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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    DataSheet_1.pdf
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2023
    In:  Frontiers in Immunology Vol. 13 ( 2023-1-6)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 13 ( 2023-1-6)
    Abstract: Both public and scientific attention have shifted from the acute COVID-19 illness to the chronic disability experienced by a proportion of COVID-19 convalescents. Post COVID-19 condition, a term used for long-lasting symptoms after COVID-19, can affect individuals across all disease severity and age groups. Data on post-COVID-19 symptomatology, epidemiology and pathophysiology in adolescents and young adults are scarce. To date, little is known on the immunological and pulmonary trends in these patients after COVID-19. This study investigated immunological markers and pulmonary function in non-hospitalized patients in this group at 6 months after initial mild COVID-19 infection. Methods Non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive (n = 405) and SARS-CoV-2 negative (n = 111) adolescents and young adults (aged 12-25 years) were followed prospectively for six months after SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing. At baseline and at six months follow-up, all participants underwent an assessment including clinical examination, questionnaires, spirometry, and blood sampling. Cross-sectional comparisons of blood biomarkers; including white blood cell counts, CRP, GDF-15, a 27-multiplex cytokine assay, complement activation products and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; and spirometry measures were performed after classification of all participants according to their COVID-19 status and adherence to post-COVID-19 case criteria. Associations between biomarkers and COVID-19 symptoms were explored. Results No difference in pulmonary function was detected between the groups. COVID-19 convalescents had higher levels of chemokines eotaxin, MCP-1 and IP-10 than non-infected controls. The increase was modest and not associated with long-lasting COVID-19 symptoms. Discussion Elevated inflammatory mediators were found in adolescents and young adults six months after mild COVID-19, but there was no association with post-COVID-19 condition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-3224
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081718
    DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081718.s001
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606827-8
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  • 2
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    Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 Among Non-Hospitalized Adolescents and Young Adults
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Neurology Vol. 13 ( 2022-6-22)
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    In: Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 13 ( 2022-6-22)
    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is prevalent among young people, and neurological involvement has been reported. We investigated neurological symptoms, cognitive test results, and biomarkers of brain injury, as well as associations between these variables in non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults with COVID-19. Methods This study reports baseline findings from an ongoing observational cohort study of COVID-19 cases and non-COVID controls aged 12–25 years (Clinical Trials ID: NCT04686734). Symptoms were charted using a standardized questionnaire. Cognitive performance was evaluated by applying tests of working memory, verbal learning, delayed recall, and recognition. The brain injury biomarkers, neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), were assayed in serum samples using ultrasensitive immunoassays. Results A total of 405 COVID-19 cases and 111 non-COVID cases were prospectively included. Serum Nfl and GFAp concentrations were significantly elevated in COVID-19 cases as compared with non-COVID controls ( p = 0.050 and p = 0.014, respectively). The COVID-19 cases reported more fatigue ( p & lt; 0.001) and post-exertional malaise (PEM) ( p = 0.001) compared to non-COVID-19 controls. Cognitive test performance and clinical neurological examination did not differ across the two groups. Within the COVID-19 group, there were no associations between symptoms, cognitive test results, and NfL or GFAp levels. However, fatigue and PEM were strongly associated with older age and female sex. Conclusions Non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults with COVID-19 reported more fatigue and PEM and had slightly elevated levels of brain injury markers, but showed normal cognitive performance. No associations were found between symptoms, brain injury markers, and cognitive test results, but fatigue and PEM were strongly related to female sex and older age.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-2295
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.915712
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2564214-5
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  • 3
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    Table_1.XLSX
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2024
    In:  Frontiers in Neurology Vol. 15 ( 2024-2-7)
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    In: Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 15 ( 2024-2-7)
    Abstract: The post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is characterized by debilitating persistent symptoms, including symptoms suggesting neurological aberrations such as concentration difficulties, impaired memory, pain, and sleep disturbances. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate brain injury biomarkers, neurocognitive test performance, and self-reported neurological and neuropsychological symptoms in young people with PCC. Methods A total of 404 non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults aged 12–25 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, along with 105 matched SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals, were prospectively enrolled and followed-up for 6 months (Clinical Trials ID: NCT04686734). All participants underwent comprehensive assessment encompassing clinical examinations, questionnaires, neurocognitive testing and blood sampling. Serum samples were immunoassayed for the brain injury biomarkers neurofilament light chain (Nfl) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp). At 6 months, cross-sectional analyses of serum Nfl/GFAp, neurocognitive test results and symptom scores were performed across groups based on adherence to PCC criteria as well as initial SARS-CoV-2 test results. Also, associations between Nfl/GFAp, neurocognitive test results, and symptom scores were explored. Results A total of 381 SARS-CoV-2 positive and 85 SARS-CoV-2 negative were included in the final analysis at 6 months, of whom 48% and 47%, respectively, adhered to the PCC criteria. Serum levels of Nfl and GFAp were almost equal across groups and did not differ from reference values in healthy populations. Also, neurocognitive test results were not different across groups, whereas symptom scores were significantly higher in patients fulfilling PCC criteria (independent of initial SARS-CoV-2 status). No significant associations between Nfl/GFAp, neurocognitive test results, and symptom scores were found. Conclusion Normal brain injury biomarkers and neurocognitive performance 6 months after mild COVID-19 implies that the persistent symptoms associated with PCC are not concurrent with ongoing central nervous system damage or permanent disruption of cognitive functions. This finding contradicts the notion of neuroinflammation as a likely explanation for the persistent symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-2295
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1345787
    DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1345787.s001
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024
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  • 4
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    DataSheet_1.docx
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Immunology Vol. 13 ( 2022-2-9)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 13 ( 2022-2-9)
    Abstract: Mild, subacute COVID-19 in young people show inflammatory enhancement, but normal pulmonary function. Inflammatory markers are associated with age and male sex, whereas clinical symptoms are associated with age and female sex, but not with objective disease markers. Background Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is widespread among adolescents and young adults across the globe. The present study aimed to compare inflammatory markers, pulmonary function and clinical symptoms across non-hospitalized, 12 – 25 years old COVID-19 cases and non-COVID-19 controls, and to investigate associations between inflammatory markers, clinical symptoms, pulmonary function and background variables in the COVID-19 group. Methods The present paper presents baseline data from an ongoing longitudinal observational cohort study (Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 in Adolescents, LoTECA, ClinicalTrials ID: NCT04686734). A total of 31 plasma cytokines and complement activation products were assayed by multiplex and ELISA methodologies. Pulmonary function and clinical symptoms were investigated by spirometry and questionnaires, respectively. Results A total of 405 COVID-19 cases and 111 non-COVID-19 controls were included. The COVID-19 group had significantly higher plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, TNF, IP-10, eotaxin, GM-CSF, bFGF, complement TCC and C3bc, and significantly lower levels of IL-13 and MIP-1α, as compared to controls. Spirometry did not detect any significant differences across the groups. IL-4, IL-7, TNF and eotaxin were negatively associated with female sex; eotaxin and IL-4 were positively associated with age. Clinical symptoms were positively associated with female sex and age, but not with objective disease markers. Conclusions Among non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults with COVID-19 there was significant alterations of plasma inflammatory markers in the subacute stage of the infection. Still, pulmonary function was normal. Clinical symptoms were independent of inflammatory and pulmonary function markers, but positively associated with age and female sex.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-3224
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837288
    DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837288.s001
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606827-8
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  • 5
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    DataSheet_1.pdf
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Immunology Vol. 12 ( 2021-12-20)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 12 ( 2021-12-20)
    Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis (IM) that can lead to chronic fatigue syndrome. The CEBA-project (Chronic fatigue following acute EBV infection in Adolescents) has followed 200 patients with IM and here we present an immunological profiling of adolescents with IM related to clinical characteristics. Methods Patients were sampled within 6 weeks of debut of symptoms and after 6 months. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured and stimulated in vitro (n=68), and supernatants analyzed for cytokine release. Plasma was analyzed for inflammatory markers (n=200). The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire diagnosed patients with and without chronic fatigue at 6 months (CF+ and CF- group, respectively) (n=32 and n=91, in vitro and plasma cohorts, respectively. Results Broad activation of PBMC at baseline, with high levels of RANTES (Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) in the CF+ group, and broad inflammatory response in plasma with high levels of T-cell markers was obeserved. At 6 months, there was an increased β-agonist response and RANTES was still elevated in cultures from the CF+ group. Plasma showed decrease of inflammatory markers except for CRP which was consistently elevated in the CF+ group. Conclusion Patients developing chronic fatigue after IM have signs of T-cell activation and low-grade chronic inflammation at baseline and after 6 months. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ , identifier NCT02335437.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-3224
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715102
    DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715102.s001
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2606827-8
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