Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Types and Settings of Hypogene Karst -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Genetic Types of Karst -- 1.2 Definitions of Hypogene Speleogenesis -- 1.3 Diversity of Hypogene Speleogenesis -- 2 Hydrogeologic Context of Hypogene Speleogenesis -- 2.1 Origin of Aqueous Fluids -- 2.2 Flow Regimes -- 2.2.1 Compactional Regime -- 2.2.2 Thermobaric Regime -- 2.2.3 Deep Endogenous Regime -- 2.2.4 Meteoric Regime -- 2.2.5 Other Flow Drives -- 2.2.6 The Nature, Evolution and Interaction of the Regimes -- 2.3 Endogenic Fluids in the Deep Crustal Settings and Their Connection to the Upper Crust -- 2.4 Hydrodynamic Zoning of the Upper Crust in Continents -- 2.4.1 Hydrogeologic Stories -- 2.4.2 Hierarchy of Gravitational Flow Systems -- 2.4.3 Hydrodynamic Zoning According to Circulation Intensity -- 2.4.4 Hydrodynamic Zoning According to Distribution of Fluid Pressure -- 2.4.5 Hydrodynamic Zoning According to Dominating Flow Regimes -- 3 Genetic Divisions of Hypogene Karst -- 3.1 Genetic Types According to Hydrodynamic Environments -- 3.2 Endokarst -- 4 Hypogene Karstification, Metasomatism and Weathering -- 4.1 Metasomatism -- 4.2 Metasomatism and Karstification -- 4.3 Ghost-Rock Karstification -- 4.4 Cavernous Decay Features: Tafoni and Honeycomb Structures -- 5 Settings of Hypogene Karst -- 5.1 Basin's Marginal Discharge Areas -- 5.2 Basin's Internal Areas -- 5.3 Anticlinal Folds and Uplifted Blocks -- 5.4 Zones of Deep-Rooted Faults -- 5.5 Young Disrupted Basins -- 5.6 Large Carbonate Platforms, Side-Open to the Ocean -- 5.7 Areas of Young Volcanism -- 6 Lithogeodynamic Perspective of Endogenous Hypogene Karstification -- 7 Outlook -- References -- Europe -- 2 Hypogenic Caves in the UK -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Northern England -- 2.1 The Alston Block -- 2.2 The Askrigg Block -- 3 The Peak District. , 4 Wales and the Forest of Dean -- 5 The Bristol District -- 6 Transverse Hypogenic Gypsum Karst of Northern England and the East Midlands -- References -- 3 Hypogene Caves in France -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hypogene Speleogenesis: Definition and Characteristics -- 2.1 Hypogene Solutional Processes -- 2.2 The Ghost-Rock Karstification -- 3 Hydrogeological Setting -- 3.1 Marginal Basin Areas -- 3.2 Internal Basin Areas -- 3.3 Basin Deep Zone -- 3.4 Coastal Basins -- 3.5 Deformed Strata -- 3.6 Disrupted Basins -- 3.7 Volcanic and Magmatic Intrusions -- 4 Types of Hypogene Caves in France -- 4.1 Hypogene Cave Pattern in Phreatic Conditions -- 4.1.1 Isolated Geodes -- 4.1.2 3D Multistory Maze Caves -- 4.1.3 2D Maze Caves -- 4.1.4 Giant Ascending and Collapse Shafts -- 4.1.5 Caves Associated with Ore Deposits -- 4.2 Hypogene Cave Pattern Along or Above the Water Table -- 4.2.1 Upward Developing Dendritic Caves -- 4.2.2 Isolated Chambers -- 4.2.3 Sulfuric Water Table Caves -- 4.2.4 "Smoking" Shafts in the Vadose Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Evidence for Regional Hypogene Speleogenesis in Murcia (SE Spain) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- 3 Hypogenic Caves in the Murcia Region -- 3.1 Caves of Sierra Espuña Mountain Range -- 3.2 The Caves of the Hydrothermal Field of Cartagena -- 3.3 Caves of the North-Western Sector -- 3.4 Other Hypogenic Caves in the Murcia Region -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Hypogene Imprints in Coastal Karst Caves from Mallorca Island (Western Mediterranean): Morphological Features and Speleogenetic Approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical and Geological Setting -- 3 Caves Containing Hypogene Features -- 3.1 Llucmajor Upper Miocene Platform -- 3.1.1 Cova des Pas de Vallgornera. , 3.2 Campos Plio-Pleistocene Basin -- 3.2.1 Pou de Can Carro -- 3.2.2 Es Dolç -- 3.3 Portocristo Upper Miocene Littoral Fringe -- 3.3.1 Cova de s'Ònix -- 3.3.2 Coves del Drac -- 4 Final Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Hypogene Karst in Austria -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hypogene Karst in Austria -- 3 Examples of Hypogene Karst in Austria -- 3.1 Margin of the Vienna Basin -- 3.2 Salzach Fault System -- 3.3 Periadriatic Lineament -- 3.4 Northern Calcareous Alps -- 4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 7 Hypogenic Caves in the Apennine Mountains (Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 2.1 Geological Structures of the Apennines -- 2.2 Hydrogeology and Geochemistry -- 3 Karst -- 3.1 Northern Apennines -- 3.2 Mt. Cucco Caves -- 3.3 Western Umbria -- 3.4 Carbonate Platforms of the Central-Southern Apennines -- 3.4.1 Capo Palinuro -- 3.4.2 Latium Mountains -- 3.5 North Calabria -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 8 The Frasassi Caves: A "Classical" Active Hypogenic Cave -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 The Groundwater -- 3.1 Chemistry -- 3.2 Hydrodynamics -- 4 Cave Morphology -- 5 Cave Deposits -- 6 Active Speleogenetic Processes -- 6.1 H2S Degassing -- 6.2 Limestone Dissolution Measurements -- 7 Life -- 8 Speleogenesis -- References -- 9 The Coastal Sulfuric Acid Cave System of Santa Cesarea Terme (Southern Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology and Karst Geomorphology -- 3 The Santa Cesarea Terme Caves -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 The Thermal Hypogenic Caves of Acquasanta Terme (Central Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 2.1 Location and Climate -- 2.2 Geology -- 2.3 Hydrogeology -- 3 The Karst Area of Acquasanta Terme -- 3.1 Grotta di Acquasanta -- 3.2 The Rio Garrafo Caves -- 3.2.1 Sub-Horizontal Caves. , 3.2.2 Fault Caves -- 4 The Cave Environment -- 4.1 The Cave Water -- 4.2 Cave Atmosphere Composition -- 4.3 Active Cave Processes -- 5 Origin and Evolution of the Caves -- References -- 11 Inactive Hydrothermal Hypogenic Karst in SW Sardinia (Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical and Geological Outline -- 3 The Main Hypogenic Caves -- 3.1 Mount San Giovanni -- 3.1.1 Santa Barbara Cave System -- 3.1.2 Crovassa Ricchi in Argento-Grotta Pisani-Grotta Quarziti -- 3.1.3 Crovassa Azzurra -- 3.1.4 Massa Riccardo-Albert -- 3.2 Campo Pisano-Monteponi -- 3.3 Mount Onixeddu-Mount Barega -- 3.4 Masua -- 3.5 Monte Guisi Cave -- 3.6 Corona 'e Sa Craba Quartzite Cave -- 4 Morphological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Evidence for Hypogene Processes -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 An Overview of the Hypogene Caves of Sicily -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology -- 3 Hypogene Caves -- 3.1 The Monte Inici Cave System -- 3.2 The Monte Kronio Cave System -- 3.3 Grotta dell'Acqua Fitusa -- 3.4 Grotta dei Personaggi -- 3.5 Grotta dell'Acqua Mintina -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Hypogene Gypsum Caves in Piedmont (N-Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Structural Setting of the Gypsum Areas -- 2.1 Pre-evaporitic Messinian Deposits -- 2.2 Messinian Evaporitic and Syn-Evaporitic Deposits -- 2.3 Deposits of the Post-Evaporitic Messinian -- 3 Relationship Between the Geological and Structural Framework and Deep Karstification -- 4 The Caves of Moncalvo d'Asti -- 4.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 4.2 Speleogenetic Hypothesis -- 5 The Cave of Monticello d'Alba -- 5.1 Speleogenetic Hypothesis -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Hypogene Speleogenesis in Greece -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hypogene Caves of Greece -- 2.1 Hinterland -- 2.2 Internal Hellenides -- 2.2.1 Circum-Rhodope Belt. , 2.2.2 Paeonia Zone -- 2.2.3 Paiko Zone -- 2.2.4 Almopia Zone -- 2.2.5 Pelagonian Zone -- 2.2.6 Subpelagonian Zone -- 2.2.7 Cycladic Zone -- 2.3 External Hellenides -- 2.3.1 Pindos Zone -- 2.3.2 Gavrovo Zone -- 2.3.3 Ionian Zone -- 3 Speleogenetic Remarks -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Hypogene Karst in Macedonia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Geomorphological Context -- 2.1 Pre-Cenozoic Structure -- 2.2 Cenozoic Evolution as Part of the South Balkan Extensional System -- 2.2.1 Possible Impact of the Messinian Salinity Crisis -- 2.2.2 Quaternary Uplift, Draining of Lakes and Fluvial Evolution -- 3 Hypogene Karst Systems in Macedonia -- 3.1 Mariovo -- 3.2 Katlanovo -- 3.3 Krčin (Banjište-Krasta and Kosovrasti) -- 3.4 Other Examples -- 4 General Conclusions on Hypogene Karst in Macedonia -- 4.1 Speleogenetic Mechanisms -- 4.2 Geodynamic Control on the Development of Hypogene Karst Systems -- 4.2.1 Hypogene Karst Development and the South Balkan Extensional System in Macedonia -- 4.2.2 Geomorphological Control on Hypogene Karst Evolution -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 16 Hypogene Caves of Romania -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cerna Valley -- 3 Dobrogea -- 4 Mine Caves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Fluid Flow Systems and Hypogene Karst of the Transdanubian Range, Hungary-With Special Emphasis on Buda Thermal Karst -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fluid Flow Systems and Hypogene Karstification in Confined and Unconfined Carbonate Ranges-Theoretical Considerations -- 2.1 Cross-Formational Flow and Confinement of Carbonates -- 2.2 Heterogeneity of Permeability on Basin Scale -- 2.3 Hydraulic Continuity in Carbonates -- 2.4 Significance of Springs -- 2.5 Conceptual Flow Model and Connected Manifestations for an Unconfined and Confined Carbonate Basin. , 3 Fluid Flow Systems and Hypogene and Epigene Karst of the Transdanubian Range.