveals a new PPAR independent anti-inflammatory mechanism of fenofibrate in up-regulating mouse Treg differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1687-4757 , 1687-4765
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2012/529035
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2237981-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Study on the Regulation Effect of Optogenetic Technology on LFP of the Basal Ganglia Nucleus in Rotenone-Treated Rats
    Hindawi Limited ; 2021
    In:  Neural Plasticity Vol. 2021 ( 2021-7-28), p. 1-13
    Details
    In: Neural Plasticity, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2021 ( 2021-7-28), p. 1-13
    Abstract: Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurological degenerative disease that cannot be completely cured, although drugs can improve or alleviate its symptoms. Optogenetic technology, which stimulates or inhibits neurons with excellent spatial and temporal resolution, provides a new idea and approach for the precise treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, the neural mechanism of photogenetic regulation remains unclear. Objective. In this paper, we want to study the nonlinear features of EEG signals in the striatum and globus pallidus through optogenetic stimulation of the substantia nigra compact part. Methods. Rotenone was injected stereotactically into the substantia nigra compact area and ventral tegmental area of SD rats to construct rotenone-treated rats. Then, for the optogenetic manipulation, we injected adeno-associated virus expressing channelrhodopsin to stimulate the globus pallidus and the striatum with a 1 mW blue light and collected LFP signals before, during, and after light stimulation. Finally, the collected LFP signals were analyzed by using nonlinear dynamic algorithms. Results. After observing the behavior and brain morphology, 16 models were finally determined to be successful. LFP results showed that approximate entropy and fractal dimension of rats in the control group were significantly greater than those in the experimental group after light treatment ( p 〈 0.05 ). The LFP nonlinear features in the globus pallidus and striatum of rotenone-treated rats showed significant statistical differences before and after light stimulation ( p 〈 0.05 ). Conclusion. Optogenetic technology can regulate the characteristic value of LFP signals in rotenone-treated rats to a certain extent. Approximate entropy and fractal dimension algorithm can be used as an effective index to study LFP changes in rotenone-treated rats.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1687-5443 , 2090-5904
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2021/9938566
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2236872-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Oil Content and Emulsifier Type on the Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Sea Buckthorn Oil-in-Water Emulsions
    Hindawi Limited ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Food Quality Vol. 2020 ( 2020-01-13), p. 1-8
    Details
    In: Journal of Food Quality, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2020 ( 2020-01-13), p. 1-8
    Abstract: Sea buckthorn oil-in-water emulsions were prepared through high pressure homogenization, and the effects of droplet size, oil content, and emulsifier type on emulsion properties and the overall antioxidant activity of the emulsions were evaluated. Emulsions with different droplet size were obtained by varying homogenization pressure, and higher oil content resulted in bigger droplet size of the emulsions. Among three tested emulsifiers, sodium caseinate and sugar ester were able to form emulsions with much smaller particle size than soy protein isolate. The emulsions with bigger droplets tended to cream in an accelerated centrifugation test. The antioxidant property of the emulsions was expressed as their DPPH radical scavenging activity. The emulsions processed at lower pressure or contained higher oil content had higher DPPH radical scavenging activity. The soy protein isolate-stabilized emulsion presented higher antioxidant activity than sodium caseinate- and sugar ester-stabilized ones. Upon storage, the antioxidant activity of the emulsions was decreased due to the changes in emulsion stability and the degradation of antioxidants. The knowledge obtained in this study would be useful in developing healthy food containing sea buckthorn oil.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0146-9428 , 1745-4557
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1155/2020/1540925
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175284-9
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