Note: Intro -- Status, Challenges, Goals -- Contents -- 286 Biology and Industrial Applications of Chlorella: Advances and Prospects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Taxonomy -- 3 Growth Physiology -- 4 Mass Cultivation -- 4.1 Photoautotrophy -- 4.2 Mixotrophy -- 4.3 Heterotrophy -- 5 Potential Applications -- 5.1 Chlorella as Human Food and Animal Feed -- 5.2 Chlorella as a Source of Carotenoids -- 5.3 Chlorella for CO2 Biomitigation and Wastewater Bioremediation -- 5.4 Chlorella as Feedstock for Biofuels -- 5.5 Chlorella as Cell Factories for Recombinant Proteins -- 6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 331 Microalgae as a Source of Lutein: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Carotenogenesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure -- 3 Bioactivities and Impact on Health -- 4 Distribution -- 5 Mode of Cultivation -- 5.1 Photoautotrophic Cultivation -- 5.2 Heterotrophic Cultivation -- 6 Biosynthesis -- 6.1 Formation of Isopentenyl Diphosphate (IPP) -- 6.2 Formation of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate (GGPP) -- 6.3 Biosynthesis and Desaturation of Phytoene -- 6.4 Cyclization of Lycopene -- 6.5 Hydroxylation -- 7 Regulation of Carotenogenesis -- 7.1 Intercommunication of Cellular Organelles and Retrograde Regulation of Photosynthetic Genes -- 7.2 Stimulation of Carotenogenesis by Oxidative Stress -- 7.2.1 Enhancement of Carotenoid Synthesis Induced by ROS -- 7.2.2 Expression Variation of Genes Encoding Enzymes Involved in Carotenoid Biosynthesis After Oxidative Stress Treatment -- 7.2.3 ROS Sensing Signaling Cascade Involved in Simulating Carotenogenesis -- 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- 9 Acknowledgments -- References -- 287 Modelling of Microalgae Culture Systems with Applications to Control and Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Building Blocks of Microalgae Culture Models -- 3 Modeling of Intrinsic Biological Properties -- 3.1 Nutrient-Limited Growth and Decay -- 3.2 TAG Synthesis -- 3.3 Pigment Synthesis -- 3.4 Light-Limitation Effects -- 3.5 Temperature-Limitation Effect -- 4 Modeling of Physical Properties -- 4.1 Light Distribution -- 4.2 Microalgae Cell Trajectories -- 4.3 Temperature Variation -- 5 Towards Multiphysics Models of Microalgae Culture Systems -- 5.1 Chemostat Culture -- 5.2 Open Questions -- 6 Towards Model-Based Optimization and Control of Microalgae Culture Systems -- 6.1 Model-Based Operations Optimization -- 6.2 Monitoring and Control -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 328 Monitoring of Microalgal Processes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Monitoring Needs for Cultivation of Microalgae -- 2 Process Variables in Microalgal Cultivations -- 3 Current Measuring Methods for Online Monitoring of Physicochemical Process Parameters -- 3.1 Light Intensity -- 3.2 Temperature -- 3.3 pH -- 3.4 Carbon Dioxide in Liquid and Gaseous Phases -- 3.5 Oxygen in Liquid and Gaseous Phases -- 3.6 Inorganic Nutrients -- 4 Current Measuring Methods for Online Monitoring of Biological Process Parameters -- 4.1 Biomass Concentration -- 4.2 Cell Count, Cell Morphology, and Contamination -- 4.3 Photosynthetic Efficiency and Quantum Yield -- 4.4 Case Study: Decrease in Quantum Yield Monitored by Online PAM Fluorometry -- 4.5 Biomass Composition -- 4.6 Culture Health Monitoring -- 4.7 Concentration of Extracellular Products -- 5 Novel Measuring Methods with Potential for Online Monitoring of Physicochemical Process Parameters -- 6 Novel Measuring Methods with Potential for Online Monitoring of Biological Process Parameters -- 6.1 2D Fluorometry -- 6.2 IR Spectroscopy -- 6.3 Flow Cytometry -- 6.4 Raman Spectroscopy -- 6.5 NMR Spectroscopy. , 6.6 Dielectric Spectroscopy -- 6.7 Monitoring of Selected Process Variables with Novel Measuring Methods -- 6.7.1 Biomass Concentration -- 6.7.2 Cell Count, Cell Morphology, Contamination -- 6.7.3 Case Study: In Situ Microscopy Measuring Cell Count and Cell Size Distribution -- 6.7.4 Biomass Composition: Pigment and Lipid Content -- 7 Software Sensors and Other Computer-Aided Monitoring Methods -- 8 Perspectives and Outlook for Online Measurements in Microalgal Cultivations -- References -- 327 Photobioreactors in Life Support Systems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Potential of Microalgae with Respect to Remote Applications -- 3 Requirements, Opportunities, and Challenges of Photobioreactors for Space Missions -- 3.1 Illumination of Microalgae for Remote Applications -- 3.1.1 Accessory Pigments, Absorption, and Action Spectra of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii -- 3.1.2 Sensory Pigments in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Physiological Role -- 3.1.3 Phototaxis as Photomotile Behavior of This Alga -- 3.1.4 Circadian Clock Provides Rhythm for Phototactic Behavior -- 3.1.5 Blue Light not Only Induces Phototaxis2026 -- 3.1.6 Red Light -- 3.1.7 Geometrical Design Aspects of Photobioreactors for Remote Applications Regarding Light -- 3.1.8 Illumination Concepts and Designs for Biological Life Support Systems in Spaceflight -- 3.1.9 Consequences for Potential Mono- and Dichromatic Illumination of C. reinhardtii CC1690 for Remote/Spaceflight Applications -- 3.1.10 Ground-Based Experiments with Mono- and Dichromatic Illumination -- 3.2 Aeration of Microalgae for Remote Applications by Membranes -- 3.2.1 Mass Transfer Through Membranes in Photobioreactors -- 3.2.2 Membrane-Aerated Bioreactors -- 3.2.3 Membrane-Aerated Photobioreactors -- 3.2.4 Membrane-Aerated Photobioreactors for Space. , 3.2.5 Consequences for Potential Bubble-Free Membrane Aeration of Microalgae-Photobioreactors for Remote/Spaceflight Application -- 4 The ModuLES Reactor -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.