Note: Intro -- Interplay between MetalIons and Nucleic Acids -- Historical Development and Perspectivesof the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 10 -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 10 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ionsin Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in theMetal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Characterization of Metal Ion-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Solution -- Chapter 2: Nucleic Acid-Metal Ion Interactions in the Solid State -- Chapter 3: Metal Ion-Promoted Conformational Changes of Oligonucleotides -- Chapter 4: G-Quadruplexes and Metal Ions -- Chapter 5: Metal Ion-Mediated DNA-Protein Interactions -- Chapter 6: Spectroscopic Investigations of Lanthanide Ion Binding to Nucleic Acids -- Chapter 7: Oxidative DNA Damage Mediated by Transition Metal Ions and Their Complexes -- Chapter 8: Metal Ion-Dependent DNAzymes and Their Applications as Biosensors -- Chapter 9: Enantioselective Catalysis at the DNA Scaffold -- Chapter 10: Alternative DNA Base Pairing through Metal Coordination -- Chapter 11: Metal-Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids with Purine- and Pyrimidine-Derived Nucleosides -- Chapter 12: Metal Complex Derivatives of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA) -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Metal Ions in Life Sciences -- Preface to Volume 11 -- Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 11 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Cadmium in the Context of Its Toxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Coordination Chemistry of Biological Relevance -- 2.1 Cadmium Complexes, Stabilities, and Properties -- 2.2 Cadmium Protein Complexes -- 2.3 Cadmium Interactions with Other Biomolecules -- 3 Cadmium Biochemistry -- 3.1 Tissue Concentrations, Distribution, and Speciation in Humans and Animals -- 3.2 Transport and Trafficking: General Principles and Main Actors in Animal Cells -- 3.2.1 Cadmium Trafficking -- 3.2.2 Transport of Cadmium Salts via Transporters for Other Cations -- 3.2.3 Transport of Complexed Forms of Cd2+ -- 3.2.4 Other Ways to Cross Membranes -- 4 Cadmium Toxicity -- 4.1 Exposure of Humans to Cadmium and Patho-Physiological Consequences -- 4.2 Mechanisms of Molecular Toxicity -- 4.2.1 Interference with Redox Homeostasis -- 4.2.2 Interference with Homeostasis of Essential Metal Ions -- 4.2.3 Interactions with Metalloproteins -- 4.2.4 Interaction with Other Proteins -- 4.2.5 Other Mechanisms -- 4.3 Toxicology with Reference to Specific Organs -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- 5.1 Reference Dose and Recommendations about Cadmium in Water, Soil, and Food -- 5.2 Where Is the Problem? Do We Know What We Need to Know? Problem Solved? -- References -- Chapter 2: Biogeochemistry of Cadmium and Its Release to the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geochemistry of Cadmium -- 2.1 Chemical Properties. , 2.2 Abundance in the Continental Crust -- 3 Mobilization of Cadmium -- 3.1 Natural Sources -- 3.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 4 Cadmium in the Atmosphere -- 4.1 Sources -- 4.2 Deposition and Fate -- 5 Cadmium in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Environment -- 5.1 Behavior in Soils -- 5.2 Speciation and Fate in Lakes and Rivers -- 6 Cadmium in Ocean Waters -- 6.1 Distribution -- 6.2 Speciation -- 6.3 Biogeochemical Cycling -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Speciation of Cadmium in the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Presence in the Environment -- 2.1 Anthropogenic Emissions -- 3 Speciation in the Atmosphere -- 4 Speciation in Natural Waters -- 5 Speciation in Soils and Sediments -- 5.1 The Soil Solution -- 6 Chemical Reactivity towards Different Ligand Classes -- 6.1 Carboxylates, Amines, and Amino Acids -- 6.2 Complexones -- 6.3 Contributions of Other Functional Groups -- 6.4 General Considerations -- 6.4.1 Macrocycle/Chelate Effects and Enthalpic, Entropic Contributions -- 6.4.2 Other Empirical Correlations -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Pre-analytic Phase -- 2.3 Analytical Methods for the Determination of Cadmium -- 2.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry -- 2.3.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 2.3.3 Electrochemical Methods -- 2.3.4 Further Methods -- 2.4 Quality Control -- 2.5 Body Burden after Environmental and Occupational Exposure -- 3 Biomarkers of Effect -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Analytical Methods for beta2-Microglobulin Quantification -- 3.3 Analytical Methods for the Quantification of the Retinol Binding Protein -- 3.4 Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Further Effect Markers -- 3.5 Effect Biomarkers after Exposure to Cadmium -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 5: Imaging and Sensing of Cadmium in Cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Toxicity in Cells -- 3 Detection of Intracellular Cadmium -- 3.1 Overview of Cadmium Detection -- 3.2 Principles of the Development of Fluorescence Probes for Metal Ions -- 3.3 Fluorescence Imaging of Cadmium with Calcium or Zinc Fluorescence Probes -- 4 Cadmium-Selective Fluorescent Probes -- 4.1 Intensity-Based Fluorescent Probes -- 4.1.1 Ultraviolet Excitation -- 4.1.2 UV-Visible Excitation -- 4.2 Ratiometric Detection of Cadmium -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Use of 113Cd NMR to Probe the Native Metal Binding Sites in Metalloproteins: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Considerations and Basic Principles -- 3 113Cd NMR Chemical Shifts from 113Cd-Substituted Metalloproteins -- 4 Specific Highlights of Studies on Alkaline Phosphatase, Calcium Binding Proteins, and Metallothioneins -- 4.1 113Cd NMR and Alkaline Phosphatase -- 4.2 113Cd NMR and Calcium Binding Proteins -- 4.2.1 Calbindin D9k, a Study of Mutants -- 4.2.2 Calmodulin, Target Peptide Binding -- 4.3 113Cd NMR and Metallothionein -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Solid State Structures of Cadmium Complexes with Relevance for Biological Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cadmium Complexes with Nucleobases and Related Ligands -- 2.1 Adenine -- 2.2 N-Substituted Purines with Non-coordinating Pendant Arms -- 2.3 N-Substituted Purines with Potential Chelating Pendant Arms -- 2.4 6-Mercaptopurine -- 2.5 Oxopurines -- 2.6 Pyrimidines -- 3 Cadmium(II) Complexes with α-Amino Acids -- 3.1 Complexes of α-Amino Acids as the Sole Ligand -- 3.2 α-Amino Acid Complexes with Water as Co-ligand -- 3.3 α-Amino Acid Complexes with a Halogen as Co-ligand -- 3.4 Complexes with α-Amino Acids and Other Co-ligands -- 4 Complexes of Cadmium with Vitamins and Derivatives. , 4.1 Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -- 4.2 Nicotinic Acid (Vitamin B3) -- 4.3 Vitamin B6 -- 5 Other Cadmium Complexes -- 5.1 Cadmium-Thiolate Complexes -- 5.1.1 Monothiolate Ligands -- 5.1.1.1 Mononuclear and Dinuclear Complexes -- 5.1.1.2 Complexes with Higher Nuclearities -- 5.1.2 Dithiolate Ligands of the BAL Type -- 5.2 Dithiocarbamate Cadmium Complexes -- 5.3 Polycarboxylate Ligands of the EDTA Type -- 6 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Complex Formation of Cadmium with Sugar Residues, Nucleobases, Phosphates, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Comparisons of the Properties of Cadmium(II) with Those of Zinc(II), Calcium(II), Magnesium(II), and Other Related Metal Ions -- 3 Cadmium(II)-Sugar Interactions -- 3.1 Hydroxyl Coordination in Carboxyhydrates Is Rare -- 3.2 The Metal Ion Affinity of Ribose-Hydroxyl Groups Is Small -- 3.3 A Favorable Steric Setting and a Reduced Solvent Polarity May Promote Metal Ion-Hydroxyl (or -Carbonyl) Group Binding -- 4 Interactions of Cadmium(II) with Nucleobase Residues -- 4.1 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Purine Derivatives -- 4.2 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Pyrimidine Derivatives -- 4.3 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Some Less Common Nucleobase Residues -- 4.3.1 Tubercidin -- 4.3.2 Orotidine -- 4.3.3 Xanthosine -- 4.3.4 Thiouridines -- 4.3.5 2-Thiocytidine -- 5 Complexes of Cadmium(II) with Phosphates -- 6 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Nucleotides -- 6.1 Some General Considerations -- 6.2 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphates -- 6.2.1 Equilibrium Constants to Be Considered -- 6.2.2 Properties of Pyrimidine-Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphate Complexes -- 6.2.3 Properties of Purine-Nucleoside 5´-Monophosphate Complexes -- 6.3 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-Di- and -Triphosphates -- 6.4 Complexes of Less Common Nucleotides -- 6.4.1 Tubercidin 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.2 Nucleoside 2´- and 3´-Monophosphates. , 6.4.3 Orotidinate 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.4 Xanthosinate 5´-Monophosphate -- 6.4.5 Thiouracil Nucleotides -- 6.4.6 Flavin Mononucleotide -- 7 Cadmium(II) Complexes of Nucleotide Analogues -- 7.1 Properties of 1,N6-Ethenoadenosine and of Its Phosphates -- 7.2 Complexes of Nucleoside 5´-O-Thiomonophosphates -- 7.3 Complexes of Acyclic Nucleotide Analogues -- 7.4 Cadmium(II) Binding to Nucleotides Containing a Platinum(II)-Coordinated Nucleobase Residue -- 8 A Short Appraisal of Mixed Ligand Complexes Containing a Nucleotide -- 8.1 Definitions and General Comments -- 8.2 Ternary Cadmium(II) Complexes Containing ATP4- and a Buffer Molecule -- 8.3 Mixed Ligand Complexes Containing a Nucleotide and a Further Monodentate or Bidentate Ligand. Release of Purine-N7 and For Stacks -- 9 Cadmium(II) Binding in Dinucleotides and Dinucleoside Monophosphates -- 9.1 The Phosphodiester Link -- 9.2 The Guanine Residue in a Dinucleotide -- 9.3 The Non-bridging Sulfur of the Thiophosphodiester Link -- 9.4 Dinucleoside Monophosphates -- 10 Cadmium(II) Binding to Nucleic Acids -- 10.1 Cadmium(II)-Rescue Experiments -- 10.2 Crystal Structures of RNA or DNA-Protein Complexes Containing Cd(II) -- 10.3 Cadmium(II) as Probe in EPR and NMR Spectroscopy -- 11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Cadmium(II) Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Complexes of Amino Acids and Derivatives -- 2.1 General Characteristics of Cadmium(II) Complexes of Amino Acids -- 2.2 Complexes of Amino Acids with Non-coordinating Side Chains -- 2.3 Complexes of Amino Acids with Coordinating Side Chains -- 2.3.1 Complexes of Amino Acids with O-Donor Side Chains -- 2.3.2 Complexes of Amino Acids with N-Donor Side Chains -- 2.3.3 Complexes of Amino Acids Containing Sulfur Donor Atoms -- 2.3.4 Complexes of Thioether Ligands -- 2.3.5 Complexes of Cysteine and Derivatives. , 3 Complexes of Peptides and Related Ligands.

Note: Intro -- Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series: Metal Ions in Life Sciences* -- Preface to Volume 13 -- Interrelations Between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases -- Contents -- Contributors to Volume 13 -- Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series -- Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series -- Chapter 1: Metal Ions and Infectious Diseases. An Overview from the Clinic -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Role of Antioxidants -- 1.2 Host Defense Responses to Infection -- 1.3 Alterations in Serum Levels of Trace Elements -- 1.4 Nutritional Immunity -- 1.5 Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (Nramp) -- 1.6 Calprotectin -- 2 Iron -- 2.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 2.2 The Complex Defense-Counter Defense System in the Battle for Iron -- 2.3 Role of Iron in Infectious Diseases -- 2.3.1 Dialysis Patients -- 2.3.2 Malaria -- 2.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 2.3.4 Diabetes -- 2.3.5 Iron Overload -- 2.3.6 Role of Iron Chelators in Infection -- 3 Zinc -- 3.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 3.1.1 Zn-Metallothionein (Zn-MT) -- 3.1.2 Zn-Metallo β-Lactamases -- 3.2 Role of Zinc in Infectious Diseases -- 3.2.1 Cystic Fibrosis -- 3.2.2 Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Tract Infections -- 3.2.2.1 Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea -- 3.2.3 The Common Cold -- 3.2.4 Prevention or Treatment of Malaria -- 3.2.5 Burn Patients -- 3.2.6 Wound Healing -- 3.2.7 Critically Ill Patients -- 3.2.8 Sickle Cell Disease -- 4 Selenium -- 4.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 4.2 Role of Selenium in Infectious Diseases -- 4.2.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 4.2.1.1 Selenium Supplementation in HIV -- 4.2.2 Intensive Care Unit Sepsis -- 4.2.3 Role of Selenium in Other Infections -- 5 Copper -- 5.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. , 5.2 Role of Copper in Infectious Diseases -- 5.2.1 Copper/Zinc Ratio -- 6 Chromium -- 6.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 6.2 Role of Chromium in Infectious Diseases -- 7 Manganese -- 7.1 Human Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics -- 7.2 Role of Manganese in Infectious Diseases -- 7.2.1 Arginase -- 7.2.2 Manganese Superoxide Dismutase -- 8 Summary and Future Developments -- References -- Chapter 2: Sodium and Potassium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiology of Sodium and Potassium in Humans -- 2.1 Action of Sodium and Potassium on Membranes -- 2.1.1 Nervous System -- 2.1.2 Muscular System -- 2.2 Homeostasis of Sodium and Potassium -- 2.2.1 Absorption and Distribution of Potassium -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Distribution of Sodium -- 2.2.3 Potassium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.2.4 Sodium Excretion and Secretion in the Kidneys -- 2.3 Mechanism of Other Physiological Systems Influencing Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis -- 2.3.1 Potassium -- 2.3.2 Sodium -- 3 Pathology Associated with Sodium Levels -- 3.1 Hyponatremia -- 3.2 Hypernatremia -- 4 Pathology Associated with Potassium Levels -- 4.1 Hypokalemia -- 4.2 Hyperkalemia -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Magnesium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution of Magnesium in the Human Body -- 1.2 Intestinal Magnesium Absorption and Release into the Blood -- 1.2.1 Apical Side -- 1.2.2 Cellular Transport -- 1.2.3 Basolateral Side -- 1.3 Renal Magnesium Handling and Reabsorption -- 2 Cellular Magnesium Homeostasis -- 2.1 Cellular Magnesium Transport Mechanisms -- 2.2 Regulation of Magnesium Transport -- 3 Magnesium in Disease -- 3.1 Hypermagnesemia -- 3.1.1 Hypermagnesemia in Renal Failure -- 3.2 Hypomagnesemia -- 3.2.1 Cardiovascular Pathologies -- 3.2.1.1 Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 3.2.1.2 Hypertension -- 3.2.2 Hyperaldosteronism. , 3.2.3 Diabetes -- 3.2.3.1 Diabetes Complications -- 3.2.4 Metabolic Syndrome -- 3.2.5 Alcoholism -- 3.2.6 Inflammation -- 3.2.7 Renal Pathologies -- 3.2.7.1 Bartter's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.2 Gitelman's Syndrome -- 3.2.7.3 Defects in Claudin Expression -- 3.2.7.4 Defects in TRPM6 Expression -- 3.2.7.5 Defects in Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling -- 3.2.8 Magnesium and Tumors -- 3.2.9 Magnesium and Prenatal Pathologies -- 3.3 Pharmacological Agents Causing Hypomagnesemia -- 3.3.1 Proton Pump Inhibitors -- 3.3.2 Anti-epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Calcium in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Calcium in Nature and in Living Organisms -- 1.2 Regulation of Calcium in Biological Fluids -- 1.3 Calcium in the Mineralized Compartment of the Organisms -- 2 General Properties of Calcium as a Signaling Agent -- 3 Intracellular Calcium Handling -- 3.1 Transport of Calcium Across Membrane Boundaries -- 3.2 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Calcium Signal -- 3.3 Regulation of the Calcium Signal by the Cell Organelles -- 4 Calcium as a Regulator of Biological Processes -- 4.1 Gene Transcription -- 4.2 Intracellular Proteolysis -- 4.3 Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation -- 4.4 Calcium and Bioenergetics -- 4.5 Muscle Contraction -- 4.6 Secretion -- 4.7 Calcium in the Beginning of Cell Life -- 4.8 Apoptotic Cell Death and Autophagy -- 5 The Ambivalence of the Calcium Signal: Defects of Calcium Regulation and Disease -- 5.1 Neuronal Diseases -- 5.1.1 Ataxia -- 5.1.2 Migraine -- 5.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 5.2.1 Parkinson's Disease -- 5.2.2 Alzheimer's Disease -- 5.2.3 Huntington's Disease -- 5.2.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 5.3 Genetic Hearing Loss -- 5.4 Cardiac Diseases (Cardiomyopathies) -- 5.5 Skeletal Muscle Diseases -- 5.5.1 Malignant Hyperthermia -- 5.5.2 Central Core Disease. , 5.5.3 Brody's Disease -- 5.5.4 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Vanadium. Its Role for Humans -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distribution and Cycling of Vanadium -- 2.1 Vanadium in Nature -- 2.2 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -- 3 The Aqueous Chemistry of Vanadium and the Vanadate- Phosphate Antagonism -- 4 The Medicinal Potential of Vanadium -- 4.1 Diabetes Mellitus -- 4.2 Activity in Health Hazards Other than Diabetes -- 4.2.1 Treatment of Cancer -- 4.2.2 Cardiovascular Effects -- Bacterial and Viral Diseases -- 4.2.3 Diseases Caused by Parasites -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 6: Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Is Chromium Essential? -- 2.1 Current Opinions -- 2.2 Evidence -- 2.2.1 "Low Chromium" Rodent Diets -- 2.2.2 Absorption and Transport -- 2.2.3 Total Parenteral Nutrition -- 3 Is Chromium Pharmacologically Relevant? -- 3.1 Rodent Disease Model Studies -- 3.2 Clinical Studies -- 3.3 Proposed Mechanisms of Action -- 3.3.1 Insulin Signaling -- 3.3.2 Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Metabolism -- 3.3.3 Inflammation and Oxidative Stress -- 4 Is Chromium Toxic? -- 4.1 Chromate -- 4.2 Chromium Picolinate and Other Cr(III) Complexes -- 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 7: Manganese in Health and Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Manganese Essentiality -- 1.2 Manganese Pharmacokinetics -- 1.3 Manganese Biochemistry and Physiology -- 2 Manganese Transport -- 2.1 Manganese Uptake in Relation to Oxidative State -- 2.2 Cellular Manganese Uptake -- 2.3 Cellular Manganese Efflux -- 3 Manganism. A Neurodegenerative Disease -- 4 Symptoms and Sensitive Populations -- 5 Manganism versus Parkinson's Disease -- 6 Manganese in the Etiology of Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. , 6.1 Manganese and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 6.2 Manganese and Alzheimer's Disease -- 6.3 Manganese and Huntington's Disease -- 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity -- 7.1 Dopamine Oxidation -- 7.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction -- 7.3 Astrocytosis -- 8 Genetic Susceptibility -- 9 Treatment -- 10 General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Iron: Effect of Overload and Deficiency -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aqueous Iron Solution Chemistry -- 1.2 Iron-Dependent Proteins. The Nature of the Iron Binding Sites -- 1.2.1 Heme-Containing Proteins -- 1.2.2 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 1.2.3 Non-heme, Non-sulfur, Iron-Dependent Enzymes -- 1.2.4 Transport and Iron Storage Proteins -- 1.3 Iron Transport -- 1.3.1 Cellular Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.1 Transport of Iron-Loaded Transferrin -- 1.3.1.2 Absorption of Dietary Iron -- 1.3.1.3 Mitochondrial Iron Transport -- 1.3.1.4 Ferroportin-Mediated Iron Efflux -- 1.3.1.5 Iron Metabolism Facilitated by the Macrophage -- 1.3.2 Regulation of Iron Metabolism -- 1.4 Iron Physiology -- 1.4.1 The Role of Hepcidin -- 2 Iron Deficiency and Anemia -- 2.1 Iron Requirements of Man -- 2.2 The Influence of Anemia on Human Physiology -- 2.3 Dietary Sources of Iron -- 2.4 Iron Fortification -- 2.5 Oral Iron Supplementation -- 2.6 Anemia of Chronic Disease -- 3 Systemic Iron Overload -- 3.1 Non-transferrin Bound Iron -- 3.2 Hereditary Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.1 HFE Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.2 Juvenile Hemochromatosis -- 3.2.3 Ferroportin Disease -- 3.2.4 Treatment by Iron Chelation -- 3.3 Transfusional Siderosis -- 3.3.1 The Hemoglobinopathies -- 3.3.1.1 Thalassemia -- 3.3.1.2 Sickle Cell Disease -- 3.3.2 Myelodysplastic Syndrome -- 3.4 Hereditary Disorders of Mitochondrial Iron Overload -- 3.4.1 Sideroblastic Anemia -- 3.4.2 Friedreich's Ataxia -- 3.4.3 Glutaredoxin-5 Deficiency -- 3.5 Animal Models of Iron Overload. , 3.6 Genetic Screening for Thalassemia.