Description: Since the 1960-s the stable water isotope signal in ice core records has been used as a proxy for palaeotemperatures. However, this direct interpretation of the isotope signal has limitations, as the relationship between the isotope ratio and atmospheric temperature is known to fluctuate both spatially and temporally. One way to circumvent these limitations is the use of diffusion thermometry as pioneered by Johnsen et al (2000). In the firn stage the isotope signal is subject to a smoothing caused by the random movement of water vapour in the pores of the snow. The total amount of diffusion a layer has suffered is measured in terms of the diffusion length. This length is sensitive to changes in firn temperature and the accumulation rate at the site. The diffusion length for Oxygen-18 is higher than that for Deuterium due to a difference in ice-vapour fractionation factors. As these fractionation factors are dependent on the temperature of the firn, the difference in diffusion length can be used to estimate past local temperatures. To apply this differential diffusion method successfully, it is necessary to have high resolution measurements for both Oxygen-18 and Deuterium. We present such measurements for the EDML ice core. In total 400 m of ice was measured with a 5 cm resolution from periods in the mid and early Holocene, the last glacial-interglacial transition and the last glacial period. Application of the differential diffusion method to this dataset shows a decreasing temperature trend during the Holocene and a surface temperature of approximately -55 °C in the interval representing the LGM in the ice (~10 °C colder than present day temperature (not corrected for changes in altitude)). This is, within the error limits, in line with the temperature reconstructed from the stable water isotope proxy itself using the spatial isotope/temperature gradient (EPICA community members, 2006). References: Johnsen, S. et al, 2000. Diffusion of stable isotopes in polar firn and ice: the isotope effect in diffusion. In: Physics of Ice Core Records, Ed: Hondoh, T., p.121-140, Hokkaido Press, Sapporo. EPICA community members, 2006. One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature 444, p.195-198.

Description: Using high resolution chemical impurity and dielectric profiling data annual layers have been counted on the EPICA ice core from Dronning Maud Land (EDML), Antarctica spanning the past 16700 years. The methodology used for counting Greenland ice cores and creating the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) [Rasmussen et al., 2006] has also been implemented for the EDML counting. The estimated maximum counting error for the EDML counting is approx. 5%, but a preliminary volcanic matching with Greenland ice core records suggest differences of 1% or less during the Holocene between the EDML counting and GICC05. A comparison of cosmogenic isotope records from EDML and Greenland also suggests differences of less than 1% between the two annual layer counted chronologies. Reference: Rasmussen, S.O., Andersen, K.K., Svensson, A., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., Andersen, M.L.S., Johnsen, S.J., Larsen, L.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger R., Fischer H., Goto-Azuma K., Hansson M.E., Ruth U, A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination, Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 111, D06102, doi:10.1029/2005JD006079. 2006.