Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Use of Ion-Exchange Resins in Dehydration Reactions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Catalytic Processes of Dehydration -- 1.2.1 Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes -- 1.2.2 Dehydration of Alcohols to Ethers -- 1.2.3 Dehydration of Carbohydrates -- 1.2.4 Other Dehydration Processes -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- 2 The Application of Ion-Exchange Resins in Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ion-exchange resin as a catalyst and support in reaction processes -- 2.2.1 Hydrogenation reactions and catalysis -- 2.3 Ion-Exchange Resins as Catalyst and Support for Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3.1 Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Compounds Using Ion-Exchange Resins -- 2.3.2 Reduction, Removal, and Hydrogenation of Nitrates Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 2.3.3 Hydrodechlorination Reaction Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Use of Ion-Exchange Resins in Alkylation Reactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Aspects of Ion-Exchange Resins for the Alkylation Reaction -- 3.3 Alkylation Process Using Ion-Exchange Resins -- 3.3.1 Reactors and Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 3.3.2 Alkylation Process -- 3.3.3 A Process for Continuous Alkylation of Phenol Using Ion-Exchange Resin -- 3.3.4 Process for Alkylating Benzene with Tri- and Tetra-substituted Olefins with a Sulfonic Acid Type Ion-Exchanger Resin -- 3.4 Alkylation of Alkenes with Isoalkanes -- 3.5 The Reaction of Alkylation of Sulfur Compounds with Olefins -- 3.6 Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds -- 3.6.1 The Reaction of Aromatic Compounds with Olefins -- 3.6.2 The Reaction of Aromatic Compounds with Alkyl Halides and Alcohols -- 3.7 Alkylation of Phenol -- 3.8 Alkylation of Furan and Indol Derivatives -- 3.8.1 Indole Alkylation -- 3.8.2 Furan Alkylation -- 3.9 Conclusions -- References. , 4 Ion Exchange Resins Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Value Added Petrochemicals and Oleochemicals -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ion Exchange Resin Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Petrochemicals -- 4.2.1 Esterification of Acetic Acid -- 4.2.2 Esterification of Acrylic Acid -- 4.2.3 Esterification of Lactic Acid -- 4.2.4 Esterification of Maleic Acid -- 4.3 Ion Exchange Resin Catalysed Esterification for the Production of Oleochemicals -- 4.3.1 Esterification of Oleic Acid -- 4.4 Esterification of Butyric Acid -- 4.5 Esterification of Palmitic Acid -- 4.6 Esterification of Nanonoic Acid -- 4.7 Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Plant Oil -- 4.8 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 5 Synthesis and Control of Silver Aggregates in Ion-Exchanged Silicate Glass by Thermal Annealing and Gamma Irradiation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Glass Composition -- 5.2.2 Ion Exchange -- 5.2.3 Gamma Irradiation and Thermal Treatment -- 5.2.4 UV-Vis Optical Absorption Spectrometry -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Effect of Ion Exchange Conditions -- 5.3.2 Effect of Thermal Annealing Conditions -- 5.3.3 Effect of Gamma Irradiation -- 5.3.4 Combined Effects of Gamma Irradiation and Thermal Annealing -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Use of Ion-Exchange Resin in Reactive Separation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Use of Ion-Exchange Resin in Reactive Separation -- 6.2.1 Reactive Distillation (RD) -- 6.3 Reactive Chromatography (RC) -- 6.4 Reactive Extraction (RE) -- 6.5 Reactive Absorption (RA) -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Chromatographic Reactive Separations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Reactive Distillation (RD) -- 7.1.2 Reactive Chromatography (RC) -- 7.1.3 Reactive Extraction (RE) -- 7.1.4 Reactive Membranes (RM) -- 7.1.5 Reactive Crystallization (RCr) -- 7.2 Concluding Remarks -- References. , 8 Ion-Exchange Chromatography in Separation and Purification of Beverages -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ion-Exchange Resins -- 8.2.1 Properties of Ion-Exchange Resins Used for Industrial Applications -- 8.2.2 Applications in Drinking Water Treatment -- 8.2.3 Major Ion-Exchange Processes in Water Treatment -- 8.2.4 Applications in Nonalcoholic Beverages -- 8.2.5 Applications in Alcoholic Beverages -- 8.3 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Ion Exchange Resin Technology in Recovery of Precious and Noble Metals -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Recovery of Metals from Their Pregnant Solutions -- 9.2.1 Gold -- 9.2.2 Recovery and Removal of Silver from Aqueous Industrial Solutions by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.2.3 Removal of Copper from Industrial Effluents by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.2.4 Uranium -- 9.2.5 Removal of Iron and Sulfate Ions from Copper Streams by Ion Exchange Technology -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References.