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  • 1
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    FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ANTENNAL ESTERASE FROM THE NOCTUID MOTH, Spodoptera exigua (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-18
    Description: Odorant-degrading esterases (ODEs) act in the fast deactivation of ester pheromone components and plant volatiles in insects. However, only few ODEs have been characterised to date. In this study, six full-length putative ODE genes (designated SexiCXE4 , 5, 17, 18, 20, and 31 ) were cloned from the male antennae of Spodoptera exigua . The deduced amino acid sequences possessed typical characteristics of a carboxylesterase (CXE) and shared high identities with reported insect CXEs. The tissue and temporal expression patterns were investigated by quantitative real time PCR. Although all six SexiCXEs are expressed in antennae of both sexes, SexiCXE4, 17 and 20 are antennae-enriched; while SexiCXE5 and SexiCXE18 are dominantly expressed in wings, and SexiCXE31 is mainly expressed in proboscises, heads and legs. With the highly biased expression in antennae and proboscises, SexiCXE4 was selected for further functional assay. The recombinant SexiCXE4 were expressed in High-five cells and purified by a Ni 2+ affinity column. SexiCXE4 has much higher enzyme activity against plant volatiles (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate than to the sex pheromone components, suggesting that it may function mostly in the degradation of the plant volatiles.
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6327
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 2
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    Sliding Mode Control for Mass Moment Aerospace Vehicles Using Dynamic Inversion Approach (2013)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-29
    Description: The moving mass actuation technique offers significant advantages over conventional aerodynamic control surfaces and reaction control systems, because the actuators are contained entirely within the airframe geometrical envelope. Modeling, control, and simulation of Mass Moment Aerospace Vehicles (MMAV) utilizing moving mass actuators are discussed. Dynamics of the MMAV are separated into two parts on the basis of the two time-scale separation theory: the dynamics of fast state and the dynamics of slow state. And then, in order to restrain the system chattering and keep the track performance of the system by considering aerodynamic parameter perturbation, the flight control system is designed for the two subsystems, respectively, utilizing fuzzy sliding mode control approach. The simulation results describe the effectiveness of the proposed autopilot design approach. Meanwhile, the chattering phenomenon that frequently appears in the conventional variable structure systems is also eliminated without deteriorating the system robustness.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 3
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    An Algorithm for Identifying the Isomorphism of Planar Multiple Joint and Gear Train Kinematic Chains (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Isomorphism identification of kinematic chains is one of the most important and challenging mathematical problems in the field of mechanism structure synthesis. In this paper, a new algorithm to identify the isomorphism of planar multiple joint and gear train kinematic chains has been presented. Firstly, the topological model (TM) and the corresponding weighted adjacency matrix (WAM) are introduced to describe the two types of kinematic chains, respectively. Then, the equivalent circuit model (ECM) of TM is established and solved by using circuit analysis method. The solved node voltage sequence (NVS) is used to determine the correspondence of vertices in two isomorphism identification kinematic chains, so an algorithm to identify two specific types of isomorphic kinematic chains has been obtained. Lastly, some typical examples are carried out to prove that it is an accurate, efficient, and easy mathematical algorithm to be realized by computer.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 4
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    Comparison of stretched-Exponential and monoexponential model diffusion-Weighted imaging in prostate cancer and normal tissues (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-27
    Description: Background To compare stretched-exponential and monoexponential model diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in prostate cancer and normal tissues. Methods Twenty-seven patients with prostate cancer underwent DWI exam using b-values of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 s/mm 2 . The distributed diffusion coefficients (DDC) and α values of prostate cancer and normal tissues were obtained with stretched-exponential model and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values using monoexponential model. The ADC, DDC (both in 10 −3 mm 2 /s), and α values (range, 0–1) were compared among different prostate tissues. The ADC and DDC were also compared and correlated in each tissue, and the standardized differences between DDC and ADC were compared among different tissues. Results Data were obtained for 31 cancers, 36 normal peripheral zone (PZ) and 26 normal central gland (CG) tissues. The ADC (0.71 ± 0.12), DDC (0.60 ± 0.18), and α value (0.64 ± 0.05) of tumor were all significantly lower than those of the normal PZ (1.41 ± 0.22, 1.47 ± 0.20, and 0.85 ± 0.09) and CG (1.25 ± 0.14, 1.32 ± 0.13, and 0.82 ± 0.06) (all P  〈 0.05). ADC was significantly higher than DDC in cancer, but lower than DDC in the PZ and CG (all P  〈 0.05). The ADC and DDC were strongly correlated (R 2  = 0.99, 0.98, 0.99, respectively, all P  〈 0.05) in all the tissue, and standardized difference between ADC and DDC of cancer was slight but significantly higher than that in normal tissue. Conclusion The stretched-exponential model DWI provides more parameters for distinguishing prostate cancer and normal tissue and reveals slight differences between DDC and ADC values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015.
    Print ISSN: 1053-1807
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2586
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 5
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    Using Software Dependency to Bug Prediction (2013)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: Software maintenance, especially bug prediction, plays an important role in evaluating software quality and balancing development costs. This study attempts to use several quantitative network metrics to explore their relationships with bug prediction in terms of software dependency. Our work consists of four main steps. First, we constructed software dependency networks regarding five dependency scenes at the class-level granularity. Second, we used a set of nine representative and commonly used metrics—namely, centrality, degree, PageRank, and HITS, as well as modularity—to quantify the importance of each class. Third, we identified how these metrics were related to the proneness and severity of fixed bugs in Tomcat and Ant and determined the extent to which they were related. Finally, the significant metrics were considered as predictors for bug proneness and severity. The result suggests that there is a statistically significant relationship between class’s importance and bug prediction. Furthermore, betweenness centrality and out-degree metric yield an impressive accuracy for bug prediction and test prioritization. The best accuracy of our prediction for bug proneness and bug severity is up to 54.7% and 66.7% (top 50, Tomcat) and 63.8% and 48.7% (top 100, Ant), respectively, within these two cases.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 6
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    Convergent responses of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption to nitrogen inputs in a semi-arid grassland (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Description: Human activities have significantly altered nitrogen (N) availability in most terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. While studies of how changes in N availability affect biodiversity and community composition are relatively common, much less is known about the effects of N inputs on the coupled biogeochemical cycling of N and phosphorus (P), and still fewer data exist regarding how increased N inputs affect the internal cycling of these two elements in plants. Nutrient resorption is an important driver of plant nutrient economies and of the quality of litter plants produce. Accordingly, resorption patterns have marked ecological implications for plant population and community fitness, as well as for ecosystem nutrient cycling. In a semi-arid grassland in northern China, we studied the effects of a wide-range of N inputs on foliar nutrient resorption of two dominant grasses, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis . After four years of treatments, N and P availability in soil and N and P concentrations in green and senesced grass leaves increased with increasing rates of N addition. Foliar N and P resorption significantly decreased along the N addition gradient, implying a resorption-mediated positive plant-soil feedback induced by N inputs. Furthermore, N:P resorption ratios were negatively correlated with the rates of N addition, indicating the sensitivity of plant N and P stoichiometry to N inputs. Taken together, the results demonstrate that N additions accelerate ecosystem uptake and turnover of both N and P in the temperate steppe and that N and P cycles are coupled in dynamic ways. The convergence of N and P resorption in response to N inputs emphasizes the importance of nutrient resorption as a pathway by which plants and ecosystems adjust in the face of increasing N availability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 7
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    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, EXPRESSION PATTERNS, AND LIGAND-BINDING PROPERTIES OF TWO ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN GENES FROM Orthaga achatina (BUTLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-31
    Description: It is postulated that insect pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are involved in sex pheromone reception, while the general odorant-binding proteins (GOBPs) are involved in reception of the general odorants including plant volatiles. However, this functional specificity is not completely conclusive. In the present study, full-length sequences of two new OBP genes were molecularly identified as OachPBP1 and OachGOBP2 from Orthaga achatina, an important pest of the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora. Quantification of transcript levels by qRT-PCR showed that the two genes highly expressed in antennae, with OachPBP1 male-biased and OachGOBP2 similar between sexes. These expression patterns are consistent with the generally proposed functions of PBPs and GOBPs. With the recombinant proteins obtained by a bacterial expression system, the binding specificity of these proteins was further investigated and compared using the competitive binding assay. OachPBP1 exhibited high binding affinities with all three putative sex pheromones and 10 pheromone analogs, supporting its role in pheromone reception. On the other hand, in addition to binding with some plant volatiles, OachGOBP2 surprisingly displayed similar or even higher binding affinities with the sex pheromones than OachPBP1. Therefore, we propose that OachGOBP2 might play roles in reception of sex pheromone. Additionally, plant volatiles farnesol and farnesene showed high binding with both OachGOBP2 and OachPBP1, suggesting that these volatile chemicals have regulatory functions in the behavior of O. achatina.
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6327
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
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    Travel Time Model for Right-Turning Vehicles of Secondary Street at Unsignalized Intersections (2013)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-28
    Description: The travel time of right-turning vehicles on secondary street at unsignalized intersection is discussed in this paper. Under the assumption that the major-street through vehicles’ headway follows Erlang distribution and secondary-street right-turning vehicles’ headway follows Poisson distribution. The right-turning vehicles travel time model is established on the basis of gap theory and M/G/1 queue theory. Comparison is done with the common model based on the assumption that the major-street vehicles’ headway follows Poisson distribution. An intersection is selected to verify each model. The results show that the model established in this paper has stronger applicability, and its most relative error is less than 15%. In addition, the sensitivity analysis has been done. The results show that right-turning flow rate and major-street flow rate have a significant impact on the travel time. Hence, the methodology for travel time of right-turning vehicles at unsignalized intersection proposed in this paper is effective and applicable.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Electronic ISSN: 1563-5147
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 9
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    Rho/MRTF-A-Induced Integrin Expression Regulates Angiogenesis in Differentiated Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2015)
    Hindawi
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-09
    Description: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to undergo endothelial differentiation in response to treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but their angiogenic ability is poorly characterized. In the present study, we aimed to further investigate the role of Rho/MRTF-A in angiogenesis by MSCs and the effect of the Rho/MRTF-A pathway on the expression of integrins α1β1 and α5β1, which are known to mediate physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Our results showed that increased expression of α1, α5, and β1 was observed during angiogenesis of differentiated MSCs, and the Rho/MRTF-A signaling pathway was demonstrated to be involved in regulating the expression of integrins α1, α5, and β1. Luciferase reporter assay and ChIP assay determined that MRTF-A could bind to and transactivate the integrin α1 and α5 promoters. Treatment with the Rho inhibitor C3 transferase, the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 or with shMRTF-A inhibited both the upregulation of α1, α5, and β1 as well as angiogenesis. Furthermore, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), MRTF-A deletion led to marked reductions in cell migration and vessel network formation compared with the control. These data demonstrate that Rho/MRTF-A signaling is an important mediator that controls integrin gene expression during MSC-mediated angiogenic processes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1687-9678
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Hindawi
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