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  • 1
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    Water mass analysis of the 2013 US GEOTRACES eastern Pacific zonal transect (GP16) (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 201 . pp. 6-19.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: The 2013 US GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16) extended from the Peruvian coast to Tahiti, along a line that fell between 10 and 15°S. This transect sampled the Peruvian oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) and the hydrothermal plume extending from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) for a variety of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). Here we report nutrient and hydrographic measurements collected on this cruise, as well as results from an Optimum Multiparameter Analysis (OMPA) to quantify the fractional contributions of endmember water masses in each sample. The primary goals of this study were to better understand the distribution of water masses in the eastern tropical Pacific, and to help interpret TEI measurements collected on this cruise, as well as related studies carried out in the region. In the thermocline, Equatorial Subsurface Water (ESSW) dominated the low oxygen waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific, blending into Eastern South Pacific Intermediate Water (ESPIW) and South Pacific Central Water (SPCW) further west. Below the thermocline, distributions of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Equatorial Pacific Intermediate Water (EqPIW) were relatively homogenous along the section between 800 and 1200 m depth. Deeper in the water column, distinct water mass signatures were found on opposite sides of the EPR: southward flowing Pacific Deep Water (PDW) dominated the basin east of the EPR, while the northward flowing Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) had the strongest contributions on the western side of the EPR. These findings support previous studies that indicate the Peruvian ODZ is largely contained within ESSW and that the EPR plays an important role in steering water mass distributions in the deep waters of the tropical Pacific. Overall, these results agree well with previous water mass analyses in this region and are consistent with the general circulation patterns in the eastern tropical Pacific.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2017.09.007
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing (2010)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 57 (8). pp. 931-945.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
    Description: The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8 18'S 13 degrees 30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K(rho) were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K(rho) around 10(-3) m(2) s(-1). The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of K(rho) = 4 x 10(-2) m(2) s(-1). The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Sedimentary vanadium isotope signatures in low oxygen marine conditions (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: It has been hypothesized that vanadium (V) isotopes have the potential to track sedimentary redox conditions due to multiple valence states occurring in nature, which might induce variable V isotope fractionation as a function of sedimentary redox state. These characteristica could make V isotopes a useful paleo-redox proxy. However, in order to understand the mechanisms driving V isotope fractionation, it is crucial to build a framework for the depositional and post-depositional controls on sedimentary V isotope records from a diverse set of sedimentary environments. This study, for the first time, investigates the V isotope variations of modern marine sediments deposited under a range of redox environments. Our results document that changes in local redox conditions impart a significant isotopic fractionation from seawater as recorded in the local sedimentary V isotopic signature. Importantly, there is a significant difference between the V isotope composition of sediments deposited in the open ocean setting with oxygen-deficient bottom waters compared to less reducing environments, whereby oxic sediments (benthic oxygen contents 〉 10 μΜ) exhibit Δoxic = −1.1 ± 0.3‰ and anoxic sediments exhibit Δanoxic = −0.7 ± 0.2‰. Combined with previous studies on seawater particulate and sediment pore fluid analysis, our results indicate that V is mainly delivered and enriched in anoxic sediments through settling particulates. Authigenic V isotope compositions in marine sediments are likely controlled by isotope fractionation between V species bound to particulates and dissolved in seawater, which likely varies with the speciation and adsorption properties of V that are strongly controlled by local redox conditions. In addition, the euxinic Cariaco Basin sediments exhibit distinctive Δeuxinic = −0.4 ± 0.2‰, which is likely influenced by the relationship between the seawater V removal rate and the seawater renewal rate. Our results highlight the direct link between authigenic marine sedimentary V isotope compositions and the overlying local redox conditions. This investigation of V isotopes in modern marine environments provides an initial framework for the utilization of V isotopes to reconstruct ancient redox fluctuations, which has the potential to track subtle redox variations of local oxygen-deficient to low oxygen environments.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
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    In situ observation of sponge trails suggests common sponge locomotion in the deep central Arctic (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: In 2016, the research ice-breaker Polarstern surveyed the submerged peaks of the permanently ice-covered Langseth Ridge, a tectonic feature comprising the Karasik seamount and two deeper seamount peaks, abutting the Gakkel ultra-slow spreading ridge (87°N 62°E to 85.5°N 57.4°E)1. A towed marine camera sled and a hybrid remotely operated vehicle revealed these peaks to be covered by a dense demosponge community, at first glance reminiscent of North Atlantic Geodia grounds (sensu2). Sponges were observed on top of a thick layer of spicule mat (Figure 1 and Video S1), intermixed with underlying layers of empty siboglinid tubes and bivalve shells, a substrate covering almost the entire seafloor. We observed trails of densely interwoven spicules connected directly to the underside or lower flanks of sponge individuals (Figure 1), suggesting these trails are traces of motile sponges. This is the first time abundant sponge trails have been observed in situ and attributed to sponge mobility. Given the low primary production in this permanently ice-covered region, these trails may relate to feeding behavior and/or a strategy for dispersal of juveniles. Such trails may remain visible for long periods given the regionally low sedimentation rates.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Geochemistry of fluids from Earth’s deepest ridge-crest hot-springs : Piccard hydrothermal field, Mid-Cayman Rise (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 228 (2018): 95-118, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.021.
    Description: Hosted in basaltic substrate on the ultra-slow spreading Mid-Cayman Rise, the Piccard hydrothermal field is the deepest currently known seafloor hot-spring (4957–4987 m). Due to its great depth, the Piccard site is an excellent natural system for investigating the influence of extreme pressure on the formation of submarine vent fluids. To investigate the role of rock composition and deep circulation conditions on fluid chemistry, the abundance and isotopic composition of organic, inorganic, and dissolved volatile species in high temperature vent fluids at Piccard were examined in samples collected in 2012 and 2013. Fluids from the Beebe Vents and Beebe Woods black smokers vent at a maximum temperature of 398 °C at the seafloor, however several lines of evidence derived from inorganic chemistry (Cl, SiO2, Ca, Br, Fe, Cu, Mn) support fluid formation at much higher temperatures in the subsurface. These high temperatures, potentially in excess of 500 °C, are attainable due to the great depth of the system. Our data indicate that a single deep-rooted source fluid feeds high temperature vents across the entire Piccard field. High temperature Piccard fluid H2 abundances (19.9 mM) are even higher than those observed in many ultramafic-influenced systems, such as the Rainbow (16 mM) and the Von Damm hydrothermal fields (18.2 mM). In the case of Piccard, however, these extremely high H2 abundances can be generated from fluid-basalt reaction occurring at very high temperatures. Magmatic and thermogenic sources of carbon in the high temperature black smoker vents are described. Dissolved ΣCO2 is likely of magmatic origin, CH4 may originate from a combination of thermogenic sources and leaching of abiotic CH4 from mineral-hosted fluid inclusions, and CO abundances are at equilibrium with the water–gas shift reaction. Longer-chained n-alkanes (C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, i-C4H10) may derive from thermal alteration of dissolved and particulate organic carbon sourced from the original seawater source, entrainment of microbial ecosystems peripheral to high temperature venting, and/or abiotic mantle sources. Dissolved ΣHCOOH in the Beebe Woods fluid is consistent with thermodynamic equilibrium for abiotic production via ΣCO2 reduction with H2 at 354 °C measured temperature. A lack of ΣHCOOH in the relatively higher temperature 398 °C Beebe Vent fluids demonstrates the temperature sensitivity of this equilibrium. Abundant basaltic seafloor outcrops and the axial location of the vent field, along with multiple lines of geochemical evidence, support extremely high temperature fluid-rock reaction with mafic substrate as the dominant control on Piccard fluid chemistry. These results expand the known diversity of vent fluid composition, with implications for supporting microbiological life in both the modern and ancient ocean.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets program [award number NNX09AB75G to CRG and JSS]; and the National Science Foundation [award number OCE-1061863 to CRG and JSS].
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Composition of hydrothermal fluids and mineralogy of associated chimney material on the East Scotia Ridge back-arc spreading centre (2014)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 139 (2014): 47-71, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.024.
    Description: The East Scotia Ridge is an active back-arc spreading centre located to the west of the South Sandwich island arc in the Southern Ocean. Initial exploration of the ridge by deep-tow surveys provided the first evidence for hydrothermal activity in a back-arc setting outside of the western Pacific, and we returned in 2010 with a remotely operated vehicle to precisely locate and sample hydrothermal sites along ridge segments E2 and E9. Here we report the chemical and isotopic composition of high- and low-temperature vent fluids, and the mineralogy of associated high-temperature chimney material, for two sites at E2 (Dog’s Head and Sepia), and four sites at E9 (Black & White, Ivory Tower, Pagoda and Launch Pad). The chemistry of the fluids is highly variable between the ridge segments. Fluid temperatures were ∼350 °C at all vent sites except Black & White, which was significantly hotter (383 °C). End-member chloride concentrations in E2 fluids (532–536 mM) were close to background seawater (540 mM), whereas Cl in E9 fluids was much lower (98–220 mM) indicating that these fluids are affected by phase separation. Concentrations of the alkali elements (Na, Li, K and Cs) and the alkaline earth elements (Ca, Sr and Ba) co-vary with Cl, due to charge balance constraints. Similarly, concentrations of Mn and Zn are highest in the high Cl fluids but, by contrast, Fe/Cl ratios are higher in E9 fluids (3.8–8.1 × 10−3) than they are in E2 fluids (1.5–2.4 × 10−3) and fluids with lowest Cl have highest Cu. Although both ridge segments are magmatically inflated, there is no compelling evidence for input of magmatic gases to the vent fluids. Fluid δD values range from 0.2‰ to 1.5‰, pH values (3.02–3.42) are not especially low, and F concentrations (34.6–54.4 μM) are lower than bottom seawater (62.8 μM). The uppermost sections of conjugate chimney material from E2, and from Ivory Tower and Pagoda at E9, typically exhibit inner zones of massive chalcopyrite enclosed within an outer zone of disseminated sulphide, principally sphalerite and pyrite, in an anhydrite matrix. By contrast, the innermost part of the chimneys that currently vent fluids with lowest Cl (Black & White and Launch Pad), is dominated by anhydrite. By defining and assessing the controls on the chemical composition of these vent fluids, and associated mineralisation, this study provides new information for evaluating the significance of hydrothermal processes at back-arc basins for ocean chemistry and the formation of seafloor mineral deposits.
    Description: This work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council consortium grant NE/D01249X/1. C.R.G. acknowledges further support from the National Science Foundation’s Office of Polar Programs grant ANT-0739675. N.R.B. acknowledges funding from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation, and the Academic Development Fund at Western University.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Making use of relicts: brisingid seastars aggregate on hydrothermally inactive sulfide chimneys near black smokers (2022)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Woods, D., Cheadle, M., John, B., German, C., & Van Dover, C. Making use of relicts: brisingid seastars aggregate on hydrothermally inactive sulfide chimneys near black smokers. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, (2022): 774628, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.774628.
    Description: When hydrothermal activity ceases at black-smoker chimneys on mid-ocean ridges, populations of associated invertebrates hosting chemoautotrophic endosymbionts decline and then disappear, but the chimneys can persist on the seabed as relicts. Suspension-feeding brisingid seastars colonize hydrothermally inactive (relict) chimneys on the East Pacific Rise (EPR), though their distribution relative to available hard substrata and proximity to hydrothermal activity is poorly documented. In this study, brisingid abundance on sulfide and basalt substrata was assessed along an ∼3,700 m ROV Jason II transect at the summit of Pito Seamount (SE Pacific; ∼2,275 m). Brisingids were non-randomly distributed, with highest densities (up to ∼300 m–2) on relict sulfides chimneys near active black smokers. Brisingids were relatively uncommon on basalt substrata, and absent on black smokers. We infer that both relict sulfide structures and proximity to black smokers play key roles in the maintenance of dense brisingid populations on Pito Seamount and in similar environments on the EPR. Our observations suggest that experimental introduction of “artificial” relict chimneys providing microtopographic relief could test whether such an approach might mitigate potential impacts of mineral extraction on populations of suspension-feeding invertebrates.
    Description: his project was partially supported by the Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative through the International Climate Initiative (IKI; grant no. 16_IV_049_Global_A_Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative GOBI). The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) supports IKI on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. DW was supported by Duke University funds to CV. CG’s participation was funded through WHOI’s Deep Ocean Exploration Institute. The AT37-08 cruise was funded by NSF OCE-1459462 (MC and BJ) and OCE-1459387 (J Gee, Scripps Institution of Oceanography).
    Keywords: Brisingid seastar ; East Pacific Rise (EPR) ; Hydrothermal vent ; Pito Seamount ; Nautile Hydrothermal Field ; Deep-sea mining (DSM) ; Black smoker ; Hydrothermally inactive sulfide
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Hydrothermal trace metal release and microbial metabolism in the northeastern Lau Basin of the South Pacific Ocean (2021)
    European Geosciences Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cohen, N. R., Noble, A. E., Moran, D. M., McIlvin, M. R., Goepfert, T. J., Hawco, N. J., German, C. R., Horner, T. J., Lamborg, C. H., McCrow, J. P., Allen, A. E., & Saito, M. A. Hydrothermal trace metal release and microbial metabolism in the northeastern Lau Basin of the South Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences, 18(19), (2021): 5397–5422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5397-2021.
    Description: Bioactive trace metals are critical micronutrients for marine microorganisms due to their role in mediating biological redox reactions, and complex biogeochemical processes control their distributions. Hydrothermal vents may represent an important source of metals to microorganisms, especially those inhabiting low-iron waters, such as in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Previous measurements of primordial 3He indicate a significant hydrothermal source originating in the northeastern (NE) Lau Basin, with the plume advecting into the southwest Pacific Ocean at 1500–2000 m depth (Lupton et al., 2004). Studies investigating the long-range transport of trace metals associated with such dispersing plumes are rare, and the biogeochemical impacts on local microbial physiology have not yet been described. Here we quantified dissolved metals and assessed microbial metaproteomes across a transect spanning the tropical and equatorial Pacific with a focus on the hydrothermally active NE Lau Basin and report elevated iron and manganese concentrations across 441 km of the southwest Pacific. The most intense signal was detected near the Mangatolo Triple Junction (MTJ) and Northeast Lau Spreading Center (NELSC), in close proximity to the previously reported 3He signature. Protein content in distal-plume-influenced seawater, which was high in metals, was overall similar to background locations, though key prokaryotic proteins involved in metal and organic uptake, protein degradation, and chemoautotrophy were abundant compared to deep waters outside of the distal plume. Our results demonstrate that trace metals derived from the NE Lau Basin are transported over appreciable distances into the southwest Pacific Ocean and that bioactive chemical resources released from submarine vent systems are utilized by surrounding deep-sea microbes, influencing both their physiology and their contributions to ocean biogeochemical cycling.
    Description: This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (grant nos. 1031271, 1924554, 1850719, 1736599, and 1851007); the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grant no. 3782); and the Simons Foundation (grant no. 544236).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Hydrothermal plume detection dataset from Chinese cruises to the equatorial East Pacific Rise (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chen, S., Tao, C., & German, C. R. . Hydrothermal plume detection dataset from Chinese cruises to the equatorial East Pacific Rise. Data in Brief, 33, (2020): 106540, doi:10.1016/j.dib.2020.106540.
    Description: In this data article, a dataset from hydrothermal plume investigations on East Pacific Rise collected during Chinese cruises from 2008 to 2011 is reported. The dataset is related to the research article entitled “Abundance of low-temperature axial venting at the equatorial East Pacific Rise” published in the journal Deep-Sea Research I by Chen et al. (2020). In the dataset, continuous strings of time-series sensor data were obtained by Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorders (MAPR) and an Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) sensor, while the underwater position data was derived using Ultra Short Base Line (USBL) navigation. In this contribution, general characteristics of the data are summarized and showed here. All the data are stored in separate Microsoft Excel spreadsheets that are available for researchers and a link is provided to the full data at http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/jckyj5vyjx.1. The data will be of comparative value to those investigating hydrothermal activities along mid-ocean ridges, worldwide.
    Description: We acknowledge the science parties and crew of Dayang YiHao expedition DY17 in 2005, DY20 in 2008, DY21 in 2009 and DY22 in 2011 for data collection. Fieldwork for this study was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC0309901), China Ocean Mineral Resources R & D Association (COMRA) Project (DY135-S1-1-01, 02, 09) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LQ19D060008). SC recognizes financial support from China Scholarship Council which supported her visit to WHOI where the data analysis for this paper occurred (201808330070); CG recognizes financial support from US National Science Foundation grant OCE-1755571 and from WHOI. We are grateful to the contributions made by Guanghai Wu, Yongshun John Chen, Jianyu Ni, Jian Lin, Xin Su, Jianping Zhou and Yuan Wang - both for overseeing the cruises during which the ORP and MAPR sensor data reported here were collected but also for their thoughtful suggestions during those cruises.
    Keywords: Hydrothermal detection ; MAPR ; Turbidity ; ORP ; Low temperature ; East Pacific Rise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Discovery and mapping of the Triton seep site, Redondo Knoll: fluid flow and microbial colonization within an oxygen minimum zone (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wagner, J. K. S., Smart, C., & German, C. R. Discovery and mapping of the Triton seep site, Redondo Knoll: fluid flow and microbial colonization within an oxygen minimum zone. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 108, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00108.
    Description: This paper examines a deep-water (∼900 m) cold-seep discovered in a low oxygen environment ∼30 km off the California coast in 2015 during an E/V Nautilus telepresence-enabled cruise. This Triton site was initially detected from bubble flares identified via shipboard multibeam sonar and was then confirmed visually using the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Hercules. High resolution mapping (to 1 cm resolution) and co-registered imaging has provided us with a comprehensive site overview – both of the geologic setting and the extent of the associated microbial colonization. The Triton site represents an active cold-seep where microorganisms can act as primary producers at the base of a chemosynthesis-driven food chain. But it is also located near the core of a local oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), averaging 〈0.75 μM oxygen, which is significantly below average ocean levels (180–270 μM) and, indeed, extreme even among OMZs as a whole which are defined to occur at all oxygen concentrations 〈22 μM. Extensive microbial mats, extending for 〉100 m across the seafloor, dominate the site, while typical seep-endemic macro-fauna were noticeably absent from our co-registered photographic and high-resolution mapping surveys – especially when compared to all adjacent seep sites within the same California Borderlands region. While such absences of abundant macro-fauna could be attributable to variations in the availability of dissolved oxygen in the overlying water column this need not necessarily be the case. An alternate possibility is that the zonation in microbial activity that is readily observable at the seafloor at Triton reflects, instead, a concentric pattern of radially diminishing fluxes of reductants from the underlying seafloor. This unusual but readily accessible discovery, in close proximity to Los Angeles harbor, provides an intriguing new natural laboratory at which to examine biogeochemical and microbiological interactions associated with the functioning of cold seep ecosystems within an OMZ.
    Description: Ship time was funded by NOAA – Office of Exploration and Research and the Ocean Exploration Trust. This material is based upon work supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (to JW), the Office of Naval Research (to CS), and NASA’s Astrobiology program (to CG).
    Keywords: cold seep ; oxygen minimum zone ; California Borderlands ; microbial mats ; continental margin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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