Note: Intro -- Preface -- Why This Book? -- Content -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 History of the Geological Research in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1.1 Stages Before the Geological Survey and Stages After -- 1.1.1 Hume's Book -- 1.1.2 Said's '62 & -- '90 Books -- 1.2 History of Geological Mapping in Egypt -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 First Episode of Mapping -- 1.2.3 Second Episode of Mapping -- 1.2.4 Third Episode of Mapping -- 1.3 Geological Remote Sensing Publications in Egypt: Some Statistics on Satellite Sensors and Techniques -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 A Review on Geological Remote Sensing Publications in Egypt (from 1998 till 2017): Statistical Approach -- 1.3.2.1 Publications on Utilization of Remote Sensing Techniques for Geological Mapping -- 1.3.2.2 Publications on Utilization of Remote Sensing Techniques for Mineral Exploration -- 1.3.2.3 Remote Sensing Techniques -- 1.3.3 Concluding Remarks -- 1.4 Monitoring Spatiotemporal Variabilities in Egypt's Groundwater Resources Using GRACE Data -- 1.4.1 Introduction -- 1.4.2 Data and Methods -- 1.4.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.4.4 Summary and Conclusions -- 1.5 Geochronological Measurements -- 1.6 Airborne Geophysical Mapping -- 1.6.1 Period from 1962-1978 -- 1.6.2 Period from 1980-1984 -- References -- 2 Precambrian Basement Complex of Egypt -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nature and Evolution of the Basement Crust -- 2.3 Review of the Egyptian Basement Classifications -- 2.3.1 Classification of Hume (1934) -- 2.3.2 Classification of Schürmann (1953, 1966) -- 2.3.3 Classification of El Ramly and Akaad (1960) -- 2.3.4 Classification of El Shazly (1964) -- 2.3.5 Classification of Akaad and Noweir (1969, 1980) -- 2.3.6 El Ramly's (1972) Classification -- 2.3.7 The Classification of Ries et al. (1983) -- 2.3.8 Classification of Bentor (1985). , 2.3.9 The Classification of El Gaby et al. (1988, 1990) -- 2.3.10 The Classification of Ragab and El Alfy (1996) -- 2.4 The Precambrian Basement Succession -- 2.4.1 Metacratonic Gniesses of Uweinat-Kamil Inlier -- 2.4.1.1 Geologic and Geochronologic Overview -- 2.4.1.2 Gabal Uweinat Massif -- 2.4.1.3 Gabal Kamil Massif -- 2.4.2 Infrastructural Gneissic Complexes -- 2.4.2.1 Characteristics and Distribution -- 2.4.2.2 Age and Tectonic Evolution -- 2.4.2.3 Hafafit, Meatiq and Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complexes -- 2.4.3 Ophiolite Sequences -- 2.4.3.1 Historic Perspective -- 2.4.3.2 Spatial Distribution -- 2.4.3.3 Ophiolite Components -- 2.4.3.4 Age and Tectonic Setting -- 2.4.3.5 CED Ophiolites -- 2.4.3.6 SED Ophiolites -- 2.4.4 Arc Metavolcanics -- 2.4.4.1 Overview -- 2.4.4.2 Metavolcanics of the SED -- 2.4.4.3 Metavolcanics of the CED -- 2.4.4.4 Metavolcanics of Sinai -- 2.4.5 Metasediments -- 2.4.5.1 Metasediments of the Eastern Desert -- Atud Diamictite -- Banded Iron Formation -- 2.4.5.2 Metasediments of the Sinai -- 2.4.6 Alaskan-Type Mafic-Ultramafic Complexes -- 2.4.7 Metagabbro-Diorite Complex -- 2.4.8 Egyptian Granitoids -- 2.4.8.1 Overview -- 2.4.8.2 Island Arc Older Granites -- 2.4.8.3 Postcollisional Younger Granites -- 2.4.9 Dokhan Volcanics -- 2.4.10 Hammamat Group -- 2.4.11 Post Hammamat Felsites -- 2.4.12 Postcollisional Layered and Gabbro Intrusions -- 2.4.12.1 Layered Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions -- 2.4.12.2 Younger Gabbro Intrusions -- 2.4.13 Katherina A-Type Volcanics -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Structural and Tectonic Framework of Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt: From Gneiss Domes to Transpression Belts -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Egyptian Precambrian Basement in the Context of NE African Geology -- 3.2.1 The East African Orogen (EAO) -- 3.2.2 The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). , 3.2.2.1 Egyptian Eastern Desert Terrane, The North, Central and South Eastern Deserts, and The Southern Sinai -- 3.3 Earliest Neoproterozoic Deformation Events -- 3.3.1 Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complex -- 3.3.2 Sa'al-Zaghra Metamorphic Complex -- 3.4 Arc Accretion Stage -- 3.4.1 Arc-Arc Sutures: Timing and Kinematics of the Arc Collisions -- 3.4.2 Tectonic Environment of the Ophiolitic Material -- 3.4.3 Mechanisms of Emplacement of the Ophiolitic Mélange -- 3.4.4 Calc-Alkaline 'Subduction'-Related ('Older') Granitoids of the Arc and Arc-Collision Stage -- 3.4.4.1 Arc Plutons -- 3.4.4.2 Syn-Collision Plutons -- 3.4.4.3 Late- to Post-Collision Plutons -- 3.4.5 Further Models for the Arc-Collision Stage of the ANS -- 3.4.5.1 Models Preferring Additional Suture Zones Within the CED -- 3.4.5.2 Two-Tier Models of Infrastructure-Suprastructure (Westward Obduction) -- 3.4.5.3 Two-Tier Model (Thin-Skin Thrusting) -- 3.4.5.4 Two-Tier Model-Partitioned Strain in Strike-Slip Corridor -- 3.5 Orogenic Extension Stage -- 3.5.1 Early Recognition and Interpretation of Extensional Tectonism in the NED -- 3.5.2 Tectonic Extension in the Areas South of the NED -- 3.5.2.1 Central Eastern Desert -- 3.5.2.2 South Eastern Desert -- 3.5.3 Geological Features that Have Been Attributed to the Tectonic Extension Stage -- 3.5.3.1 Dyke Swarms -- 3.5.3.2 Dokhan Volcanics -- 3.5.3.3 Hammamat Molasse Basins -- 3.5.3.4 A-Type Granites -- 3.5.3.5 Regional Low-Angle Normal Shear Zones and Metamorphic Core Complexes -- 3.5.4 Proposed Mechanisms of the sim600 Ma Extension Tectonic Event -- 3.5.4.1 Continental Rifting -- 3.5.4.2 Extensional Collapse -- 3.5.4.3 Tectonic Escape and Rigid Indenters -- 3.5.4.4 Thermal/Gravity Assisted Rise of Gneiss Domes -- 3.6 Post-extensional Compressional Deformation Events. , 3.6.1 E-W to NE-SW Trending Folds and Thrusts (Post-Hammamat NW-SE Compression Event) -- 3.6.2 NW-SE Trending Folds and Thrusts (NE-SW Compression Event) -- 3.6.3 NW-SE Sinistral Najd Faulting and E-W Transpression -- 3.6.4 N-S Shortening Zones -- 3.7 Commentary on Major Points Covered in This Chapter -- References -- 4 Crustal Evolution of the Egyptian Precambrian Rocks -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sinai -- 4.3 Eastern Desert -- 4.3.1 The North Eastern Desert -- 4.3.2 The Central Eastern Desert -- 4.3.3 The South Eastern Desert -- 4.4 Aswan and the Southwestern Desert -- 4.5 Buried Crust of the Western Desert -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Suture(s) and Major Shear Zones in the Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Arc-Arc Sutures -- 5.2.1 Allaqi-Heiani Suture -- 5.2.2 South Hafafit Suture (?) -- 5.3 Shear Zones in the Egyptian Nubian Shield -- 5.3.1 Syn-accretion Shear Zones -- 5.3.2 Post-accretion Shear Zones -- 5.3.2.1 Najd-Related NW-Trending Shear Zones -- Kharit-Hodein Shear Zone -- Nugrus Shear Zone -- Atalla Shear Zones -- 5.3.2.2 ENE- (to E-) Trending Shear Zones -- Idfu-Mersa Alam Shear Zone -- Mubarak-Barramiya Shear Belt -- Abu Dabbab Seismotectonic Zone -- 5.3.3 Shear Zone-Related Gneiss Domes -- 5.4 Shear Zone-Related Mineralizations -- 5.5 Discussion -- References -- 6 The Metamorphism and Deformation of the Basement Complex in Egypt -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Precambrian Basement Rocks of Egypt -- 6.2.1 Tier 1 and Tier 2 Crustal Levels -- 6.2.2 Opposing Interpretations of Tier 1 and Tier 2 -- 6.2.3 The ANS and the Mozambique Belt -- 6.3 Gneissic Complexes of the Eastern and Western Deserts and Sinai -- 6.3.1 Gabal Meatiq Complex -- 6.3.2 Gabal El-Sibai Complex -- 6.3.3 El-Shalul Complex -- 6.3.4 Wadi Um Had Complex -- 6.3.5 Ras Barud Complex. , 6.3.6 Migif-Hafafit Complex -- 6.3.7 Wadi El-Hudi Complex -- 6.3.8 Wadi Haimur-Abu Swayel Complex -- 6.3.9 Wadi Beitan Complex -- 6.3.10 Wadi Kharit and Wadi Khuda Complexes -- 6.3.11 Western Desert Complexes -- 6.3.12 Gneisses Belts in Southern Sinai -- 6.3.12.1 Wadi Feiran-Solaf Complex -- 6.3.12.2 Wadi Sa'al-Zaghara Complex -- 6.3.12.3 Taba-Elat Complex -- 6.3.12.4 Wadi Kid Complex -- 6.4 The Question of Pre-Pan-African Crustal Beneath the Eastern Desert and Sinai -- 6.4.1 Radiometric Dating (Rb-Sr, U-Pb, Pb-Pb, Sm-Nd) -- 6.4.2 Pb Isotope Studies -- 6.4.3 Initial Sr Isotope Ratios -- 6.4.4 Initial εNd Values and Nd τDM Model Ages -- 6.4.5 Tectonic Significance of the "Gneissic Complexes" -- 6.5 Ophiolite Sequences and Ophiolitic Melange -- 6.5.1 Complete Ophiolite Sequences in the EED -- 6.5.1.1 Gabal El Rubshi -- 6.5.1.2 Qift-Quseir Road -- 6.5.1.3 Wadi Ghadir -- 6.5.1.4 Gabal Gerf -- 6.5.1.5 Sol Hamed -- 6.5.2 Serpentinites, Ophiolitic Mélange and Talc-Carbonate Rocks -- 6.5.2.1 Serpentinites -- 6.5.2.2 Ophiolitic Mélange -- 6.5.2.3 Talc-Carbonate Deposits -- 6.6 Metasediments -- 6.6.1 Mature Quartzites and Metacarbonates -- 6.6.2 Immature Metagreywackes and Metamudstones -- 6.6.3 Banded Iron Formations -- 6.7 Metavolcanics and Metapyroclastics -- 6.7.1 Older Metavolcanics -- 6.7.2 Younger Metavolcanics -- 6.8 Metamorphosed Plutonic Association -- 6.8.1 Metagabbro-Diorite Complex -- 6.8.2 Older or Synkinematic Granitoids -- 6.8.2.1 'Shaitian' Granites -- 6.8.2.2 Hafafit Tonalites -- 6.8.2.3 El-Sibai El Shush Tonalite -- 6.8.2.4 Abu Ziran Tonalite -- 6.9 Shear Zones -- 6.9.1 Nugrus Shear Zone -- 6.9.2 Sha'it Shear Zone -- 6.9.3 Eastern Desert Shear Zone -- 6.10 Hammamat Sequences -- 6.10.1 Features of the Hammamat Basins -- 6.10.2 Metamorphic Aspects of the Hammamat Basins -- 6.10.2.1 Contact Metamorphism Due to Younger Granite Intrusions. , 6.10.2.2 Dynamic Metamorphism Associated with the EDSZ.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Why This Book? -- Contents -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Turin Papyrus Map and Historical Background of Geological Work in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Turin Papyrus -- 1.3 Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Activities -- 1.4 From Bonaparte to the End of the Nineteenth Century -- 1.5 1896 to 1950 -- 1.6 Since 1950 -- 1.7 Future Trends -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 The Egyptian Nubian Shield Within the Frame of the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- Abstract -- 2.1 Formation and Amalgamation of Gondwana Supercontinent -- 2.2 Orogens that Shaped the Greater Gondwana -- 2.2.1 The West- African-Brasiliano Orogeny -- 2.2.2 The Damara-Zambesi-Lufilian Orogeny -- 2.2.3 The East African Orogeny -- 2.2.4 Kuunga Orogeny -- 2.3 The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) -- 2.3.1 Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- 2.3.2 Ophiolites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- 2.3.3 How Juvenile Is the Arabian-Nubian Shield? -- 2.3.4 Accretion and Thickening in the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- 2.3.5 Tectonic Models of the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- 2.4 The Egyptian Nubian Shield -- 2.4.1 The South-Eastern Desert (SED) -- 2.4.2 The Central Eastern Desert (CED) -- 2.4.3 The Northern Eastern Desert (NED) -- 2.4.4 The Egyptian Nubian Shield in Sinai -- 2.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Rock Succession in Egyptian Nubian Shield -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Brief Classification of the Egyptian Basement Rocks -- 3.2.1 Stratigraphical Classification of Precambrian Rocks (Geosynclinal Concept) -- 3.2.2 Structural Classification -- 3.3 History of Pan-African -- 3.4 General Description of the Rock Units Constituting the Basement Complex -- 3.4.1 Gneiss Assemblages -- 3.4.2 Age of the Gneissic Rocks -- 3.5 Pan-African Rock Assemblages -- 3.5.1 Ophiolites -- 3.5.2 Age of Ophiolites -- 3.5.3 Age of the Metavolcanics. , 3.5.4 Dokhan Volcanics -- 3.5.4.1 Post-Hammamat Felsite -- 3.5.4.2 Age of the Dokhan Volcanics -- 3.5.5 Hammamat Group -- 3.5.5.1 Age of the Hammamat Sediments -- 3.5.6 Ultrabasic-Basic Intrusions -- 3.5.6.1 Ages of Ultrabasic-Basic Intrusions -- 3.5.7 Granites -- 3.5.7.1 Age of the Older Granitoids -- 3.5.7.2 Age of the Younger Granitoids -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 The Sinai Metamorphic Complexes from Rodinia Rifting to the Gondwana Collision -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sinai Metamorphic Complexes -- 4.2.1 Lithology, Setting, and Protoliths of the Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complex (FSMC) -- 4.2.2 Lithology, Setting, and Protoliths of the Taba Metamorphic Complex (TMC) -- 4.2.3 Lithology, Setting, and Protoliths of the Kid Metamorphic Complex (KMC) -- 4.2.4 Lithology, Setting, and Protoliths of the Sa'al-Zaghara Metamorphic Complex (SZMC) -- 4.3 Structural Setting of Sinai Metamorphic Complexes -- 4.3.1 Structure of the Feiran-Solaf Complex -- 4.3.2 Structure of the Taba Metamorphic Complex -- 4.3.3 Structure of the Kid Metamorphic Complex -- 4.3.4 Structure of the Sa'al-Zaghara Metamorphic Complex -- 4.4 Metamorphic Conditions and Pressure-Temperature Paths in the Sinai Complexes -- 4.4.1 Metamorphism of Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complex -- 4.4.2 Metamorphism of Taba Metamorphic Complex -- 4.4.3 Metamorphism of Kid Metamorphic Complex -- 4.4.4 Metamorphism of Sa'al-Zaghara Metamorphic Complex -- 4.5 Geochronology of the Events in the Sinai Metamorphic Complexes -- 4.5.1 Geochronology of the Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complex -- 4.5.2 Geochronology of the Taba Metamorphic Complex -- 4.5.3 Geochronology of the Kid Metamorphic Complex -- 4.5.4 Geochronology of the Sa'al-Zaghara Metamorphic Complex -- 4.6 Discussion -- 4.6.1 Age Relations Between the Sinai Metamorphic Complexes -- 4.6.2 P-T Paths of the Sinai Metamorphic Complexes. , 4.6.3 Metamorphic Events and Their Relationship to Deformation -- 4.7 500 Myr in One Tectonic Model: A Summary -- 4.7.1 Rodinia Breakup (1100-838 Ma) -- 4.7.2 Formation of at Least Two Volcanic Arcs (805-745 Ma) -- 4.7.3 Volcanic Arc-Volcanic Arc Collision Stage (632-620 Ma) -- 4.7.4 Najd Fault System and Exhumation in Oblique Compression Tectonics (630-610 Ma) -- 4.7.5 Back-Arc Stage (620-593 Ma) -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5 The Infracrustal Rocks in the Egyptian Nubian Shield: An Overview and Synthesis -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of Gneisses in the ENS -- 5.2.1 Infrastructure Gneisses -- 5.2.2 Remobilized Infracrustal Gneisses -- 5.3 Geochronological Data of the Gneisses in the ENS -- 5.4 Rock Types of Gneiss Complex in the ENS -- 5.4.1 Gneisses -- 5.4.2 Migmatites -- 5.4.3 Amphibolites -- 5.4.4 The Deformed Granitoids -- 5.4.5 Medium-Grade Schists -- 5.5 Gneisses Occurrences in the ENS -- 5.5.1 The Northern Eastern Desert -- 5.5.1.1 Barud Gneisses -- 5.5.1.2 Um Tenassib Gneisses -- 5.5.1.3 Abu Zawal Gneisses -- 5.5.2 The Central Eastern Desert -- 5.5.2.1 Migif-Hafafit Gneisses -- 5.5.2.2 Meatiq Gneiss Complex -- 5.5.2.3 Sibai Gneiss Complex -- 5.5.2.4 Shalul Granitic Gneisse -- 5.5.2.5 Um Had Gneisses -- 5.5.2.6 Shaitain Gneissose Granites -- 5.5.2.7 Gabal Zabara Gneisses -- 5.5.2.8 El-Umra Gneissose Granite -- 5.5.3 Southern Eastern Desert (SED) -- 5.5.3.1 Um Gunud Gneisses -- 5.5.3.2 Beitan Gneisses -- 5.5.3.3 Khuda Gneisses -- 5.5.3.4 El-Hudi Gneisses -- 5.5.3.5 Wadi Haimur-Abu Swayel Gneiss -- 5.5.3.6 Abu Fas Gneisses -- 5.5.3.7 Abu Rusheid-Sikait Gneissose Granite -- 5.5.3.8 Hamisana Giesses (Gabal Himitrah and Gabal Duwaj) -- 5.5.4 Sinai Peninsula -- 5.5.4.1 Feiran-Solaf Gneisses -- 5.5.4.2 Taba Orthogneiss -- 5.5.4.3 Elat Granitic Gneiss -- 5.5.4.4 Fjord Orthogneiss -- 5.5.4.5 Wadi Watir Orthogneiss. , 5.5.4.6 The Qenaia Gneisses: Wadi Kid Area -- 5.6 The Core Complexes in the Egyptian Nubian Shield -- References -- 6 The Ophiolite-Dominated Suprastructure, Eastern Desert, Egypt -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Geological Setting -- 6.2.1 Ophiolite Assemblage -- 6.2.1.1 Ophiolites of the Central Eastern Desert -- Intact MORB Ophiolites -- Dismembered Ophiolites -- Arc-Associated Ophiolites -- 6.2.1.2 Ophiolites of the Souther Eastern Desert -- 6.2.2 The Island Arc Assemblages -- 6.2.2.1 Metamorphosed Oceanic Volcanic Island Arc Assemblage: -- Metamorphosed Metavolcanics -- Volcaniclastic Metasediments (Mélange Matrix) -- 6.2.2.2 Bimodal Metavolcanic Island Arc Assemblage -- Bimodal Metavolcanics -- Bimodal Arc-Related Metasediments and Hosted BIF and Sulfides -- 6.2.3 Ophiolitic Mélange -- 6.2.4 The Atud Conglomerate -- 6.3 Deformation and Metamorphism -- 6.4 Geochemistry -- 6.4.1 Ophiolite Geochemistry -- 6.4.1.1 Ophiolitic Metavolcanics and Metagabbros -- 6.4.1.2 Geochemistry of Serpentinized Peridotites -- 6.4.2 Geochemistry of Island Arc Assemblages -- 6.4.2.1 The Intra-Oceanic Island Arcs -- 6.4.2.2 Bimodal Metavolcanics -- 6.4.2.3 Geochemistry of Volcaniclastic Metasediments -- 6.5 Radiometric Dating -- 6.6 Tectonic Setting and Crustal Evolution -- 6.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Ediacaran Post-collisional Volcanosedimentary Successions in Egypt -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dokhan Volcanics -- 7.2.1 Composition and Origin of the Dokhan Volcanics -- 7.2.2 Relevant Textures of the Dokhan Volcanics -- 7.2.3 Geochronology of the Dokhan Volcanics -- 7.3 Hammamat Sedimentary Rocks (Group) -- 7.3.1 Composition of Hammamat Sedimentary Rocks -- 7.3.2 Tectonic Setting and Evolution of the Hammamat Sedimentary Rocks -- 7.3.3 Geochronology of the Hammamat Sedimentary Rocks. , 7.4 Examples of the Ediacaran Volcanosedimentary Successions in the Eastern Desert -- 7.4.1 The Ras Gharib Segment -- 7.4.2 Gabal El Urf Area -- 7.4.2.1 Lithostratigraphy and Environments -- 7.4.2.2 Evolution of the GUS Basin -- 7.4.3 Gabal Abu Had Area -- 7.4.3.1 Lithostratigraphy and Environments -- 7.4.3.2 Evolution of the GHS Basin -- 7.4.4 The Hamid Area -- 7.4.4.1 Lithostratigraphy and Environments -- 7.4.4.2 Evolution of the HVSS Basin -- 7.5 Examples of the Ediacaran Volcanosedimentary Successions in Southern Sinai -- 7.5.1 The Ferani and Rutig Areas -- 7.5.1.1 Lithostratigraphy and Environments -- 7.5.1.2 Basin Evolution and Correlation -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Neoproterozoic Ophiolitic and Arc Metavolcanics of the Egyptian Nubian Shield -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Dokhan Volcanics -- 8.2 Geologic Overview of the Neoproterozic Metavolcanics of the Egyptian Nubian Shield -- 8.2.1 Metavolcanics in Southern Sinai -- 8.2.2 Metavolcanics in North Eastern Desert -- 8.2.3 Metavolcanics in the Central Eastern Desert -- 8.2.4 Metavolcanics in the South Eastern Desert -- 8.3 Petrographic Features -- 8.3.1 Ophiolitic Metavolcanics -- 8.3.2 Arc Metavolcanics -- 8.4 Geochemical Characteristics -- 8.4.1 Ophiolitic Metavolcanics -- 8.4.2 Arc Metavolcanics -- 8.5 REEs Geochemistry -- 8.6 Discussions -- 8.6.1 Geochemical Implications -- 8.6.2 Metamorphism -- 8.6.3 Age-Dating -- 8.6.3.1 Ophiolitic (old) Metavolcanics -- 8.6.3.2 Arc (young) Metavolcanics -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- 8.8 Some Recommendations for Future Research Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 The Egyptian Granitoids: an up-to-date Synopsis -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Previous Schemes for the Classification of Egyptian Granites -- 9.2.1 Classification Based on Relative Age, Composition and Dominant Colours. , 9.2.2 Classification Based on Origin and Tectonic Setting.