Note: Intro -- ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: FEATURES AND ACQUISITION PLANS -- ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: FEATURES AND ACQUISITION PLANS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: GEOSTATIONARY OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN CONTINUITY PLANNING AND INVOLVEMENT OF KEY USERS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- Overview of the GOES-R Program -- Acquisition Strategy -- Program Office Structure -- Prior Report Noted Challenges with Instrument Development and Recommended Steps to Improve Management and Oversight -- GOES-R IS IN DEVELOPMENT, BUT DELAYS IN KEY PROGRAM MILESTONES HAVE ENDANGERED SATELLITE CONTINUITY -- Progress Continues to Be Made on GOES-R Procurement, but Much Work Remains to Be Completed on the Flight and Ground Projects -- Flight Project-Progress Made, but Two Instruments Have Experienced Technical Challenges -- Ground Project-Development Is Under Way, but Important Work Remains to Be Done -- Continued Delays in Launch Dates Put the Continuity of Satellite Operations at Risk -- NOAA HAS NOT ESTABLISHED ADEQUATE CONTINUITY PLANS FOR ITS GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES -- NOAA'S EFFORTS TO INVOLVE EXTERNAL GOES DATA USERS, PRIORITIZE THEIR DATA NEEDS, AND COMMUNICATE PROGRAM STATUS HAVE SHORTFALLS -- Key GOES Data Users Have Been Identified, but Efforts to Involve Other Federal Agencies and Prioritize Their Data Needs Are Not Sufficient -- NOAA Has Not Effectively Communicated with Other Federal Agencies -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS -- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY -- End Notes -- End Notes for Appendix I -- Chapter 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITES: STRATEGY NEEDED TO SUSTAIN CRITICAL CLIMATE AND SPACE WEATHER MEASUREMENTS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS. , WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- Current Environmental Satellite Programs Include Both Operational and Research Satellites -- Operational Environmental Satellites -- Research Satellites -- Environmental Satellite Data and Products -- An Overview of Climate Products and Uses -- An Overview of Space Weather Products and Uses -- Federal Responsibilities for Environmental Satellites, Satellite Data Processing, and Climate and Space Weather Products -- Climate Responsibilities -- Space Weather Responsibilities -- Interagency Coordination of Satellite-Provided Environmental Observations -- Executive Oversight of Federal Environmental Observations -- Prior GAO Reports Recommended Developing Plans to Restore Cancelled Instruments -- FEDERAL AGENCIES HAVE NOT ESTABLISHED PLANS TO RESTORE ALL CAPABILITIES REMOVED FROM THE NPOESS AND GOES-R PROGRAMS -- Federal Efforts to Ensure the Long-term Provision of Satellite Climate Data Are Insufficient -- FEDERAL AGENCIES LACK A STRATEGY FOR THE LONG-TERM PROVISION OF SPACE WEATHER DATA -- CONCLUSIONS -- Recommendations for Executive Action -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX II: KEY FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH CLIMATE AND SPACE WEATHER RESPONSIBILITIES -- APPENDIX III: FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT PARTICIPATE IN INTERAGENCY COORDINATION GROUPS -- End Notes -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- ESTROGENS: BIOCHEMISTRY, THERAPEUTIC USES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- ESTROGENS: BIOCHEMISTRY, THERAPEUTIC USES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: ESTROGENS AS MEDIATORS OF OBESITY-INDUCED INFLAMMATION -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- ADIPOSE TISSUE-RELATED INFLAMMATION -- ESTROGEN SIGNALING -- ESTROGEN TURNOVER IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE -- MODELS OF ESTROGEN INSUFFICIENCY -- ESTROGENS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE MASS, DISTRIBUTION AND CELLULARITY -- ESTROGENS AND AT INFLAMMATION -- XENOESTROGENS AND OBESITY-ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN USE, FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE ON COGNITIVE TESTS DEMANDING ATTENTION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN -- INTRODUCTION -- METHOD -- Sustained Attention -- Attention Span -- Word Repetition Span -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: THE ROLE OF ESTROGENS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS AND INFLAMMATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTROGEN RECEPTORS STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS -- ESTROGEN ON INFLAMMATION -- ESTROGEN AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS -- ESTROGEN AND OSTEOARTHRITIS -- CONCLUSION -- COMPETING INTERESTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: ESTROGEN IN REGULATING THE GENDER DISPARITY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- HCC OCCURS PREFERENTIALLY IN MALES,WITH THE SEX DIFFERENCE STARTING FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS -- THE INVOLVEMENT OF ANDROGEN AXIS IN PROMOTING MALE HCC -- THE INVOLVEMENT OF ESTROGEN AXIS IN PROTECTING FEMALE HCC: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND ANIMAL STUDIES -- WILD TYPE AND VARIANT ESTROGEN RECEPTORSIN NORMAL AND HCC LIVER TISSUES -- MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF ESTROGEN AXIS IN FEMALE HCC. , THE MECHANISMS OF ESTROGEN AXIS IN PREVENTING HEPATIC FIBROSIS AND STEATOSIS -- THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR THE DOWN-REGULATION OF ERa IN FEMALE HCC -- THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HEPATITISVIRUS B AND ESTROGEN PATHWAY -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECTS OF ESTROGENS ON GENE EXPRESSION: MESSENGER RNA STABILITYAND TRANSLATION REGULATEDBY MICRORNAS AND OTHER FACTORS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ESTROGENS STABILIZE AND DESTABILIZESPECIFIC MRNAS -- ESTROGENS AFFECT MRNA TRANSLATION -- ESTROGEN ACTIONS AND MICRORNAS -- MicroRNAs - Biogenesis and Regulation of Gene Expression -- Estrogens Regulate Expression of MicroRNA Genes in Responsive Tissues during Normal Physiology and Disease -- MicroRNAs Regulate ER Gene Expression and Estrogen Actions -- FUTURE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO REGULATINGPOST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL ESTROGEN ACTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Biotechnology-Derived Alternatives to Prevent and Treat Bacterial Infections in Animal Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bacterial Agents Affecting Food- -- Producing Animals -- Antibiotics in Food-Producing Animals -- Antibiotic Growth Promoters and the Emergence of Bacterial Resistances -- Alternatives to Preventive and Therapeutic Antibiotics Use -- Bacteriophages -- Bacteriophage Enzymes - Endolysins -- Antimicrobial Peptides -- Immunostimulant Agents: Antibacterial Vaccines and Others -- Pre-, Pro- and Symbiotics -- Biofilms Control Strategies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Medical Applications of Marine Natural Products -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oceans: The Origin of Life -- Marine Natural Products -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Nutrient Ecology and the -- Dynamics of Deer Herbivory in a Temperate Ecosystem -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Case Study -- Methods -- Browse Preference -- Browse Chronology -- Browse Exclusion -- Results -- Browse Preference -- Browse Chronology -- Browse Exclusion -- Conclusion -- Conservation Implications -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- Impacts of Outfitters on Free Access to White-Tailed Deer Habitat, Hunting Opportunities, and Local Residents in Illinois -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Outfitter Trends of Deer Habitat and Number of Hunters -- Mail Surveys -- Results -- Outfitter Trends of Deer Management -- Mail Surveys -- Discussion -- Impacts of Outfitters on Deer Management -- Impacts on Deer-Hunting Opportunities -- Impacts on Pike and Adams County Deer Hunters -- Impacts on Local Residents in Pike and Adams County -- Conclusion -- References -- Author Note -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 5. , A Note on the Distribution and Ecology of Nematodes Belonging to the Families Longidoridae and Trichodoridae( -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Results and Discussion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- GPS Aerial Survey: Decline of Elephants in Laikipia-Samburu-Marsabit Ecosystem, Northern Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Aircrafts, Flight Paths and Crew -- Data Recording -- Experimental Blocks -- Post Flight Procedures -- Analyses -- Results -- Aerial Census Effort -- Status and Trends of Elephants -- The Distribution and Density of Elephants -- The Number and Distribution of Elephant Carcasses -- Discussion -- Comparison of Aerial and Ground Carcass Sightings -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Comments on Genome Size, Heterochromatin and Species Diversity in Salamanders and Other Vertebrates -- Abstract -- Introdcution And Discussion -- Variation of Genome Size and Species Diversity in Salamander Families -- Heterochromatin and Euchromatin Compartmentalization of Essential Genomic Functions -- DNA Replication Timing and Compartmentalization of Mutation Rates -- Heterochromatin and Genome Size in Speciation and Evolution -- Other Limits to Genome Size: Physiological and Evolutionary Consequences of Large Genomes -- Final Remarks: Genome Size Diversity, Geographic Isolation and Speciation -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids: A Neurochemical Perspective -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Cysteine and Cystine -- Regulation of Cysteine Uptake into Neurons: The Other Side of the Coin -- Homocysteine -- Metabolism of Homocysteine -- Cysteine Sulfinic Acid -- Cysteic Acid, Homocysteic Acid and Homocysteine Sulfinic Acid -- Taurine -- Conclusion and Future Directions in the Field of S-Containing Amino Acids -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Separation Methods in the Analysis of (-Amyloid Peptides -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. (-amyloid Peptides as Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease -- 2.1. Various Forms of Amyloid Peptides -- 2.2. Toxicity of Oligomers -- 2.3. Toxicity of Fibrils -- 2.4. Variants of β-amyloid Peptides -- 2.4.1. Amino-Terminal Truncated Peptides -- 2.4.2. Isomerization of Amino Acid Residues -- 2.5. Need of Biomarkers Profile for a Better Diagnostic -- 2.5.1. Role of Biomarkers Assays in Diagnostic -- 2.5.2. Alzheimer's Disease Is Characterized by a Decrease in CSF Aβ Concentration -- 2.5.3. Interest of Determination of Several Monomer β-Amyloid Forms -- 3. Interest and Means to Determine (-Amyloid Peptide Contents -- 3.1. Aggregates vs Oligomers as Biomarkers -- 3.2. Limitations of Immunoassays -- 3.3. Interest of Separation Methods in the Analysis of Aβ Peptides -- 4. Current Separation Methods for the Various Species of A( Peptides (Monomers, Oligomers, Fibrils) -- 4.1. Size Exclusion Chromatography -- 4.2. Mass Spectrometry (Direct Introduction) -- 4.3. Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry -- 4.4. Slab Gel Electrophoresis and Western Blotting -- 4.5. Capillary Electrophoresis -- 4.5.1. Separation of Monomer Isoforms of Aβ -- 4.5.2. Separation of Aggregates of Aβ -- 4.5.2.1. CE with Spectrophotometric Detection. , 4.5.2.2. CE with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection -- 5. Pre-Analytical and Analytical Drawbacks -- 5.1. Instability of Aβ Peptides -- 5.2. Influence of Sample Preparation: Aggregation Studies -- 5.3. Drawbacks in Specific Aggregates Determination by CE -- 5.4. Interferences in CE-LIF Analysis of Aggregates -- 5.5. Limitations with Use of ThT -- 6. Use of PIB as an Alternative to ThT in the CE Analysis of A( Aggregates -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- Implementing a Suitable Sample Preparation -- Extending the Sources of Aβ -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Capillary and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Applied to the Quantification of Trace Levels of Brain Monoamines -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Basis of Chemical Neurotransmission -- 1.2. Neurochemical Approaches for Studying Neurotransmitter Contents -- 1.3. Neurochemistry Methods Applied to Brain Monoamine Quantification -- 2. Specific Challenges in Separating and Detecting Monoamines with Liquid Chromatography -- 2.1. Principle of High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 2.2. Monoamines Studied with HPLC -- 3. Capillary High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Studying Brain Catecholamines -- 3.1. CapHPLC Applied to Microdialysis -- 3.2. CapHPLC Applied to Tissue Contents -- 4. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Studying -- Catecholamine Contents -- 4.1. UHPLC Using Full Porous Particles Applied to the Different Neurochemical Approaches -- 4.1.1. UHPLC Coupled to Mass Spectrometry -- 4.1.2. UHPLC Coupled to Electrochemical Detection for Microdialysates -- 4.1.3. Advantages and Drawbacks of UHPLC Using Full Porous Particles for Studying Catecholamines -- 4.2. UHPLC Using Core-Shell Particles Applied on Tissue Studies -- 4.2.1. Catecholamines Studied in Tissues of Young Rodents. , 4.2.2. Catecholamines Estimated in Drosophila Brains -- 4.2.3. Advantages and Drawbacks of UHPLC Using Core-Shell Particles for Studying Catecholamines -- 5. Capillary Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 5.1. Cap-UHPLC for Monitoring Microdialysate Catecholamines in Rodents -- 5.2. Cap-UHPLC for Monitoring Microdialysate Catecholamines in a Patient -- 5.3. Advantages and Drawbacks of cap-UHPLC for Studying Catecholamines -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Bibliography -- Related Nova Publications -- Neuroanatomy and Neurochemistry of the Basic Mechanisms for Neocortical and Hippocampal Arousal in Isolated Forebrain (Review)* -- The Effects of B Vitamins on Behavior and Neurochemistry* -- University of Rouen, Dept Psychology, ICONES Laboratory EA 4699, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan France -- From Neurochemistry to Interpersonal Chemistry: Towards a Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia* -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ANDROGENS -- ANDROGENS -- Contents -- Preface -- Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer on the Ground of Androgen Milieu in the Prostate -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Androgen Milieu in Blood -- Androgen Milieu in the Prostate -- Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and the Androgen Milieu in the Prostate and in Blood -- Intraprostatic Androgen Milieu during Androgen Deprivation Therapy -- Androgen Milieu in the Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer -- Clinical-Translational Advances of Prostate Cancer -- Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonists: Degarelix -- Cytochrome P450, Family 17, Subfamily A, Polypeptide 1 (CYP17A1) Inhibitors -- Abiraterone Acetate (Zytiga, Johnson & -- Johnson) -- Orteronel (TAK-700) [(1S)-1-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-Naphthyl)-1-(1H-Imidazol-4-Yl)-2-Methylpropan-1-Ol] -- TOK-001 (VN/124-1) [3 -Hydroxy-17-(1H-Benzimidazole-1-Yl)Androsta-5,16-Diene] -- 3.-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibitors -- Apoptone (HE3235) (17 -Ethynyl-5 -Androstan-3 , 17 -Diol) -- Inhibitors Targeting Androgen Receptor -- A New Androgen Receptor Antagonist, MDV3100 -- A New Androgen Receptor Antagonist, ARN-509 -- An Inhibitor of the Amino Terminal Domain (NTD) of the AR: EPI-001 -- The Prospects of the Androgen Deprivation Therapy on the Ground of Androgen Milieu in the Prostate -- Conclusion -- References -- Clinical Model of Androgen Deficiency - Clinical Model of Androgen Deficiency - Clinical Model of Androgen Deficiency - Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Its Effect on Bone Metabolism, Metabolism and Cognitive Functions -- Introduction -- Methods -- Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) -- Testosterone: A Basal Overview of Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Its Action -- Androgens and Bone Metabolism -- ADT and Its Side Effects -- Bone Loss and Osteoporosis -- Osteoporosis. , Diagnosis of Osteoporosis -- ADT, PCa and Clinical Aspects of Bone Disease -- Treatment of ADT Induced Osteoporosis -- Androgens and Cognitive Functions -- Potential Mechanisms of Action -- Cognitive Functions and ADT -- Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Changes in Body Composition -- ADT and Insulin Resistance -- Early Metabolic Changes -- Late Metabolic Changes -- ADT and Lipid Alterations -- ADT, Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease -- References -- The Role of Testosterone in Male Erectile Dysfunction -- 1. Erectile Dysfunction -- 2. Definitions -- 2.1. Total Testosterone -- 2.2. Free Testosterone -- 2.3. Bio-Available/Bioactive Testosterone -- 3. Hypogonadism -- 3.1. Late Onset Hypogonadism -- 3.2. Hypogonadism Prevalence -- 4. Relationship between Testosterone and ED -- 5. Physiology of Erection -- 6. Influence of Testosterone on Penile Erection -- 6.1. NOS/cGMP Pathway -- 6.2. Source of NO -- 6.3. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) -- 7. Making the Diagnosis of Hypogonadism and Working up Erectile Dysfunction -- Patient History -- Physical Exam -- Laboratory Studies -- Specific Diagnostic Tests -- 7.1. Questionnaires -- 7.2. Laboratory Diagnosis -- 7.3. Total Testosterone -- What is the Lower Level of Testosterone Required to Maintain Erection? -- 7.4. Free Testosterone -- 7.5. Calculated Free Testosterone -- 7.6. Other Endocrine Markers -- 8. Testosterone and Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) -- 8.1. Safety, Tolerability and Specific Considerations -- 8.2. Testosterone and PDE5 Inhibitors (PDE5-I) in ED -- References -- Roles of Androgen Receptor in Normal Prostate Development and Prostate Cancer Progression -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dual Roles of the AR in Normal Prostate Development -- 2.1. Stromal AR: Proliferation Stimulator and Survival Factor -- 2.2. Epithelial AR: Survival Factor for Epithelial Luminal Cells. , 2.3. Epithelial AR: Suppressor for Epithelial Basal Intermediate Cell Proliferation -- 2.4. Epithelial AR: Survival Factor for Stromal Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation -- 3. AR Dual Roles in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis -- 3.1. Stromal AR: Stimulator for Tumor Progression and Metastasis -- 3.2. Epithelial AR: Survival Factor for Tumor Progression and Metastasis in Luminal Cells -- 3.3. Epithelial AR: Suppressor for Tumor Progression and Metastasis in Basal Intermediate Cells -- 3.4. Epithelial AR: Suppressor of Prostate Cancer Metastasis -- 4. AR Dual Roles in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines -- 4.1. AR in PC3 Cells: Suppressor for Proliferation and Metastasis -- 4.2. AR in LNCaP Cells: Proliferation Stimulator and Suppressor -- 4.3. AR in CWR22Rv1 Cells: Proliferation Stimulator and Suppressor -- 4.4. AR in PC346C Prostate Cancer Cells: Proliferation Stimulator and Suppressor -- 5. AR Dual Roles in Prostate Cancer Stem Cell Progression -- 6. AR Dual Roles and Human Prostate Cancer Clinical Data -- 7. The Impact of AR Dual Roles on Current Clinical ADT -- 7.1. Challenge to Current ADT -- 7.2. Target the AR at an Early Stage -- 7.3. Concomitant Treatment of AR Antagonism with Anti-Metastasis Agents -- Future Direction -- Conclusion -- References -- Endogenous Pathways for Steroidogenesis and Androgen Signalling in Prostate Cancer Cells -- Summary -- Introduction -- The Prostate -- Androgen Receptor -- Prostate Cancer and Treatment -- Links between Androgen Levels and Prostate Cancer Risk -- Steroidogenesis and Prostate Cancer -- Conclusion -- References -- The Role and Effects of Novel Androgen Therapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- II. Emergence of Castration Resistance: Androgen Regulation and Signaling -- III. Clinical Studies. , IV. Adverse Effects of Targeting Androgen Regulation: Recent Findings -- Conclusion -- References -- Androgens and Male Fertility: Spermatogenesis and Contraception -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Androgens -- Role of Androgens in Male Sexual Development -- Spermatogenesis -- Hypthalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis -- Role of the Androgen Receptor -- Classical Testosterone Signaling Pathways -- Non-Classical Testosterone Pathways in Sertoli Cells -- Male Hormone Contraception -- References -- Androgens, Cognition and Social Behavior in Children* -- Introduction -- Androgens -- Testosterone -- Androstenedione -- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -- Androgen-Secreting Glands -- Suprarenal Glands -- Gonads -- Testicles -- Ovaries -- Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones -- Action Mechanisms of Androgens -- Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior -- Sexual Differentiation -- Genetic Sex -- Gonadal Sex -- Hormonal Sex -- Effects of Organization and Activation -- Relation of Androgens to Psychological Processes -- Relationship between Androgens and Social Behavior -- Conclusion -- References -- Androgens, Androgen Suppression, and Prostate Cancer: Recent Preclinical and Clinical Findings and Implications* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Prevention Studies -- 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors -- Treatment Studies -- Role of ADT in Early Prostate Cancer -- ADT Combined with Radiation -- ADT Combined with Surgery -- ADT for Patients Ineligible for Local Definitive Therapy -- Role of Continuous ADT in Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer -- Early versus Late Therapy -- Peripheral Androgen Blockade -- Role of Continuous ADT in Advanced Disease -- Combined Androgen Blockade -- Antiandrogen Monotherapy -- Antiandrogen Withdrawal -- Intermittent ADT -- Role of Intermittent ADT in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer. , Role of Intermittent ADT in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Prostate Cancer -- Individual Dosing Based on Testosterone Levels -- Rapid Hormonal Testosterone Cycling -- Other Agents -- Ketoconazole -- Aminoglutethimide -- Abiraterone Acetate -- ADT Combined with Other Modalities -- ADT and Chemotherapy -- ADT and Vaccines -- Adverse Effects of ADT -- Skeletal Changes and Loss of Bone Mineral Density -- Hot Flashes -- Metabolic Syndrome -- Sexual Dysfunction -- Emotional and Cognitive Side Effects -- Systemic Effects -- Biology of Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer -- Potentially Therapeutic Approaches Targeting AR -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- HANDBOOK ON GALLIC ACID -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 GALLIC ACID AS A SOURCE TO USE FOR INCREASING FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FOOD PRODUCTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF GALLIC ACID -- GALLIC ACID FLAVOUR -- ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM -- EFFECT OF THE COOKING PROCESS AND PH ON THE GALLIC ACID CONTENT IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES -- PAST USES OF GALLIC ACID -- MODERN USE OF GALLIC ACID -- 1. Cosmetic Use -- 2. Use as a Component for Deodorizing Air or Gas -- 3. Use in Biodegradable Active Packaging -- 4. Food Additives (Antioxidant Additives) -- 5. Antifungal Activity -- 6. Use in Probiotics Additional Food -- 7. Use in Prebiotics Additional Food -- 8. Health Benefits -- 9.1. Anti-neoplastic Effects -- 9.1.1. Apoptosis -- 9.1.2. Antimetastasis Effect -- In Gastric Adenocarcinoma -- In Mastocytoma -- In Glioma -- 9.2. Anti-HIV Effects -- 9.3. Antidiabetic Effects -- 9.4. Antiobesity Effects -- 9.5. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition -- 9.6. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Activity -- 9.7. Anti-inflammatory Effect -- 9.8. Anti-allergic Effects -- 9.9. Cardiovascular Protective Effect -- 9.10. Hepatoprotective Effect -- 9.11. Kidney Protective Effect -- 9.12. Neuroprotective Properties Effect -- 9.13. Attenuation of Lead Toxicity -- 9.14. Preventive Role of Gallic Acid on Acute Alcohol Intoxication -- 9.15. Use of Gallic Acid Esters to Increase Bioavailability of Orally Administered Pharmaceutical Compounds -- 9.16. Supplements -- 9.17. Side Effects of Gallic Acid -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 GALLIC ACID IMPLICATIONS IN HEALTH: MULTI-THERAPEUTIC AND PROTECTIVE AGENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GALLIC ACID -- Antioxidant Functions -- Anti-Inflammatory Effects -- Anti-Microbial Effect -- Cell Apoptosis Inducing Effect. , 3. GALLIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES IN PREVENTION OF DISEASES -- Chemoprevention -- Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases -- Protection from Neurodegeneration -- Prevention from Developing Other Chronic Conditions -- Prevention of Biofilm Formation -- 4. ADVANCED TREATMENT STRATEGIES INVOLVING GALLIC ACID -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 GALLIC ACID: THERMAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Biological Effect of Free Radicals -- 1.1.1. Interactions of Free Radicals with Nucleic Acids -- 1.1.2. Interactions of the Free Radicals with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids -- 1.1.3. Defense System -- 1.2. Antioxidants -- 1.2.1. Classification and Action Mechanisms of the Antioxidants -- 1.3. Gallic Acid: Natural Occurrence and Chemical Properties -- 1.3.1. Natural Occurrence and Applications -- 1.3.2. Structure-Activity Relationship -- 1.3.3. Chelating Properties -- 1.4. Evaluation Methods of the Antioxidant Activity -- 1.4.1. DPPH Method -- 1.4.2. FRAP Method -- 1.4.3. Method of the β-Carotene/Linoleic Acid System -- 1.5. Thermal Stability by Thermogravimetry -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Methods -- 2.2.1. Methods for the Determination of the Antioxidant Activity -- 2.2.1.1. Assay for the Radical-Scavenging Activity of 2,2'-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical -- 2.2.1.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay -- 2.2.1.3. β-Carotene/Linoleic Acid System Method -- 2.2.2. Thermal Profile -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. Total Antioxidant Activity Determination -- 3.2. Thermal Analysis -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNIQUES USED TO ESTIMATE THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GALLIC ACID -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. IN VITRO CHEMICAL-BASED METHODS -- 2.1. Methods Based on Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT). , 2.1.1. Total Radical Trapping Antioxidant Potential (TRAP) Assay -- 2.1.2. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay -- 2.1.3. Photochemiluminescence (PCL) Assay -- 2.2. Methods Based on Single Electron Transfer (SET) -- 2.2.1. Feric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay -- 2.2.2. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Assay/ABTS Radical Cation Decolourization Assay -- 2.3. Others -- 3. IN VITRO CELL-BASED METHODS -- 3.1. Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation -- 3.2. Protective Effects of Normal Cell Death -- 3.3. Cellular Antioxidant Assay -- 4. IN VIVO METHODS -- 4.1. Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) Estimation -- 4.2. Reduced Glutathione (GSH) Estimation -- 4.3. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Method -- 4.4. Catalase (CAT) -- 4.5. Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) Assay -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 GALLIC ACID: APPLICATIONS, ANALYSIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF GALLIC ACID -- USES OF GALLIC ACID -- ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF GALLIC ACID -- ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES -- METHODS -- HEALTH IMPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 THE ANTI-OXIDATIVE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLES OF GALLIC ACID ON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE OF GALLIC ACID -- ANTI-OXIDATIVE ROLE OF GALLIC ACID -- SUPPRESSIVE ROLE OF GALLIC ACID FROM AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 GALLIC ACID EXTRACTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CANCER -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ANTIOXIDANTS -- FREE RADICALS -- POLYPHENOLS -- EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS -- Extraction Processes -- Quantification -- Purification -- GALLIC ACID: EXTRACTION AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES -- Extraction of Gallic Acid -- Properties and Applications of Gallic Acid -- ANTICANCER THERAPY. , CANCER AND GALLIC ACID -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 GALLIC ACID: OCCURRENCE IN PLANT FOODS AND EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, VEGETATIVE STAGE AND PROCESSING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- OCCURRENCE OF GALLIC ACID IN PLANT FOODS -- EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, VEGETATIVE STAGE, AND PROCESSING ON GALLIC ACID CONTENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 GALLIC ACID: OCCURRENCES, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE EVOLUTION PRINCIPLES AND SPECIES ADAPTATION TO ADVERSITIES -- 3. THE OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CHRONIC DISEASES -- 3.1. Systems of the Body's Defense -- 3.1.1. Enzyme Defense System -- 3.1.2. Phenolic Compounds -- 3.1.2.1. Gallic Acid and its N- Alkyl esters -- 3.1.2.2. Tannins -- 4. BRAZILIAN FLORA WITH MEDICINAL POTENTIAL -- 4.1. The Cerrado Biome -- 4.2. The Baru -- 5. STABILITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BARU NUTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 ANTIOXIDANT, ANTITUMORAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF GALLIC ACID -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GALLIC ACID -- Antitumoral Activity of Gallic Acid and Its Derivatives -- 3. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF GALLIC ACID -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF GALLIC ACID -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCES OF GALLIC ACID -- Plants -- Chemical Synthesis -- Fermentation -- MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF GALLIC ACID -- Bacterial -- Fungus -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 GALLIC ACID AS A USEFUL INDICATOR OF THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF LIQUID FOODS? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- Total Phenols -- Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Phenolic Profile -- Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) Assay -- Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay -- SAMPLES -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS -- RESULTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. , REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 ANTIOXIDANT AND CANCER PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF GALLIC ACID IN VITRO AND IN VIVO -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF GA -- 2.1. In Vitro Effects -- 2.2. Antioxidant Effects of GA in Laboratory Rodents and in Human -- 3. INHIBITION OF THE DIVISION OF CANCER CELLS -- 4. IMPACT OF GA ON PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH -- 5. INHIBITION OF CELL MIGRATION, METASTASIS AND ANGIOGENESIS -- 6. RESULTS OF ANIMAL STUDIES -- 7. DOES GA PROTECT HUMANS AGAINST CANCER? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 APPLICATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF GALLIC ACID AUTOXIDATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- AUTOXIDATION OF GALLIC ACID -- UV/Vis Spectophotometry -- Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 GALLIC ACID BIOAVAILABILITY IN HUMANS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GALLIC ACID -- 2.1. Biosynthesis -- 2.2. Natural Occurrence in Plants/Foods -- 3. BIOAVAILABILITY OF GALLIC ACID -- 3.1. The Concept of Bioavailability -- 3.2. In Vitro Studies -- 3.3. Animal Studies -- 3.4. Human Studies of Gallic Acid Bioavailability -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 GALLIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES: OCCURRENCE AND IDENTIFICATION IN HIGH ALTITUDE EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PLANT ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH ALTITUDE -- GALLIC ACID -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS -- GALLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES IN BOLIVIAN FOOD -- GALLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES IN MEDICINAL PLANTS -- GALLIC ACID, SPECTROMETRIC APPROACH -- Spectrometric Approaches Include IR, UV Spectrometry as Well as NMR and EIMS -- The NMR Characterization of Gallic Acid -- The 1HNMR Spectrum -- The 13CNMR and DEPT 135-Experiment Spectra -- The HSQC and HMBC-Experiments Spectra -- Mass Spectroscopy of Gallic Acid HPLC-MS/EI -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- NATURAL RESOURCES IN GHANA: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS -- NATURAL RESOURCES IN GHANA: MANAGEMENT, POLICY AND ECONOMICS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- BOOK SUMMARY -- PART I. FOREST RESOURCES -- OVERVIEW -- Chapter 1 TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OVERVIEW OF GHANA'S FORESTRY SECTOR -- 2.1. Vegetation, Ecology and Forest Stocks -- 2.2. Policy and Regulatory Changes -- 3. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT -- 3.1. What Is Sustainable Forest Management? -- 3.2. Criteria and Indicators of SFM -- 4. A RESULTS-BASED FRAMEWORK APPROACH TO SFM -- 5. STRATEGIC OUTCOMES AND ACTIVITIES -- 5.1. Measures to Reduce Deforestation -- 5.1.1. Political Will to Combat Deforestation -- 5.1.2. Sustainable Energy Policy -- 5.1.3. Sustainable Agricultural Policies -- 5.1.4. Curb Illegal Logging -- 5.1.5. Take advantage of International Climate Change Frameworks -- 5.1.6. Ban Surface Mining within all Forests -- 5.1.7. Promote Community Participation -- 5.1.8. Enforce Existing Forestry Legislative and Regulatory Frameworks -- 5.1.9. Eradicate Corruption in the Forestry Sector -- 5.2. Initiatives to Promote Forest Plantation Development -- 5.3. Remove Barriers to Plantation Development -- 5.4. Develop and Implement a National Strategy for SFM -- 5.4.1. Rational and Integrated Policy Planning and Focus -- 5.4.2. Develop and Implement C& -- I -- 5.4.3. Enforce Sustainable Harvesting Standards -- 5.4.4. Pursue Independent Forest Certification -- 5.4.5. Implement Natural Resource and Environmental Accounting -- 5.5. Implementing the Strategic Outcome Plans -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 THREATS TO PROTECTED FOREST AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF ILLEGAL FARMING IN SOUTH-WESTERN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BACKGROUND -- 2.1. Site Selection -- 2.2. Location and Physiography -- 2.3. Climate. , 2.4. History, Land Use System and Management of TEFR -- 2.5. Human Population and Infrastructure -- 2.6. Classes of Farmers and Land-holding Patterns -- 3. CAUSES OF ILLEGAL FARMING -- 4. ATTEMPTS TO PROTECT FOREST RESERVES FROM ENCROACHMENT -- 4.1. Nature of Conflict between the Task Force and Farmers -- 5. EVALUATION OF GOVERNMENT'S ANTI-FOREST ENCROACHMENT PROGRAMME -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NUTRIENT LOADING: APPLICATION, BENEFITS AND LOADING PERSISTENCE -- 3. WORKING MODELS -- 3.1. Does Growth (Sink Demand) Control Photosynthesis? -- 3.2. Is Root Growth Dependent on Current Photosynthate? -- 4. MODEL OF N TRANSFER WITHIN PLANT TISSUES -- 4.1. Quantitative Models -- 4.1.1. Field Study -- 4.1.2. Greenhouse Study -- 5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT OF TEAK (TECTONA GRANDIS LINN F.) PLANTATIONS IN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE CRITICAL SILVICS OF TEAK -- 2.1. General Description and Natural Distribution of Teak -- 2.2. Site and Soil Requirement -- 2.3. Establishment and Early Growth -- 2.4. The Growth and Yield of Teak -- 2.5. Adverse Environmental Effects of Teak Plantations -- 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 3.1. Climatic and Site Characteristics -- 3.2. Data Collection -- 3.3. Data Analysis -- 3.3.1. Volume Estimates for Teak Plantations in the Savannah Zone -- 3.3.2. Site Index Development -- 3.3.3. Empirical Yield Models for Northern Ghana -- 3.3.4. Diameter and Height Distribution Models -- 4. RESULTS -- 4.1. Growth and Yield Estimates -- 4.2. Site Index Estimates of Teak in Ghana -- 4.3. Yield Models -- 4.4. Diameter and Height Distribution Models -- 5. DISCUSSION -- 6. CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX A. PROVISIONAL YIELD TABLES FOR TEAK PLANTATIONS IN THE SZ. , APPENDIX B. PROVISIONAL YIELD TABLES FOR TEAK PLANTATIONS IN THE HFZ -- APPENDIX C. PARAMETER ESTIMATES OF DIAMETER AND HEIGHT OF INDIVIDUAL TEAK PLANTATIONS IN THE SZ -- REFERENCES -- PART II. WILDLIFE RESOURCES -- OVERVIEW -- Chapter 5 BUSHMEAT CRISIS AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN GHANA: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HISTORY OF WILDLIFE USE AND MANAGEMENT IN GHANA -- 2.1. Traditional Wildlife Use -- 2.2. Legislative Framework -- 3. CURRENT BUSHMEAT ENTERPRISE IN GHANA -- 3.1. Contemporary Wildlife Use -- 3.2. Wildlife's Home -- 3.3. Actors Involved in the Bushmeat Industry -- 3.4. Methods of Bushmeat Hunting -- 3.5. Composition of Bushmeat off Takes -- 3.6. Contribution of Bushmeat to Food Security -- 4. WHY DO PEOPLE HUNT BUSHMEAT? -- 5. SUSTAINABILITY OF BUSHMEAT HARVESTS -- 6. THE SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS TO THE BUSHMEAT CRISIS -- 6.1. Past and Current Efforts -- International/regional Efforts -- Local Research -- 6.2. Towards a Sustainable Future of Wildlife Conservation -- 6.2.1. Government's Responsibility -- Case Study 1: Controlling Hunting in a National Park -- 6.2.2. Local Community Involvement -- Case Study 2: Zimbabwe's Campfire Programme -- 6.2.3. Forestry and Bushmeat Harvest -- Case Study 3: Private Logging Sector Co-management of Hunting -- 6.2.4. The Role of Non-governmental Organisations -- Case Study 4: The Nazinga Game Ranch -- 6.2.5. The Role of Bushmeat Actors -- Case Study 5: Regulating Demand for Wild Meat -- 6.2.6. The Role of International Organisations/Donors -- Case Study 6: Minkebe Project: WWF/MINEF-Bordamur -- 7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 HUNTING AND TRADING BUSHMEAT IN NORTHERN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Study Area -- 2.2. Methods -- 3. RESULTS -- 5. DISCUSSION -- 6. CONCLUSION -- 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. , APPENDIX 1: WILD ANIMAL SPECIES PRESENT AND USUALLY HUNTED IN THE THREE NORTHERN REGIONS OF GHANA -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN GHANA: THE CASE OF GIANT AFRICAN SNAILS IN THE BIA BIOSPHERE RESERVE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. BACKGROUND -- 2.1. UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Concept /MAB Programme -- 2.2. Ghana's Biosphere Reserve -- 2.3. Biosphere Reserves for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Anglophone Africa (BRAAF) Project -- 3. STUDY SITE -- 4. STUDY METHODS -- 4.1. Phase I -- 4.1.1. Interviews -- 4.1.2. Site Survey -- 4.2. Phase II -- 4.3. Results from Phase I -- 4.3.1. Demography of Interviewees -- 4.3.2. Occupation -- 4.3.3. Loss of "Buffer Zones" -- 4.3.4. Giant African Snail Species Present -- 4.3.5. Snail Harvesting -- 4.3.6. Knowledge about Current Status of Snails -- 4.3.7. Abundance of Giant African Snails -- 4.3.8. Options for Snail Farming -- 4.3.9. Causes of Decline in Abundance of A. Achatina -- 4.3.10. Origin of A. Fulica at BBR Environs -- 4.3.11. Snail Seasons of the Year -- 4.3.12. Traditional Customs Regulating Wild Snail Harvesting -- 4.3.13. Wildlife Division's Strategy for Wild Snail Harvesting -- 4.4. Results from Phase II -- 4.4.1. Giant African Snail Species Present in the BBR -- 4.4.2. Snail Distribution in the BBR -- 4.4.3. Snails Density -- 4.4.4. Snail Encounter Rates -- 4.4.5. Snail Biometrics -- 5. DISCUSSION -- 6. OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL SNAIL INDUSTRY -- 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- PART III. COMMUNITY-BASED NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT -- OVERVIEW -- Chapter 8 CLAIMS AND REALITIES OF COMMUNITY-BASED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL FISHERIES IN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY. , 4. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE UPPER EAST REGION OF GHANA -- 5. HISTORY OF RURAL WATER GOVERNANCE IN NORTHERN GHANA - FROM CUSTOMARY LAW TO WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS -- 5.1. Pre-colonial Times -- 5.2. Under Colonial Rule -- 5.3. Post-independent Developments -- 5.4. Reform Processes and Land and Water Governance Today -- 6. THE CASE OF FISHERIES IN THE UPPER EAST REGION -- 6.1. Historical Development of Fisheries Management in Reservoirs -- 6.1.1. Binduri -- 6.1.2. Kajelo -- 6.2. Comparing the Two Case Studies -- 7. CONCLUSION: PARTICIPATORY RURAL WATER GOVERNANCE IN NORTHERN GHANA - A PRACTICE UNDER REVIEW -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN NORTHERN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Study Area and Methods -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Pre-Colonial Wildlife Management in Northern Ghana (before 1900) -- 3.1.1. Designated Hunting Areas and Time of Year for Hunting -- 3.1.2. Totenism -- 3.1.3. Obligations to the Chief -- 3.1.4. Sacred Groves and Land Preserved for Wildlife -- 3.1.5. Tools for Hunting -- 3.2. Colonial and Post Colonial Periods (1901 - 2000) -- 3.2.1. Intensive Hunting -- 3.2.2. Taboos Are not Followed -- 3.3. CURRENT WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT (21ST CENTURY) -- 3.3.1. Establishment of Committees -- 3.3.2. Establishment of Community Reserves -- 4. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT -- 5. CONCLUSION -- 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- APPENDICES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 COMMUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION IN GHANA: A CASE OF LOCAL MANAGEMENT OF THE AFADJATO AND AGUMATSA CONSERVATION AREA IN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. COMMUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION IN GHANA: A REVIEW -- 2. SITE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS -- 2.1. Site Description -- 2.2. Methods -- 2.2.1. Data Collection and Analysis -- 3. RESULTS. , 3.1. The Perceptions of Local People on the Importance of Conserving the AACA.

Note: Intro -- ISOFLAVONES: BIOSYNTHESIS,OCCURRENCE AND HEALTH EFFECTS -- ISOFLAVONES: BIOSYNTHESIS,OCCURRENCE AND HEALTH EFFECTS -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter I Isoflavones: a Race after the Rescueof the Ageing Hippocampus -- I. Introduction -- II. Dietary Isoflavones -- III. Estrogen Receptors -- IIII.1. Molecuular Featurees of Estroggen Receptoors -- III.2. Brain Distribution of Estrogen Receptors -- III.2.1. Estrogen receptor α -- III.2.2. Estrogen receptor β -- III.2.3. G protein-coupled estrogen-receptor (GPR30): -- III.2.4. Conclusion -- IV. Brain Signalization by Estrogens and EstrogenReceptors -- IV.1. Estrogen Signalization through Estrogen Receptors -- IV.2. Estrogen Signalization through Neuronal Bioelectrical Activity -- IV.3. Estrogen Signalization through Cerebral Neurotransmitter Systems -- IV.4. Estrogen Signalization through Neuronal Morphological Adaptations -- IV.5. Estrogen Signalization through Synaptic Proteins -- IV.6. Estrogen Signalization through Neurotrophins -- IV.7. Estrogen Signalization through Hippocampal Estrogens -- IV.8. Estrogen Signalization through Estrogen Receptor-InteractingProteins -- IV.9. Estrogen Signalization Modulating Mnemonic Behaviours -- V. Natures of Aging -- V.1. Aging Species -- V.2. Aging Individuals and Aging Populations (Humans) -- V.3. Aging Function (Mammalian Reproductive Neuroendocrine Axis) -- V.4. Aging Cognition (Mammalian Hippocampal Formation Sub-ServingMemory Function) -- VI. Pharmacological Effects of Isoflavones on theHippocampal Formation -- VI.1. Description of Pharmacological Studies -- VI.1.1. Bioelectrical features -- VI.1.2. Physio-molecular features -- VI.1.3. Neuroprotective features -- VI.1.3.a. In vitro approaches -- VI.1.3.b. In vivo approaches -- VI.1.4. Neurotrophic features -- VI.2. Discussion of Pharmacological Effects. , VII. Pharmacological Effects of Isoflavones innon-Hippocampal cells -- VII.1. Isoflavone Signalization in Neuronal Cells -- VII.2. Isoflavone Signalization in non-Neuronal cells -- VIII. Physio-Molecular Impact of Isoflavoneson Brain Physiology -- IX. Effects of Dietary/Supplemental Isoflavoneson Cognitive Processes -- IX.1. Description -- IX.1.1. Rodents -- IX.1.2. Non-human primates -- IX.1.3. Human subjects -- IX.2. Discussion -- X. Concluding Remarks -- X.1. Pharmacological Studies -- X.2. Nutritional Studies -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter II Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseasesby Soy Protein and Isoflavones -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Soy andIsoflavones on Lipids -- 3. Effects of Soy and Isoflavones onother Risk Factors -- 4. Influencing Factors on the Reduction of CVDRisk by Soy Products and Isoflavones -- 4.1. Soybean Componeents -- 4.2. Metabolism -- 4.3. Other Factors -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter III Effects of Processing on IsoflavoneContent and Profile in Foodstuffs:A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Daily Intake of Isoflavones and IsoflavoneContent of Foods -- Effects of Germination on Isoflavone Contentand Profile of Soybeans -- Effects of Processing on Isoflavone Contentand Profile of Soy Protein Isolates -- Effects of Processing on Isoflavone Content andProfile During Soymilk and Tofu Manifacture -- Effects of Enzymic Treatments and Fermentationon Isoflavone Content and Profile of Soyfoods -- Effects of Heat Treatments, High-PressureProcessing and Gamma Irradiation onIsoflavone Content and Profile of Soyfoods -- Changes in Isoflavone Content and Profileduring Bread-and Pasta-Making -- Effects of Processing on Isoflavone Contentand Profile of Soy Foods -- Antioxidant Activity of Soy Foods -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter IV Dietary Isoflavones and IntestinalMicrobiota: Metabolism andTransformation into BioactiveCompounds -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Hydrolysis of Isoflavone Glycoconjugates -- Bacterial Transformations of IsoflavoneAglycones -- Daidzein -- Reduction to Dihydrodaidzein -- O-DMA Production and Isoflavone Degradation -- Equol Production -- Effects of the Gut Environment on Equol Production -- Genistein -- Other Isoflavone Compounds -- Glycitein -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter V Bioactive Isoflavones: Implicationsin Cancer Treatment and Prevention -- Carcinogenesis and Cancer Intervention -- Isoflavones and other Diseases -- Isoflavones as Anti-Cancer Agents -- Isoflavones as Anti-Cancer Agents -- Isoflavones and Prostate Cancer -- Isoflavones and Breast Cancer -- Estrogen and Breast Cancer -- Epidemiological Studies -- Isoflavones and Breast Cancer in Vivo -- Apoptosis and the Cell Cycle -- ANGIOGENESIS and INVASION -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter VI Comparative in Vitro Effects of SoybeanIsoflavones and Resveratrol on HumanOsteoblastic Cells -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Materials -- Cell Culture -- Semiquantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Rt-Pcr) -- Western Blot Analysis -- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) -- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Activity -- Statistical analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter VII Health Effects of Dioscorea Bulbiferaof Aerial-Potato (Yam) -- Abstract -- 1. Source and Scientific Name -- 2. Components, Safety, Nutritive andAnti-nutritive Values -- 2.1. Components of Aerial-Potato (Yam) -- 2.2. Safety of Aerial-Potato (Yam) -- 2.3. Nutritive and Anti-nutritive Components of Wild Inedible Yam -- 3. Components and Their Functionality -- 3.1. Aerial Tubers (Bulbils). , 3.1.1. Xanthophylls: Antitumor Activity -- 3.1.2. Diosgenin, Steroid Saponins of Sexogen and Hormone Materials -- 3.1.3. Clerodane Diterpenoids -- 3.1.3.1. Three Clerodane Diterpenoids: Bafoudiosbulbin C, Bafoudiosbulbin D,Bafoudiosbulbin E: Antibacterial Activity -- 3.1.3.2. Two Clerodane Diterpenoids: Bafoudiosbulbin F, Bafoudiosbulbin G:Antibacterial Activity -- 3.2. Tubers -- 3.2.1. A Clerodane Diterpenoid of 8-Epidiosbulbin E Acetate: A PotentialPlasmid-curing Agent and Antibacterial Activity Against Multidrug-resistantBacteria -- 3.2.2. Extracts of Dioscorea bulbifera Tubers: Anorexient Activity -- 3.2.3. Steroid Saponins: Antiarthritic -- 3.2.4. Cyanidin: Antioxidative Action -- 3.2.5. Amylopectin: Supply of Oligosugar, Improvement of Gut -- 3.2.6. Phytoalexin Stilbenoids: Antibacterial Effect -- 3.2.7. p-Hydroxy Acetophenones: Hypnotic Action, Perfume (Aromatherapy) -- 3.2.8. Six Steroids: Antiarthritic and Materials of Hormones -- 3.2.9. Anthocyanin: Antioxidative, Antitumor -- 3.2.10. Diosbulbins: Antitumor Activity -- 3.2.11. Clerodane Diterpenoids (Bafoudiosbulbin A and Bafoudiosbulbin B):Antibacterial Activity -- 3.2.12. Diosbulbin I (53) and Diosbulbin J (54) of Two Novel ClerodaneDiterpenoids: Source Materials of Diosgenin and Related Steroid Saponins -- 3.2.13. Diosbulbisins (55-58) of Four Novel Steroidal Saponigenins,Diosbulbiside A (59) and Diosbulbiside B (60) of Two Novel SpirostaneGlycosides, and Diosbulbiside C (61) of One Novel Cholestane Glycoside:Antitumor -- 3.2.14. Miscellaneous Components -- 3.3. Leaves and Stems -- 3.3.1. Diosbulbin B of Furanoid Diterpenes: Hormone Resource,Improvement of Gut -- 3.4. Aerial Tubers and Underground Tubers -- 3.4.1. Three Diosbulbins of Bitter Compounds: Antitumor, Source ofDiosgenin and Related Steroid Saponins -- 3.4.2. Dihydrodioscorine (77) of Piperidine Alkaloids: Antifungal Activity. , References -- Abbreviations -- Chapter VIII Effects of the Processing Techniqueson Isoflavone Profiles -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter IX Structural Studies and Mechanisms ofIsoflavonoid Biosynthesis -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction - Isoflavonoidsand Biosynthetic Enzymes -- 2. Phenylpropanoid Pathway - StructuralStudies of Upstream Enzymes -- 3. Isoflavone Synthase and Cytochrome P450sInvolved in Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis -- 4. Isoflavone O-Methyltransferaseand Methylation of Isoflavone -- 5. Reductases and Their Stereo-Specificityfor Isoflavonoids -- 6. Glycosylation of Isoflavonoids -Glycosyltransferase Structures and Engineering -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter X Photophysics of Genistein andBiochanin a Isoflavones: Solvent Cageand Concentration Effects Studied byUV Visible Spectroscopy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. UV - Visible Absorption Spectra at Low Concentration: Solvent Effect -- 3.2. Concentration Effect on the Absorption Spectra -- 3.3. Theoretical Modeling of Genistein Self Dimer -- 3.3.1. Method -- 3.4. Calculation Results: Genistein Self Dimer -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter XI Soy Isoflavone Genistein in CancerChemoprevention -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Soy Consumption and Cancer incidence -- Genistein as an Estrogen Mimic: Biphasic Action -- Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest by Genistein -- Induction of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) by Genistein -- Genistein Modulates Cell GrowthSignaling Cascades -- A Prooxidant Mechanism of Genistein in Chemoprevention ofCancer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter XII soflavones in Leguminosae -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Isoflavones in Leguminosae: Health Benefitsand Function in Plants. , 3. Manipulation of Plant Isoflavone Production:The Role of Isoflavone Synthase Gene.

Note: Intro -- CARBONATES: SEDIMENTOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE -- CARBONATES: SEDIMENTOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF LINEAR CARBONATES FROM ALCOHOLS AND CARBON DIOXIDE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF LINEAR CARBONATES FROM ALCOHOLS AND CO2 -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS -- 4. RESULTS -- 5. DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS BASED ON CARBONATES OBTAINED FROM CO2 -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC CARBONATES FROM CARBON DIOXIDE -- 3. STEP-POLYMERIZATIONOF CYCLIC CARBONATES -- 4. RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF CYCLIC CARBONATES -- 5. SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS BEARING CARBONATE MOIETIES USING CO2 -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: PHYSICAL REDISTRIBUTION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN A SOIL PORE SYSTEM: AN EXPERIMENT USING SOIL MICROMORPHOLOGY AND IMAGE ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -- METHODS -- RESULTS -- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOILS WITH HIGH AND LOW SHRINKING-SWELLING CAPACITY -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: TYPES OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS IN CARBONATE SEDIMENTS OF THE RUSSIA BASINS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.