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  • Copernicus GmbH  (11)
  • 1
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    Multi-scale hydrometeorological observation and modelling for flash flood understanding
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2014
    In:  Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2014-09-26), p. 3733-3761
    Details
    In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 18, No. 9 ( 2014-09-26), p. 3733-3761
    Abstract: Abstract. This paper presents a coupled observation and modelling strategy aiming at improving the understanding of processes triggering flash floods. This strategy is illustrated for the Mediterranean area using two French catchments (Gard and Ardèche) larger than 2000 km2. The approach is based on the monitoring of nested spatial scales: (1) the hillslope scale, where processes influencing the runoff generation and its concentration can be tackled; (2) the small to medium catchment scale (1–100 km2), where the impact of the network structure and of the spatial variability of rainfall, landscape and initial soil moisture can be quantified; (3) the larger scale (100–1000 km2), where the river routing and flooding processes become important. These observations are part of the HyMeX (HYdrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment) enhanced observation period (EOP), which will last 4 years (2012–2015). In terms of hydrological modelling, the objective is to set up regional-scale models, while addressing small and generally ungauged catchments, which represent the scale of interest for flood risk assessment. Top-down and bottom-up approaches are combined and the models are used as "hypothesis testing" tools by coupling model development with data analyses in order to incrementally evaluate the validity of model hypotheses. The paper first presents the rationale behind the experimental set-up and the instrumentation itself. Second, we discuss the associated modelling strategy. Results illustrate the potential of the approach in advancing our understanding of flash flood processes on various scales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1607-7938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/hess-18-3733-2014
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2100610-6
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  • 2
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    AI4GEO: A DATA INTELLIGENCE PLATFORM FOR 3D GEOSPATIAL MAPPING
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Vol. XLIII-B2-2021 ( 2021-06-28), p. 817-823
    Details
    In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. XLIII-B2-2021 ( 2021-06-28), p. 817-823
    Abstract: Abstract. The availability of 3D Geospatial information is a key issue for many expanding sectors such as autonomous vehicles, business intelligence and urban planning. Its production is now possible thanks to the abundance of available data (Earth observation satellite constellations, insitu data, …) but manual interventions are still needed to guarantee a high level of quality, which prevents mass production. New artificial intelligence and big data technologies adapted to 3D imagery can help to remove these obstacles. The AI4GEO project aims at developing an automatic solution for producing 3D geospatial information and new added-value services. This paper will first introduce AI4GEO initiative, context and overall objectives. It will then present the current status of the project and in particular it will focus on the innovative platform put in place to handle big 3D datasets for analytics needs and it will present the first results of 3D semantic segmentations and associated perspectives.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2194-9034
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-817-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2874092-0
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  • 3
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    Transpiration and CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fluxes of a pine forest: modelling the undergrowth effect
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2005
    In:  Annales Geophysicae Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2005-02-28), p. 291-304
    Details
    In: Annales Geophysicae, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2005-02-28), p. 291-304
    Abstract: Abstract. A modelling study is performed in order to quantify the relative effect of allowing for the physiological properties of an undergrowth grass sward on total canopy water and carbon fluxes of the Le-Bray forest (Les-Landes, South-western France). The Le-Bray forest consists of maritime pine and an herbaceous undergrowth (purple moor-grass), which is characterised by a low stomatal control of transpiration, in contrast to maritime pine. A CO2-responsive land surface model is used that includes responses of woody and herbaceous species to water stress. An attempt is made to represent the properties of the undergrowth vegetation in the land surface model Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere, CO2-responsive, ISBA-A-gs. The new adjustment allows for a fairly different environmental response between the forest canopy and the understory in a simple manner. The model's simulations are compared with long term (1997 and 1998) micro-meteorological measurements over the Le-Bray site. The fluxes of energy, water and CO2, are simulated with and without the improved representation of the undergrowth vegetation, and the two simulations are compared with the observations. Accounting for the undergrowth permits one to improve the model's scores. A simple sensitivity experiment shows the behaviour of the model in response to climate change conditions, and the understory effect on the water balance and carbon storage of the forest. Accounting for the distinct characteristics of the undergrowth has a substantial and positive effect on the model accuracy and leads to a different response to climate change scenarios.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1432-0576
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/angeo-23-291-2005
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458425-6
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  • 4
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    EMDNA: an Ensemble Meteorological Dataset for North America
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-07-13), p. 3337-3362
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2021-07-13), p. 3337-3362
    Abstract: Abstract. Probabilistic methods are useful to estimate the uncertainty in spatial meteorological fields (e.g., the uncertainty in spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature across large domains). In ensemble probabilistic methods, “equally plausible” ensemble members are used to approximate the probability distribution, hence the uncertainty, of a spatially distributed meteorological variable conditioned to the available information. The ensemble members can be used to evaluate the impact of uncertainties in spatial meteorological fields for a myriad of applications. This study develops the Ensemble Meteorological Dataset for North America (EMDNA). EMDNA has 100 ensemble members with daily precipitation amount, mean daily temperature, and daily temperature range at 0.1∘ spatial resolution (approx. 10 km grids) from 1979 to 2018, derived from a fusion of station observations and reanalysis model outputs. The station data used in EMDNA are from a serially complete dataset for North America (SCDNA) that fills gaps in precipitation and temperature measurements using multiple strategies. Outputs from three reanalysis products are regridded, corrected, and merged using Bayesian model averaging. Optimal interpolation (OI) is used to merge station- and reanalysis-based estimates. EMDNA estimates are generated using spatiotemporally correlated random fields to sample from the OI estimates. Evaluation results show that (1) the merged reanalysis estimates outperform raw reanalysis estimates, particularly in high latitudes and mountainous regions; (2) the OI estimates are more accurate than the reanalysis and station-based regression estimates, with the most notable improvements for precipitation evident in sparsely gauged regions; and (3) EMDNA estimates exhibit good performance according to the diagrams and metrics used for probabilistic evaluation. We discuss the limitations of the current framework and highlight that further research is needed to improve ensemble meteorological datasets. Overall, EMDNA is expected to be useful for hydrological and meteorological applications in North America. The entire dataset and a teaser dataset (a small subset of EMDNA for easy download and preview) are available at https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0275 (Tang et al., 2020a).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-13-3337-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2475469-9
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  • 5
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    Estimating 750 years of temperature variations and uncertainties in the Pyrenees by tree-ring reconstructions and climate simulations
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2012
    In:  Climate of the Past Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2012-05-24), p. 919-933
    Details
    In: Climate of the Past, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2012-05-24), p. 919-933
    Abstract: Abstract. Past temperature variations are usually inferred from proxy data or estimated using general circulation models. Comparisons between climate estimations derived from proxy records and from model simulations help to better understand mechanisms driving climate variations, and also offer the possibility to identify deficiencies in both approaches. This paper presents regional temperature reconstructions based on tree-ring maximum density series in the Pyrenees, and compares them with the output of global simulations for this region and with regional climate model simulations conducted for the target region. An ensemble of 24 reconstructions of May-to-September regional mean temperature was derived from 22 maximum density tree-ring site chronologies distributed over the larger Pyrenees area. Four different tree-ring series standardization procedures were applied, combining two detrending methods: 300-yr spline and the regional curve standardization (RCS). Additionally, different methodological variants for the regional chronology were generated by using three different aggregation methods. Calibration verification trials were performed in split periods and using two methods: regression and a simple variance matching. The resulting set of temperature reconstructions was compared with climate simulations performed with global (ECHO-G) and regional (MM5) climate models. The 24 variants of May-to-September temperature reconstructions reveal a generally coherent pattern of inter-annual to multi-centennial temperature variations in the Pyrenees region for the last 750 yr. However, some reconstructions display a marked positive trend for the entire length of the reconstruction, pointing out that the application of the RCS method to a suboptimal set of samples may lead to unreliable results. Climate model simulations agree with the tree-ring based reconstructions at multi-decadal time scales, suggesting solar variability and volcanism as the main factors controlling preindustrial mean temperature variations in the Pyrenees. Nevertheless, the comparison also highlights differences with the reconstructions, mainly in the amplitude of past temperature variations and in the 20th century trends. Neither proxy-based reconstructions nor model simulations are able to perfectly track the temperature variations of the instrumental record, suggesting that both approximations still need further improvements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1814-9332
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/cp-8-919-2012
    DOI: 10.5194/cp-8-919-2012-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2217985-9
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  • 6
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    DIGITIZATION OF BLOCKS AND VIRTUAL ANASTYLOSIS OF AN ANTIQUE FACADE IN PONT-SAINTE-MAXENCE (FRANCE)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2017
    In:  The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Vol. XLII-2/W5 ( 2017-08-18), p. 15-20
    Details
    In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. XLII-2/W5 ( 2017-08-18), p. 15-20
    Abstract: Abstract. This paper is dedicated to the digitization of blocks and virtual anastylosis of an antique façade in Pont-Sainte-Maxence (France). In 2014 during the construction of a shopping center, the National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP) discovered a Gallo-Roman site from the 2nd century AD. The most interesting part of the site for the study is a façade of 70 meters long by nearly 10 meters high. The state of the conservation of the blocks of the façade makes them exceptional due to the question raised by the collapse. Representative and symbolic blocks of this building have been selected for a virtual anastylosis study. The blocks discovered belong to different types: decorated architectural blocks, monumental statuary elements and details of very fine decorations. The digital reproduction of the façade will facilitate the formulation of hypothesis for the collapse of the structure. The Photogrammetry and Geomatics Group from INSA Strasbourg is in charge of the digitization, the anastylosis and the development of exploratory methods for understanding the ruin of the façade. To develop the three-dimensional model of the facade, approximately 70 blocks of various dimensions were chosen by the archaeologists. The choice of the digitization technique is made according to the following pragmatic criterion: the movable objects are acquired with a scan-arm or a hand-held scanner in the laboratory and the largest blocks are recorded by photogrammetry at the repository near Paris. The expected types of deliverables are multiple: very accurate 3D models with the most faithful representation to document the objects in the best way and with optimized size model allowing easy handling during anastylosis tests. The visual aspect of the models is also a very important issue. Indeed, textures from photos are an excellent way to bring about the realism of the virtual model, but fine details of the object are sometimes blurred by the uniformity of the color of the original material. Acquisition by hand-held scanner does not provide the textures (they must be acquired according to a complementary process). The data types are therefore different depending on the acquisition. The type of rendering of the models depends therefore on precise choices to be defined optimally. After the acquisition, hypothesis for the construction of the façade must be validated and / or adapted by the anastylosis of the digitized blocks. Different cases must be taken into account. First, the reconstruction of broken blocks is done by adjusting the recovered fragments. If all the fragments discovered are close to the initial shape of the block, the process is assimilated to a puzzle of complex surfaces. If the fragments have no contact but are an integral part of the block, the proportion of hypotheses in relation to the contact pieces is changed. And finally, if the blocks are to be assembled together by superposition and thanks to a common plan, as assumed during the construction, the restitution could be based on the positions of discoveries and hypotheses based on the architectural knowledge of this period. Each of these three methods of reconstruction involves different processes. The three-dimensional model will be validated by the positioning of the blocks and extended according to the actual dimensions of the façade. Different collapse scenarios will result from this study.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2194-9034
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-15-2017
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2874092-0
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  • 7
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    Simultaneous measurements of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and water exchanges over three agroecosystems in South-West France
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2009
    In:  Biogeosciences Vol. 6, No. 12 ( 2009-12-11), p. 2957-2971
    Details
    In: Biogeosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 6, No. 12 ( 2009-12-11), p. 2957-2971
    Abstract: Abstract. During the last few decades, many studies have been performed to determine water and carbon budgets of broadleaf and deciduous forests, crops and grasslands. However, since most measurements have been made in different regions and at different periods, it is difficult to compare the results directly. In order to evaluate accurately the respective contribution of various agroecosystems to global water and carbon exchanges, it is necessary to compare data obtained in similar climatic and weather conditions. To address this question, we present the results from simultaneous measurements carried out during one year over three typical agroecosystems of the Les Landes region in South-West France:~an agricultural field with maize from 29 May to 18 October, a young (5 year-old) pine forest and a mature (37 year-old) pine forest. All measurements were collected as part of the Regional Experiment component of the CarboEurope-IP project. During most of the year, the agricultural field without vegetation is a source of CO2, but from late June to early September the maize crop becomes a stronger carbon sink than the forests. Over the whole measurement period the three agroecosystems behave as CO2 sinks with carbon storage of about 335, 210 and 160 g C m−2 for the young forest, the mature forest and the agricultural field, respectively. We investigated the influence of climatic conditions on Gross Primary Production (GPP) of the three ecosystems and observed a predominant role of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) for forests and of photosynthetic photon flux density (FPP) for maize. Daily Water Use Efficiencies (WUE) of the three ecosystems were evaluated and expressed as functions of the mean daily vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Similar trends were observed for the two forests, which suggests that for a given species WUE is independent of stand age. The WUE of the maize crop at maturity was also found to depend upon VPD, but it is about twice as large as for the forests, owing to the physiological advantages of C4 species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1726-4189
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-6-2957-2009
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2158181-2
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  • 8
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    Survival and ice nucleation activity of bacteria as aerosols in a cloud simulation chamber
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2015
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2015-06-12), p. 6455-6465
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 15, No. 11 ( 2015-06-12), p. 6455-6465
    Abstract: Abstract. The residence time of bacterial cells in the atmosphere is predictable by numerical models. However, estimations of their aerial dispersion as living entities are limited by a lack of information concerning survival rates and behavior in relation to atmospheric water. Here we investigate the viability and ice nucleation (IN) activity of typical atmospheric ice nucleation active bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and P. fluorescens) when airborne in a cloud simulation chamber (AIDA, Karlsruhe, Germany). Cell suspensions were sprayed into the chamber and aerosol samples were collected by impingement at designated times over a total duration of up to 18 h, and at some occasions after dissipation of a cloud formed by depressurization. Aerosol concentration was monitored simultaneously by online instruments. The cultivability of airborne cells decreased exponentially over time with a half-life time of 250 ± 30 min (about 3.5 to 4.5 h). In contrast, IN activity remained unchanged for several hours after aerosolization, demonstrating that IN activity was maintained after cell death. Interestingly, the relative abundance of IN active cells still airborne in the chamber was strongly decreased after cloud formation and dissipation. This illustrates the preferential precipitation of IN active cells by wet processes. Our results indicate that from 106 cells aerosolized from a surface, one would survive the average duration of its atmospheric journey estimated at 3.4 days. Statistically, this corresponds to the emission of 1 cell that achieves dissemination every ~ 33 min m−2 of cultivated crops fields, a strong source of airborne bacteria. Based on the observed survival rates, depending on wind speed, the trajectory endpoint could be situated several hundreds to thousands of kilometers from the emission source. These results should improve the representation of the aerial dissemination of bacteria in numeric models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-6455-2015
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-6455-2015-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 9
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    Significant technical advances in broadband seismic stations in the Lesser Antilles
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2015
    In:  Advances in Geosciences Vol. 40 ( 2015-04-10), p. 43-50
    Details
    In: Advances in Geosciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 40 ( 2015-04-10), p. 43-50
    Abstract: Abstract. In the last few years, French West Indies observatories from the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), in collaboration with The UWI Seismic Research Centre (SRC, University of West Indies), have modernized the Lesser Antilles Arc seismic and deformation monitoring network. 15 new, permanent stations have been installed that strengthen and expand its detection capabilities. The global network of the IPGP-SRC consortium is now composed of 20 modernized stations, all equipped with broadband seismometers, strong motion sensors, Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors and satellite communication for real-time data transfer. To enhance the sensitivity and reduce ambient noise, special efforts were made to improve the design of the seismic vault and the original Stuttgart shielding of the broadband seismometers (240 and 120s corner period). Tests were conducted for several months, involving different types of countermeasures, to achieve the highest performance level of the seismometers. GPS data, realtime and validated seismic data (only broadband) are now available from the IPGP data centre (http://centrededonnees.ipgp.fr/index.php?&lang=EN). This upgraded network feeds the Caribbean Tsunami Warning System supported by UNESCO and establishes a monitoring tool that produces high quality data for studying subduction and volcanic processes in the Lesser Antilles arc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7359
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/adgeo-40-43-2015
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2625759-2
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  • 10
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    A SPATIO-TEMPORAL WEB APPLICATION FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE FORMATION OF THE PARISIAN METROPOLIS
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Vol. VI-4/W1-2020 ( 2020-09-03), p. 45-52
    Details
    In: ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. VI-4/W1-2020 ( 2020-09-03), p. 45-52
    Abstract: Abstract. This article presents a spatio-temporal web application dedicated to the co-exploitation of heterogeneous data spatialized in a common 3D environment, providing several paradigms for supporting their co-visualization and interactions within the 3D environment and across time. The relevance of this tool is demonstrated here with two use cases involving historians and sociologists with the common objective of better understanding the formation of the Parisian metropolis. The study focuses on the evolution of the city of Nanterre (Paris area), which underwent many changes in the 1950s, and in particular on shantytown areas. Through census as statistical data and aerial imagery as visual data, a group of historians and sociologists experimented the relevance of the joint exploitation of those heterogeneous data within the proposed spatio-temporal web application.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2194-9050
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/isprs-annals-VI-4-W1-2020-45-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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