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  • 1
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    FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ANTENNAL ESTERASE FROM THE NOCTUID MOTH, Spodoptera exigua (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-18
    Description: Odorant-degrading esterases (ODEs) act in the fast deactivation of ester pheromone components and plant volatiles in insects. However, only few ODEs have been characterised to date. In this study, six full-length putative ODE genes (designated SexiCXE4 , 5, 17, 18, 20, and 31 ) were cloned from the male antennae of Spodoptera exigua . The deduced amino acid sequences possessed typical characteristics of a carboxylesterase (CXE) and shared high identities with reported insect CXEs. The tissue and temporal expression patterns were investigated by quantitative real time PCR. Although all six SexiCXEs are expressed in antennae of both sexes, SexiCXE4, 17 and 20 are antennae-enriched; while SexiCXE5 and SexiCXE18 are dominantly expressed in wings, and SexiCXE31 is mainly expressed in proboscises, heads and legs. With the highly biased expression in antennae and proboscises, SexiCXE4 was selected for further functional assay. The recombinant SexiCXE4 were expressed in High-five cells and purified by a Ni 2+ affinity column. SexiCXE4 has much higher enzyme activity against plant volatiles (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate than to the sex pheromone components, suggesting that it may function mostly in the degradation of the plant volatiles.
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6327
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 2
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    Comparison of stretched-Exponential and monoexponential model diffusion-Weighted imaging in prostate cancer and normal tissues (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-27
    Description: Background To compare stretched-exponential and monoexponential model diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in prostate cancer and normal tissues. Methods Twenty-seven patients with prostate cancer underwent DWI exam using b-values of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 s/mm 2 . The distributed diffusion coefficients (DDC) and α values of prostate cancer and normal tissues were obtained with stretched-exponential model and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values using monoexponential model. The ADC, DDC (both in 10 −3 mm 2 /s), and α values (range, 0–1) were compared among different prostate tissues. The ADC and DDC were also compared and correlated in each tissue, and the standardized differences between DDC and ADC were compared among different tissues. Results Data were obtained for 31 cancers, 36 normal peripheral zone (PZ) and 26 normal central gland (CG) tissues. The ADC (0.71 ± 0.12), DDC (0.60 ± 0.18), and α value (0.64 ± 0.05) of tumor were all significantly lower than those of the normal PZ (1.41 ± 0.22, 1.47 ± 0.20, and 0.85 ± 0.09) and CG (1.25 ± 0.14, 1.32 ± 0.13, and 0.82 ± 0.06) (all P  〈 0.05). ADC was significantly higher than DDC in cancer, but lower than DDC in the PZ and CG (all P  〈 0.05). The ADC and DDC were strongly correlated (R 2  = 0.99, 0.98, 0.99, respectively, all P  〈 0.05) in all the tissue, and standardized difference between ADC and DDC of cancer was slight but significantly higher than that in normal tissue. Conclusion The stretched-exponential model DWI provides more parameters for distinguishing prostate cancer and normal tissue and reveals slight differences between DDC and ADC values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015.
    Print ISSN: 1053-1807
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2586
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 3
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    Convergent responses of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption to nitrogen inputs in a semi-arid grassland (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Description: Human activities have significantly altered nitrogen (N) availability in most terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. While studies of how changes in N availability affect biodiversity and community composition are relatively common, much less is known about the effects of N inputs on the coupled biogeochemical cycling of N and phosphorus (P), and still fewer data exist regarding how increased N inputs affect the internal cycling of these two elements in plants. Nutrient resorption is an important driver of plant nutrient economies and of the quality of litter plants produce. Accordingly, resorption patterns have marked ecological implications for plant population and community fitness, as well as for ecosystem nutrient cycling. In a semi-arid grassland in northern China, we studied the effects of a wide-range of N inputs on foliar nutrient resorption of two dominant grasses, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis . After four years of treatments, N and P availability in soil and N and P concentrations in green and senesced grass leaves increased with increasing rates of N addition. Foliar N and P resorption significantly decreased along the N addition gradient, implying a resorption-mediated positive plant-soil feedback induced by N inputs. Furthermore, N:P resorption ratios were negatively correlated with the rates of N addition, indicating the sensitivity of plant N and P stoichiometry to N inputs. Taken together, the results demonstrate that N additions accelerate ecosystem uptake and turnover of both N and P in the temperate steppe and that N and P cycles are coupled in dynamic ways. The convergence of N and P resorption in response to N inputs emphasizes the importance of nutrient resorption as a pathway by which plants and ecosystems adjust in the face of increasing N availability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 4
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    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION, EXPRESSION PATTERNS, AND LIGAND-BINDING PROPERTIES OF TWO ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN GENES FROM Orthaga achatina (BUTLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-31
    Description: It is postulated that insect pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are involved in sex pheromone reception, while the general odorant-binding proteins (GOBPs) are involved in reception of the general odorants including plant volatiles. However, this functional specificity is not completely conclusive. In the present study, full-length sequences of two new OBP genes were molecularly identified as OachPBP1 and OachGOBP2 from Orthaga achatina, an important pest of the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora. Quantification of transcript levels by qRT-PCR showed that the two genes highly expressed in antennae, with OachPBP1 male-biased and OachGOBP2 similar between sexes. These expression patterns are consistent with the generally proposed functions of PBPs and GOBPs. With the recombinant proteins obtained by a bacterial expression system, the binding specificity of these proteins was further investigated and compared using the competitive binding assay. OachPBP1 exhibited high binding affinities with all three putative sex pheromones and 10 pheromone analogs, supporting its role in pheromone reception. On the other hand, in addition to binding with some plant volatiles, OachGOBP2 surprisingly displayed similar or even higher binding affinities with the sex pheromones than OachPBP1. Therefore, we propose that OachGOBP2 might play roles in reception of sex pheromone. Additionally, plant volatiles farnesol and farnesene showed high binding with both OachGOBP2 and OachPBP1, suggesting that these volatile chemicals have regulatory functions in the behavior of O. achatina.
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6327
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 5
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    Anthraquinonyl glycoside facilitates the standardization of graphene electrodes for the impedance detection of lectins (2014)
    Chemistry Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: Background: Construction of electrochemical impedance sensors by the self-assembly technique has become a promising strategy for the `label-free? detection of protein-ligand interactions. However, previous impedance sensors are devoid of an inherent electrochemical signal, which limits the standardization of the sensors for protein recognition in a reproducible manner. Results: We designed and synthesized an anthraquinonyl glycoside (AG) where the anthraquinone (AQ) moiety can bind to the surface of a graphene-based working electrode while the glycoside serving as a ligand for lectin. By measuring the inherent voltammetric signal of AQ, the glycosides decorated on the working electrode could be simply quantified to obtain electrodes with a unified signal window. Subsequently, impedance analysis showed that the `standardized? electrodes gave a reproducible electrochemical response to a selective lectin with no signal variation in the presence of unselective proteins. Conclusion: Anthraquinone-modified ligands could be used to facilitate the standardization of electrochemical impedance sensors for the reproducible, selective analysis of ligand-protein interactions.
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-153X
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Chemistry Central
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