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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Vol. 14 ( 2022-8-16)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 14 ( 2022-8-16)
    Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes and has been historically regarded as a microangiopathic disease. Now, the paradigm is shifting toward a more comprehensive view of diabetic retinal disease (DRD) as a tissue-specific neurovascular complication, in which persistently high glycemia causes not only microvascular damage and ischemia but also intraretinal inflammation and neuronal degeneration. Despite the increasing knowledge on the pathogenic pathways involved in DR, currently approved treatments are focused only on its late-stage vasculopathic complications, and a single molecular target, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been extensively studied, leading to drug development and approval. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of research on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in diabetes, with a focus on pathophysiological studies on human subjects, in vivo imaging biomarkers, and clinical trials on novel therapeutic options.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1663-4365
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.937999
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2558898-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters Correlated to the Growth of Macular Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Physics Vol. 10 ( 2022-5-27)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Physics, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 10 ( 2022-5-27)
    Abstract: Background: To investigate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) quantitative parameters associated with macular neovascularization (MNV) size modifications in age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Study design was prospective, with 1-year of follow-up. All the included MNV eyes were treated by anti-VEGF intravitreal injections. Quantitative OCTA parameters, including MNV vessel tortuosity (VT) and MNV reflectivity, were calculated. Post-hoc analyses assessed the correlation between quantitative OCTA metrics and MNV size modifications. Results: A total of 28 MNV eyes of 28 patients were included. Baseline LogMAR BCVA was 0.36 ± 0.21 LogMAR, improved to 0.28 ± 0.22 Log-MAR after 1-year ( p & lt; 0.01), with a mean number of 8 ± 3 anti-VEGF injections. Eyes characterized by high MNV VT values group showed worse outcome and higher increases of MNV size. A mean MNV reflectivity value of 101 was associated with a high probability of changes in MNV size. MNV growth was also influenced by the type of MNV, with type 2 and mixed type lesions showing increases in MNV size, unlike type 1 MNV. These factors showed a cumulative effect in determining MNV size modifications. In most of the cases, we observed MNV size increases. Conversely, MNV lesions characterized by low MNV VT values may experience size reductions over the follow-up (34% of cases). The number of intravitreal injections had no significant influence on MNV size changes. Conclusions: Quantitative OCTA allowed to discriminate highly perfused MNV lesions, providing a basis to predict MNV size modifications and the direction of MNV expansion.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-424X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2022.758658
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721033-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cognitive Dysfunctions in Glaucoma: An Overview of Morpho-Functional Mechanisms and the Impact on Higher-Order Visual Function
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Vol. 13 ( 2021-10-6)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 13 ( 2021-10-6)
    Abstract: Background : Glaucoma is a chronic, vision-threatening disease, and a major cause of legal blindness. The current view is no longer limited to the progressive optic nerve injury, since growing evidence strongly support the interpretation of glaucoma as a complex neurodegenerative disease. However, the precise pathogenic mechanisms leading to the onset and progression of central nervous system (CNS) impairment, and the functional consequences of this damage, are still partially understood. The main aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated overview of the current knowledge regarding the CNS involvement in glaucoma, and the possible therapeutic perspectives. Methods : We made a careful survey of the current literature reporting all the relevant findings related to the cognitive dysfunctions occurring in glaucoma, with specific remarks dedicated on the higher-order visual function impairment and the possible employment of neuroprotective agents. Results : The current literature strongly support the interpretation of glaucoma as a multifaceted chronic neurodegenerative disease, widely affecting the CNS. The cognitive impairment may vary in terms of higher-order functions involvement and in the severity of the degeneration. Although several neuroprotective agents are currently available, the development of new molecules represents a major topic of investigation for future clinical trials. Conclusions : Glaucoma earned the right to be fully considered a neurodegenerative disease. Glaucomatous patients may experience a heterogeneous set of visual and cognitive symptoms, progressively deteriorating the quality of life. Neuroprotection is nowadays a necessary therapeutic goal and a future promising way to preserve visual and cognitive functions, thus improving patients’ quality of life.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1663-4365
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.747050
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2558898-9
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High Reflectivity and Low Reflectivity Properties on OCTA Influence the Detection of Macular Neovascularization in AMD
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Physics Vol. 9 ( 2021-6-17)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Physics, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 9 ( 2021-6-17)
    Abstract: Background: In this study, we aimed to discriminate high reflectivity and low reflectivity macular neovascularization (MNV) lesions secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)and to assess the influence of blood flow features on the amount of MNV detected by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: The study was designed as observational, cross-sectional. Type 1 and type 2 MNV lesions were included. All the patients underwent fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and OCTA. MNV size was calculated on early FA for type 2 MNV and on both early and late phases of ICGA for type 1 lesions. From OCTA, we calculated both MNV size and MNV reflectivity. We assessed the agreement between FA/ICGA and OCTA MNV sizes. Moreover, we studied the relationship between MNV reflectivity properties and MNV OCTA detection. Results: Fifty eyes (50 patients) were included. MNV was identified as follows: 35 /70%) type 1 and 15 (30%) type 2. We found a good agreement between early ICGA size and OCTA size for type 1 MNV (2.10 ± 1.91 mm 2 vs 2.09 ± 1.87 mm 2 ; p & gt; 0.05), whereas MNV lesions turned out to be remarkably bigger on late ICGA phase (3.41 ± 2.87 mm 2 ; p & lt; 0.01). Interestingly, OCTA well-matched with FA in terms of MNV size for type 2 lesions (2.36 ± 2.15 mm 2 vs 2.37 ± 2.25 mm 2 ). MNV reflectivity was higher in type 2 MNV and it was strongly associated with the OCTA ability to reconstruct the neovascular network. Conclusion: Our study quantitatively showed that MNV filling pattern and MNV blood flow reflectivity features influence the OCTA detection of the MNV in its entirety.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-424X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.694035
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2721033-9
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Advanced Ultrasound Imaging in Glioma Surgery: Beyond Gray-Scale B-mode
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2018
    In:  Frontiers in Oncology Vol. 8 ( 2018-12-3)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Oncology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2018-12-3)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2234-943X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00576
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2649216-7
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Gene Therapy in Inherited Retinal Diseases: An Update on Current State of the Art
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Medicine Vol. 8 ( 2021-10-15)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Medicine, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 8 ( 2021-10-15)
    Abstract: Background: Gene therapy cannot be yet considered a far perspective, but a tangible therapeutic option in the field of retinal diseases. Although still confined in experimental settings, the preliminary results are promising and provide an overall scenario suggesting that we are not so far from the application of gene therapy in clinical settings. The main aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated overview of the current state of the art and of the future perspectives of gene therapy applied on retinal diseases. Methods: We carefully revised the entire literature to report all the relevant findings related to the experimental procedures and the future scenarios of gene therapy applied in retinal diseases. A clinical background and a detailed description of the genetic features of each retinal disease included are also reported. Results: The current literature strongly support the hope of gene therapy options developed for retinal diseases. Although being considered in advanced stages of investigation for some retinal diseases, such as choroideremia (CHM), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), gene therapy is still quite far from a tangible application in clinical practice for other retinal diseases. Conclusions: Gene therapy is an extremely promising therapeutic tool for retinal diseases. The experimental data reported in this review offer a strong hope that gene therapy will be effectively available in clinical practice in the next years.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-858X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.750586
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2775999-4
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