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  • 1
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    Early stimulation of the immune system of an important aquaculture fish species: Probiotic application in European sea bass juveniles (2013)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34 (6). p. 1707.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The high mortality during fish early life stages is a major bottleneck in aquaculture. Therefore, the establishment of methods to prevent and control diseases, to ensure efficient growth and to reach maximal survival rates is mandatory to optimize the productivity. A promising solution can be the early activation of the immune system by administration of probiotics as nutritional supplements. In our study we assess the effect of the probiotic candidate Bacillus subtilis on the innate and adaptive immune response of juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Therefore, Artemia nauplii were used as live carriers to feed B. subtilis to 3-month-old sea bass over a period of 2 weeks. Subsequently, the juveniles were fed another week without administering B. subtilis in order to estimate the bacterial mucus-binding ability. During the course of the experiment, we evaluated direct effects on the cellular immune response by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and on survival. As a next step we will determine profiles of immune gene expression. To estimate cellular stress, the expression level of metabolism- and stress-related genes will be measured. Furthermore, the RNA/DNA ratio as an indicator of growth will be analysed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.214
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Linking fish diseases and animal welfare in aquaculture – A study of the turbot herpesvirus (2013)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34 (6). pp. 1724-1725.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-24
    Description: Infectious diseases of fish are of major concern of the aquaculture industry, impacting upon economic growth, sustainability and financial viability. In Germany there has been a paucity of research in this area, and while German marine aquaculture is still in its infancy, the problems which this sector faces nationally in dealing with e.g. disease outbreaks, are similar to those encountered worldwide. The Geomar Helmholtz Institute for Ocean Research in Kiel, Germany, is ideally located to conduct studies of marine fish within the environment of the North and Baltic Sea. Our newly founded Aquaculture and Fish Disease group comprises experts in immunology, physiology, ecology and diseases of fish, as well as larval biology and evolutionary ecology. Our research focuses on species that are important for German and European marine Aquaculture, including sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The overall aim of our research is to maximize the productivity and sustainability of aquaculture through research-led improvements in disease characterization, prevention and diagnostics and animal welfare. By understanding the factors that contribute to disease outbreaks, such as variations in water temperature and quality, and the genetic background and stresses faced by farmed fish, we hope to devise new methods of predicting when infections will occur, and minimize their impact. Of particular interest is the way in which stress can affect the immune response of fish in aquaculture at each stage of their life history. Characterization of changes which occur in immune parameters following infection would facilitate identification of infections in aquaculture at an early stage, such that appropriate treatment can be begun before mortalities occur. We also plan to evaluate the potential efficacy of novel tools including siDNA and immunostimulation in disease treatment and prevention. In this context we are especially interested in the herpesvirus of turbot (Herpesvirus scophthalmi) and aim to characterize its influence on both its host and aquaculture as a whole. We will report some of our recent advances in this field.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.271
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Salinity change impairs pipefish immune defence (2012)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 33 (6). pp. 1238-1248.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Global change is associated with fast and severe alterations of environmental conditions. Superimposed onto existing salinity variations in a semi-enclosed brackish water body such as the Baltic Sea, a decrease in salinity is predicted due to increased precipitation and freshwater inflow. Moreover, we predict that heavy precipitation events will accentuate salinity fluctuations near shore. Here, we investigated how the immune function of the broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle), an ecologically important teleost with sex-role reversal, is influenced by experimentally altered salinities (control: 18 PSU, lowered: 6 PSU, increased: 30 PSU) upon infection with bacteria of the genus Vibrio. Salinity changes resulted in increased activity and proliferation of immune cells. However, upon Vibrio infection, individuals at low salinity were unable to mount specific immune response components, both in terms of monocyte and lymphocyte cell proliferation and immune gene expression compared to pipefish kept at ambient salinities. We interpret this as resource allocation trade-off, implying that resources needed for osmoregulation under salinity stress are lacking for subsequent activation of the immune defence upon infection. Our data suggest that composition of small coastal fish communities may change due to elevated environmental stress levels and the incorporated consequences thereof. Highlights: ► We investigated immune function in a coastal fish under a global change scenario. ► Effects of salinity variation on immune cells and immune gene expression were studied. ► Individuals in low salinity delayed the activation the specific immune response. ► Salinity change can result in more time for bacterial replication and a more virulent infection. ► Possibly, resources for osmoregulation under salinity stress are lacking for immune responses.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.028
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Biparental immune priming in the pipefish Syngnathus typhle (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  Zoology, 119 (5). pp. 262-272.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Highlights: • In a sex-role reversed pipefish, fathers have a major impact on offspring immunity. • Maternal effects are effective early in life but cease upon maturation. • Fathers provide long-term protection that comes with immunological specificity. • Long-term protection could be based on parental epigenetic traces. • Biparental immunological transfer comes with additive costs but lacks additive advantages. Abstract: The transfer of immunity from parents to offspring (trans-generational immune priming (TGIP)) boosts offspring immune defence and parasite resistance. TGIP is usually a maternal trait. However, if fathers have a physical connection to their offspring, and if offspring are born in the paternal parasitic environment, evolution of paternal TGIP can become adaptive. In Syngnathus typhle, a sex-role reversed pipefish with male pregnancy, both parents invest into offspring immune defence. To connect TGIP with parental investment, we need to know how parents share the task of TGIP, whether TGIP is asymmetrically distributed between the parents, and how the maternal and paternal effects interact in case of biparental TGIP. We experimentally investigated the strength and differences but also the costs of maternal and paternal contribution, and their interactive biparental influence on offspring immune defence throughout offspring maturation. To disentangle maternal and paternal influences, two different bacteria were used in a fully reciprocal design for parental and offspring exposure. In offspring, we measured gene expression of 29 immune genes, 15 genes associated with epigenetic regulation, immune cell activity and life-history traits. We identified asymmetric maternal and paternal immune priming with a dominating, long-lasting paternal effect. We could not detect an additive adaptive biparental TGIP impact. However, biparental TGIP harbours additive costs as shown in delayed sexual maturity. Epigenetic regulation may play a role both in maternal and paternal TGIP.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.06.002
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Evolution of male pregnancy associated with remodeling of canonical vertebrate immunity in seahorses and pipefishes (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: A fundamental problem for the evolution of pregnancy, the most specialized form of parental investment among vertebrates, is the rejection of the nonself-embryo. Mammals achieve immunological tolerance by down-regulating both major histocompatibility complex pathways (MHC I and II). Although pregnancy has evolved multiple times independently among vertebrates, knowledge of associated immune system adjustments is restricted to mammals. All of them (except monotremata) display full internal pregnancy, making evolutionary reconstructions within the class mammalia meaningless. Here, we study the seahorse and pipefish family (syngnathids) that have evolved male pregnancy across a gradient from external oviparity to internal gestation. We assess how immunological tolerance is achieved by reconstruction of the immune gene repertoire in a comprehensive sample of 12 seahorse and pipefish genomes along the “male pregnancy” gradient together with expression patterns of key immune and pregnancy genes in reproductive tissues. We found that the evolution of pregnancy coincided with a modification of the adaptive immune system. Divergent genomic rearrangements of the MHC II pathway among fully pregnant species were identified in both genera of the syngnathids: The pipefishes (Syngnathus) displayed loss of several genes of the MHC II pathway while seahorses (Hippocampus) featured a highly divergent invariant chain (CD74). Our findings suggest that a trade-off between immunological tolerance and embryo rejection accompanied the evolution of unique male pregnancy. That pipefishes survive in an ocean of microbes without one arm of the adaptive immune defense suggests a high degree of immunological flexibility among vertebrates, which may advance our understanding of immune-deficiency diseases.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Inflammation and convergent placenta gene co-option contributed to a novel reproductive tissue (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Highlights: • Pelvic brooding induces tissue-specific changes in gene expression • Inflammatory signaling characterizes transcriptome of the egg-anchoring plug • Similar to embryo implantation, the plug likely evolved from an inflammatory response • Mammalian placenta genes were independently co-opted into the plug Summary: The evolution of pregnancy exposes parental tissues to new, potentially stressful conditions, which can trigger inflammation.1 Inflammation is costly2,3 and can induce embryo rejection, which constrains the evolution of pregnancy.1 In contrast, inflammation can also promote morphological innovation at the maternal-embryonic interface as exemplified by co-option of pro-inflammatory signaling for eutherian embryo implantation.1,4,5 Given its dual function, inflammation could be a key process explaining how innovations such as pregnancy and placentation evolved many times convergently. Pelvic brooding ricefishes evolved a novel “plug” tissue,6,7 which forms inside the female gonoduct after spawning, anchors egg-attaching filaments, and enables pelvic brooders to carry eggs externally until hatching.6,8 Compared to pregnancy, i.e., internal bearing of embryos, external bearing should alleviate constraints on inflammation in the reproductive tract. We thus hypothesized that an ancestral inflammation triggered by the retention of attaching filaments gave rise to pathways orchestrating plug formation. In line with our hypothesis, histological sections of the developing plug revealed signs of gonoduct injuries by egg-attaching filaments in the pelvic brooding ricefish Oryzias eversi. Tissue-specific transcriptomes showed that inflammatory signaling dominates the plug transcriptome and inflammation-induced genes controlling vital processes for plug development such as tissue growth and angiogenesis were overexpressed in the plug. Finally, mammalian placenta genes were enriched in the plug transcriptome, indicating convergent gene co-option for building, attaching, and sustaining a transient tissue in the female reproductive tract. This study highlights the role of gene co-option and suggests that recruiting inflammatory signaling into physiological processes provides a fast-track to evolutionary innovation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Comparative assessment of immunological tolerance in fish with natural immunodeficiency (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Highlights: • Allorecognition assessment of fish with (N. ophidion) and without (S. typhle) MHCII. • Using fin-transplantations of self and non-self tissue with transcriptomics. • Upregulated gene expression of cytotoxic T-cell/MHCI activity in S. typhle. • Indications of cytotoxic/MHCI gene upregulation in S. typhle allografts. • MHCI downregulation in N. ophidion autografts, suggests immunological tolerance. Abstract: Natural occurrences of immunodeficiency by definition should lead to compromised immune function. The major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) are key components of the vertebrate adaptive immune system, charged with mediating allorecognition and antigen presentation functions. To this end, the genomic loss of the MHC II pathway in Syngnathus pipefishes raises questions regarding their immunological vigilance and allorecognition capabilities. Utilising allograft and autograft fin-transplants, we compared the allorecognition immune responses of two pipefish species, with (Nerophis ophidion) and without (Syngnathus typhle) a functional MHC II. Transcriptome-wide assessments explored the immunological tolerance and potential compensatory measures occupying the role of the absent MHC II. Visual observations suggested a more acute rejection response in N. ophidion allografts compared with S. typhle allografts. Differentially expressed genes involved in innate immunity, angiogenesis and tissue recovery were identified among transplantees. The intriguing upregulation of the cytotoxic T-cell implicated gzma in S. typhle allografts, suggests a prominent MHC I related response, which may compensate for the MHC II and CD4 loss. MHC I related downregulation in N. ophidion autografts hints at an immunological tolerance related reaction. These findings may indicate alternative measures evolved to cope with the MHC II genomic loss enabling the maintenance of appropriate tolerance levels. This study provides intriguing insights into the immune and tissue recovery mechanisms associated with syngnathid transplantation, and can be a useful reference for future studies focusing on transplantation transcriptomics in non-model systems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    The effects of primary and secondary bacterial exposure on the seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) immune response (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Highlights: • Transcriptomic immune response assessments in seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). • Seahorses exposed in two phases to heat-killed Vibrio and Tenacibaculum strains. • Adaptive immune memory evidence (double-exposed) and increased naivety to Tenacibaculum. • Upregulated gene expression pertaining to potential innate ‘trained immunity’. • Trained immunity potential compensator for deduced MHC II loss of function. Evolutionary adaptations in the Syngnathidae teleost family (seahorses, pipefish and seadragons) culminated in an array of spectacular morphologies, key immune gene losses, and the enigmatic male pregnancy. In seahorses, genome modifications associated with immunoglobulins, complement, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) pathway components raise questions concerning their immunological efficiency and the evolution of compensatory measures that may act in their place. In this investigation heat-killed bacteria (Vibrio aestuarianus and Tenacibaculum maritimum) were used in a two-phased experiment to assess the immune response dynamics of Hippocampus erectus. Gill transcriptomes from double and single-exposed individuals were analysed in order to determine the differentially expressed genes contributing to immune system responses towards immune priming. Double-exposed individuals exhibited a greater adaptive immune response when compared with single-exposed individuals, while single-exposed individuals, particularly with V. aestuarianus replicates, associated more with the innate branch of the immune system. T. maritimum double-exposed replicates exhibited the strongest immune reaction, likely due to their immunological naivety towards the bacterium, while there are also potential signs of innate trained immunity. MHC II upregulated expression was identified in selected V. aestuarianus-exposed seahorses, in the absence of other pathway constituents suggesting a possible alternative or non-classical MHC II immune function in seahorses. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted prominent angiogenesis activity following secondary exposure, which could be linked to an adaptive immune process in seahorses. This investigation highlights the prominent role of T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses in seahorses when exposed to sequential foreign bacteria exposures. If classical MHC II pathway function has been lost, innate trained immunity in syngnathids could be a potential compensatory mechanism.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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