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  • 1
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    A spatially explicit database of wind disturbances in European forests over the period 2000–2018
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-02-10), p. 257-276
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2020-02-10), p. 257-276
    Abstract: Abstract. Strong winds may uproot and break trees and represent a major natural disturbance for European forests. Wind disturbances have intensified over the last decades globally and are expected to further rise in view of the effects of climate change. Despite the importance of such natural disturbances, there are currently no spatially explicit databases of wind-related impact at a pan-European scale. Here, we present a new database of wind disturbances in European forests (FORWIND). FORWIND is comprised of more than 80 000 spatially delineated areas in Europe that were disturbed by wind in the period 2000–2018 and describes them in a harmonized and consistent geographical vector format. The database includes all major windstorms that occurred over the observational period (e.g. Gudrun, Kyrill, Klaus, Xynthia and Vaia) and represents approximately 30 % of the reported damaging wind events in Europe. Correlation analyses between the areas in FORWIND and land cover changes retrieved from the Landsat-based Global Forest Change dataset and the MODIS Global Disturbance Index corroborate the robustness of FORWIND. Spearman rank coefficients range between 0.27 and 0.48 (p value 〈 0.05). When recorded forest areas are rescaled based on their damage degree, correlation increases to 0.54. Wind-damaged growing stock volumes reported in national inventories (FORESTORM dataset) are generally higher than analogous metrics provided by FORWIND in combination with satellite-based biomass and country-scale statistics of growing stock volume. The potential of FORWIND is explored for a range of challenging topics and scientific fields, including scaling relations of wind damage, forest vulnerability modelling, remote sensing monitoring of forest disturbance, representation of uprooting and breakage of trees in large-scale land surface models, and hydrogeological risks following wind damage. Overall, FORWIND represents an essential and open-access spatial source that can be used to improve the understanding, detection and prediction of wind disturbances and the consequent impacts on forest ecosystems and the land–atmosphere system. Data sharing is encouraged in order to continuously update and improve FORWIND. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9555008 (Forzieri et al., 2019).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-12-257-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 2
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    Representing anthropogenic gross land use change, wood harvest, and forest age dynamics in a global vegetation model ORCHIDEE-MICT v8.4.2
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-01-30), p. 409-428
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2018-01-30), p. 409-428
    Abstract: Abstract. Land use change (LUC) is among the main anthropogenic disturbances in the global carbon cycle. Here we present the model developments in a global dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE-MICT v8.4.2 for a more realistic representation of LUC processes. First, we included gross land use change (primarily shifting cultivation) and forest wood harvest in addition to net land use change. Second, we included sub-grid evenly aged land cohorts to represent secondary forests and to keep track of the transient stage of agricultural lands since LUC. Combination of these two features allows the simulation of shifting cultivation with a rotation length involving mainly secondary forests instead of primary ones. Furthermore, a set of decision rules regarding the land cohorts to be targeted in different LUC processes have been implemented. Idealized site-scale simulation has been performed for miombo woodlands in southern Africa assuming an annual land turnover rate of 5 % grid cell area between forest and cropland. The result shows that the model can correctly represent forest recovery and cohort aging arising from agricultural abandonment. Such a land turnover process, even though without a net change in land cover, yields carbon emissions largely due to the imbalance between the fast release from forest clearing and the slow uptake from agricultural abandonment. The simulation with sub-grid land cohorts gives lower emissions than without, mainly because the cleared secondary forests have a lower biomass carbon stock than the mature forests that are otherwise cleared when sub-grid land cohorts are not considered. Over the region of southern Africa, the model is able to account for changes in different forest cohort areas along with the historical changes in different LUC activities, including regrowth of old forests when LUC area decreases. Our developments provide possibilities to account for continental or global forest demographic change resulting from past anthropogenic and natural disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-409-2018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2456725-5
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  • 3
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    Accounting for carbon and nitrogen interactions in the global terrestrial ecosystem model ORCHIDEE (trunk version, rev 4999): multi-scale evaluation of gross primary production
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2019-11-20), p. 4751-4779
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2019-11-20), p. 4751-4779
    Abstract: Abstract. Nitrogen is an essential element controlling ecosystem carbon (C) productivity and its response to climate change and atmospheric [CO2] increase. This study presents the evaluation – focussing on gross primary production (GPP) – of a new version of the ORCHIDEE model that gathers the representation of the nitrogen cycle and of its interactions with the carbon cycle from the OCN model and the most recent developments from the ORCHIDEE trunk version. We quantify the model skills at 78 FLUXNET sites by simulating the observed mean seasonal cycle, daily mean flux variations, and annual mean average GPP flux for grasslands and forests. Accounting for carbon–nitrogen interactions does not substantially change the main skills of ORCHIDEE, except for the site-to-site annual mean GPP variations, for which the version with carbon–nitrogen interactions is in better agreement with observations. However, the simulated GPP response to idealised [CO2] enrichment simulations is highly sensitive to whether or not carbon–nitrogen interactions are accounted for. Doubling of the atmospheric [CO2] induces an increase in the GPP, but the site-averaged GPP response to a CO2 increase projected by the model version with carbon–nitrogen interactions is half of the increase projected by the version without carbon–nitrogen interactions. This model's differentiated response has important consequences for the transpiration rate, which is on average 50 mm yr−1 lower with the version with carbon–nitrogen interactions. Simulated annual GPP for northern, tropical and southern latitudes shows good agreement with the observation-based MTE-GPP (model tree ensemble gross primary production) product for present-day conditions. An attribution experiment making use of this new version of ORCHIDEE for the time period 1860–2016 suggests that global GPP has increased by 50 %, the main driver being the enrichment of land in reactive nitrogen (through deposition and fertilisation), followed by the [CO2] increase. Based on our factorial experiment and sensitivity analysis, we conclude that if carbon–nitrogen interactions are accounted for, the functional responses of ORCHIDEE r4999 better agree with the current understanding of photosynthesis than when the carbon–nitrogen interactions are not accounted for and that carbon–nitrogen interactions are essential in understanding global terrestrial ecosystem productivity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-4751-2019
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 4
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    Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2023
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 2023-01-20), p. 349-363
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 2023-01-20), p. 349-363
    Abstract: Abstract. Forests disturbance by tropical cyclones is mostly documented by field studies of exceptionally strong cyclones and satellite-based approaches attributing decreases in leaf area. By starting their analysis from the observed damage, these studies are biased and may, therefore, limit our understanding of the impact of cyclones in general. This study overcomes such biases by jointly analyzing the cyclone tracks, climate reanalysis, and changes in satellite-based leaf area following the passage of 140 ± 41 cyclones. Sixty days following their passage, 18 ± 8 % of the cyclones resulted in a decrease and 48 ± 18 % showed no change in leaf area compared to nearby forest outside the storm track. For a surprising 34 ± 7 % of the cyclones, an increase in leaf area was observed. Cyclones resulting in higher leaf area in their affected compared to their reference area coincided with an atmospheric pressure dipole steering the cyclone towards a region experiencing a dry spell caused by the same dipole. When the dipole was present, the destructive power of cyclones was offset by their abundant precipitation enabling forest canopies in the affected area to recover faster from the dry spell than canopies in the reference area. This study documents previously undocumented widespread antagonist interactions on forest leaf area between tropical cyclones and droughts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-20-349-2023
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 5
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    High-resolution land use and land cover dataset for regional climate modelling: historical and future changes in Europe
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2023
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-08-25), p. 3819-3852
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 8 ( 2023-08-25), p. 3819-3852
    Abstract: Abstract. Anthropogenic land use and land cover change (LULCC) is a major driver of environmental changes. The biophysical impacts of these changes on the regional climate in Europe are currently being extensively investigated within the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coordinated Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Flagship Pilot Study (FPS) Land Use and Climate Across Scales (LUCAS) using an ensemble of different regional climate models (RCMs) coupled with diverse land surface models (LSMs). In order to investigate the impact of realistic LULCC on past and future climates, high-resolution datasets with observed LULCC and projected future LULCC scenarios are required as input for the RCM–LSM simulations. To account for these needs, we generated the LUCAS Land Use and land Cover change (LUC) dataset version 1.1 at 0.1∘ resolution for Europe with annual LULC maps from 1950 to 2100 (https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/LUC_hist_EU_v1.1, Hoffmann et al., 2022b, https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/LUC_future_EU_v1.1, Hoffmann et al., 2022a), which is tailored to use in state-of-the-art RCMs. The plant functional type (PFT) distribution for the year 2015 (i.e. the Modelling human LAND surface Modifications and its feedbacks on local and regional cliMATE – LANDMATE – PFT dataset) is derived from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (ESA-CCI LC) dataset. Details on the conversion method, cross-walking procedure, and evaluation of the LANDMATE PFT dataset are given in the companion paper by Reinhart et al. (2022b). Subsequently, we applied the land use change information from the Land-Use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) dataset, provided at 0.25∘ resolution as input for Coupled Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experiments, to derive LULC distributions at high spatial resolution and at annual time steps from 1950 to 2100. In order to convert land use and land management change information from LUH2 into changes in the PFT distribution, we developed a land use translator (LUT) specific to the needs of RCMs. The annual PFT maps for Europe for the period 1950 to 2015 are derived from the historical LUH2 dataset by applying the LUT backward from 2015 to 1950. Historical changes in the forest type changes are considered using an additional European forest species dataset. The historical changes in the PFT distribution of LUCAS LUC follow closely the land use changes given by LUH2 but differ in some regions compared to other annual LULCC datasets. From 2016 onward, annual PFT maps for future land use change scenarios based on LUH2 are derived for different shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) and representative concentration pathway (RCP) combinations used in the framework of CMIP6. The resulting LULCC maps can be applied as land use forcing to the new generation of RCM simulations for downscaling of CMIP6 results. The newly developed LUT is transferable to other CORDEX regions worldwide.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-15-3819-2023
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 6
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    Different response of surface temperature and air temperature to deforestation in climate models
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2019
    In:  Earth System Dynamics Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2019-07-19), p. 473-484
    Details
    In: Earth System Dynamics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2019-07-19), p. 473-484
    Abstract: Abstract. When quantifying temperature changes induced by deforestation (e.g., cooling in high latitudes, warming in low latitudes), satellite data, in situ observations, and climate models differ concerning the height at which the temperature is typically measured/simulated. In this study the effects of deforestation on surface temperature, near-surface air temperature, and lower atmospheric temperature are compared by analyzing the biogeophysical temperature effects of large-scale deforestation in the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) separately for local effects (which are only apparent at the location of deforestation) and nonlocal effects (which are also apparent elsewhere). While the nonlocal effects (cooling in most regions) influence the temperature of the surface and lowest atmospheric layer equally, the local effects (warming in the tropics but a cooling in the higher latitudes) mainly affect the temperature of the surface. In agreement with observation-based studies, the local effects on surface and near-surface air temperature respond differently in the MPI-ESM, both concerning the magnitude of local temperature changes and the latitude at which the local deforestation effects turn from a cooling to a warming (at 45–55∘ N for surface temperature and around 35∘ N for near-surface air temperature). Subsequently, our single-model results are compared to model data from multiple climate models from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). This inter-model comparison shows that in the northern midlatitudes, both concerning the summer warming and winter cooling, near-surface air temperature is affected by the local effects only about half as strongly as surface temperature. This study shows that the choice of temperature variable has a considerable effect on the observed and simulated temperature change. Studies about the biogeophysical effects of deforestation must carefully choose which temperature to consider.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2190-4987
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/esd-10-473-2019
    DOI: 10.5194/esd-10-473-2019-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2578793-7
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  • 7
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    Drought effects on leaf fall, leaf flushing and stem growth in the Amazon forest: reconciling remote sensing data and field observations
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 18, No. 14 ( 2021-07-29), p. 4445-4472
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 18, No. 14 ( 2021-07-29), p. 4445-4472
    Abstract: Abstract. Large amounts of carbon flow through tropical ecosystems every year, from which a part is sequestered in biomass through tree growth. However, the effects of ongoing warming and drying on tree growth and carbon sequestration in tropical forest is still highly uncertain. Field observations are sparse and limited to a few sites, while remote sensing analysis shows diverging growth responses to past droughts that cannot be interpreted with confidence. To reconcile data from field observations and remote sensing, we collated in situ measurements of stem growth and leaf litterfall from inventory plots across the Amazon region and other neotropical ecosystems. These data were used to train two machine-learning models and to evaluate model performance on reproducing stem growth and litterfall rates. The models utilized multiple climatological variables and other geospatial datasets (terrain, soil and vegetation properties) as explanatory variables. The output consisted of monthly estimates of leaf litterfall (R2= 0.71, NRMSE = 9.4 %) and stem growth (R2= 0.54, NRMSE = 10.6 %) across the neotropics from 1982 to 2019 at a high spatial resolution (0.1∘). Modelled time series allow us to assess the impacts of the 2005 and 2015 droughts in the Amazon basin on regional scales. The more severe 2015 drought was estimated to have caused widespread declines in stem growth (−1.8σ), coinciding with enhanced leaf fall (+1.4σ), which were only locally apparent in 2005. Regions in the Amazon basin that flushed leaves at the onset of both droughts (+0.9σ∼+2.0σ) showed positive anomalies in remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index, while sun-induced fluorescence and vegetation optical depth were reduced. The previously observed counterintuitive response of canopy green-up during drought in the Amazon basin detected by many remote sensing analyses can therefore be a result of enhanced leaf flushing at the onset of a drought. The long-term estimates of leaf litterfall and stem growth point to a decline in stem growth and a simultaneous increase in leaf litterfall in the Amazon basin since 1982. These trends are associated with increased warming and drying of the Amazonian climate and could point to a further decline in the Amazon carbon sink strength.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-18-4445-2021
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-18-4445-2021-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 8
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    Trends in soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations across European forests
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 13, No. 19 ( 2016-10-07), p. 5567-5585
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 19 ( 2016-10-07), p. 5567-5585
    Abstract: Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface waters is connected to DOC in soil solution through hydrological pathways. Therefore, it is expected that long-term dynamics of DOC in surface waters reflect DOC trends in soil solution. However, a multitude of site studies have failed so far to establish consistent trends in soil solution DOC, whereas increasing concentrations in European surface waters over the past decades appear to be the norm, possibly as a result of recovery from acidification. The objectives of this study were therefore to understand the long-term trends of soil solution DOC from a large number of European forests (ICP Forests Level II plots) and determine their main physico-chemical and biological controls. We applied trend analysis at two levels: (1) to the entire European dataset and (2) to the individual time series and related trends with plot characteristics, i.e., soil and vegetation properties, soil solution chemistry and atmospheric deposition loads. Analyses of the entire dataset showed an overall increasing trend in DOC concentrations in the organic layers, but, at individual plots and depths, there was no clear overall trend in soil solution DOC. The rate change in soil solution DOC ranged between −16.8 and +23 % yr−1 (median  = +0.4 % yr−1) across Europe. The non-significant trends (40 %) outnumbered the increasing (35 %) and decreasing trends (25 %) across the 97 ICP Forests Level II sites. By means of multivariate statistics, we found increasing trends in DOC concentrations with increasing mean nitrate (NO3−) deposition and increasing trends in DOC concentrations with decreasing mean sulfate (SO42−) deposition, with the magnitude of these relationships depending on plot deposition history. While the attribution of increasing trends in DOC to the reduction of SO42− deposition could be confirmed in low to medium N deposition areas, in agreement with observations in surface waters, this was not the case in high N deposition areas. In conclusion, long-term trends of soil solution DOC reflected the interactions between controls acting at local (soil and vegetation properties) and regional (atmospheric deposition of SO42− and inorganic N) scales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-5567-2016
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-5567-2016-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 9
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    Drought resistance increases from the individual to the ecosystem level in highly diverse Neotropical rainforest: a meta-analysis of leaf, tree and ecosystem responses to drought
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 17, No. 9 ( 2020-05-15), p. 2621-2645
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 17, No. 9 ( 2020-05-15), p. 2621-2645
    Abstract: Abstract. The effects of future warming and drying on tropical forest functioning remain largely unresolved. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of observed drought responses in Neotropical humid forests, focusing on carbon and water exchange. Measures of leaf-, tree- and ecosystem-scale performance were retrieved from 145 published studies conducted across 232 sites in Neotropical forests. Differentiating between seasonal and episodic drought, we find that (1) during seasonal drought the increase in atmospheric evaporative demand and a decrease in soil matric potential result in a decline in leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, leaf photosynthesis and stem diameter growth while leaf litterfall and leaf flushing increase. (2) During episodic drought, we observe a further decline in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, stem growth and, in contrast to seasonal drought, a decline also in daily tree transpiration. Responses of ecosystem-scale processes, productivity and evapotranspiration are of a smaller magnitude and often not significant. Furthermore, we find that the magnitude and direction of a drought-induced change in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration reported in a study is correlated to study-averaged wood density. Although wood density is often not functionally related to plant hydraulic properties, we find that it is a good proxy for hydraulic behaviour and can be used to predict leaf- and tree-scale responses to drought. We present new insights into the functioning of tropical forest in response to drought and present novel relationships between wood density and tropical-tree responses to drought.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-2621-2020
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-17-2621-2020-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 10
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    Constraining a land cover map with satellite-based aboveground biomass estimates over Africa
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2022-03-30), p. 2599-2617
    Details
    In: Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2022-03-30), p. 2599-2617
    Abstract: Abstract. Most land surface models can, depending on the simulation experiment, calculate the vegetation distribution and dynamics internally by making use of biogeographical principles or use vegetation maps to prescribe spatial and temporal changes in vegetation distribution. Irrespective of whether vegetation dynamics are simulated or prescribed, it is not practical to represent vegetation across the globe at the species level because of its daunting diversity. This issue can be circumvented by making use of 5 to 20 plant functional types (PFTs) by assuming that all species within a single functional type show identical land–atmosphere interactions irrespective of their geographical location. In this study, we hypothesize that remote-sensing-based assessments of aboveground biomass can be used to constrain the process in which real-world vegetation is discretized in PFT maps. Remotely sensed biomass estimates for Africa were used in a Bayesian framework to estimate the probability density distributions of woody, herbaceous and bare soil fractions for the 15 land cover classes, according to the United Nations Land Cover Classification System (UN-LCCS) typology, present in Africa. Subsequently, the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the probability density distributions were used to create 2.5 % and 97.5 % credible interval PFT maps. Finally, the original and constrained PFT maps were used to drive biomass and albedo simulations with the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) model. This study demonstrates that remotely sensed biomass data can be used to better constrain the share of dense forest PFTs but that additional information on bare soil fraction is required to constrain the share of herbaceous PFTs. Even though considerable uncertainties remain, using remotely sensed biomass data enhances the objectivity and reproducibility of the process by reducing the dependency on expert knowledge and allows assessing and reporting the credible interval of the PFT maps which could be used to benchmark future developments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1991-9603
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-2599-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2456725-5
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