Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction to the Nile Delta -- Nile Delta Biography: Challenges and Opportunities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Nile Delta -- 2.1 Geography -- 2.2 Climate -- 2.3 Geology -- 3 Nile Delta Challenges -- 3.1 Land Use Change -- 3.2 Coastal Erosion -- 3.3 Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise (SLR) -- 3.4 Water Quality Deterioration -- 3.5 Seawater Intrusion -- 4 Proposed Mitigation, Adaptation Scenarios, and Opportunities -- 4.1 Land Use Challenge Adaptation -- 4.2 Coastal Erosion/Accretion Adaptation -- 4.3 Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise (SLR) Adaptation -- 4.4 Water Quality Deterioration Adaptation -- 4.5 Seawater Intrusion Adaptation -- 5 Summary -- References -- Ancient Water Supply System in Tall Tanis, Archaeological Area Northeastern Nile Delta Region, Port Said, Egypt -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Geomorphology -- 1.2 Historical Background -- 2 Water Supply System -- 3 The Water Lifting System -- 3.1 The Shaduf -- 3.2 The Saqiya (Noria-Waterwheel) -- 4 The Water Stored System -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Part II: Groundwater in the Nile Delta -- Nile and Groundwater Interaction in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology of the Nile Delta -- 3 Sampling and Analysis -- 4 Climate -- 4.1 Temperature -- 4.2 Rainfall -- 4.3 Evaporation -- 4.4 Relative Humidity -- 5 Hydrogeology -- 5.1 Oligocene Aquifer -- 5.2 Moghra (Miocene) Aquifer -- 5.3 Wadi El Natrun (Pliocene) Aquifer -- 5.4 Delta (Quaternary) Aquifer -- 6 Hydrogeochemistry -- 6.1 Electric Conductivity (EC) -- 6.2 Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH) -- 6.3 Salinity Content -- 6.4 Major Cations -- 6.4.1 Sodium -- 6.4.2 Potassium -- 6.4.3 Calcium -- 6.4.4 Magnesium -- 6.5 Major Anions -- 6.5.1 Chloride. , 6.5.2 Sulfate -- 6.5.3 Bicarbonate -- 6.5.4 Nutrients -- 7 Groundwater Types -- 7.1 Sulin´s Classification for the Groundwater -- 7.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- 7.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate -- 8 Trace Elements -- 9 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Mapping of Groundwater in Egypt Using RS/GIS: Case Studies, Areas Surrounding Nile Valley and Its Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources in Egypt -- 3 Groundwater Mapping -- 3.1 Concepts and Benefits of Groundwater Mapping -- 3.2 Elements of a Groundwater Map -- 4 Applications of RS and GIS in Groundwater Mapping -- 4.1 Overview of Applications -- 4.2 Mapping Using Aerial Photos and Satellite Images -- 4.3 Mapping Using Radar Data -- 5 Mapping of Groundwater in Egypt Using RS and GIS (Case Studies) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nile Delta Areas -- 5.3 Eastern Nile Valley Areas -- 5.4 Western Nile Valley Areas -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- GIS-Based Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basics of Multivariate Analysis -- 2.1 Principal Components Analysis -- 2.2 Factor Analysis -- 3 Water Quality Indices -- 3.1 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index -- 3.2 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index -- 3.3 Oregon Water Quality Index -- 3.4 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method -- 4 Suitability of Groundwater of Irrigation -- 4.1 Total Dissolved Solid -- 4.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- 4.3 Sodium Percentage -- 4.4 Residual Sodium Carbonate -- 4.5 Magnesium Hazard -- 4.6 Permeability Index -- 4.7 Kelly´s Ratio -- 4.8 Chloro-alkaline Indices -- 4.9 Corrosively Ratio -- 5 Case Study and Data Collection -- 6 Materials and Methods -- 7 Results and Discussions -- 7.1 Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Parameters Based on Multivariate Analysis. , 7.2 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation -- 7.2.1 Drinking -- 7.2.2 Irrigation -- 8 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Modeling of Fertilizer Transport Through Soil, Case Study: Nile Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Groundwater Aquifers -- 2.1 Types of Aquifers -- 2.1.1 Confined Aquifers -- 2.1.2 Unconfined Aquifer -- 2.2 Physical Properties of Aquifers -- 2.2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 2.2.2 Transmissivity -- 2.2.3 Storativity -- 2.3 Fundamental Equations of Groundwater Flow -- 2.3.1 Darcy Law -- 2.3.2 Equation of Continuity -- 3 Principles of Groundwater Contamination -- 3.1 Organic Contaminants -- 3.1.1 Hydrolysis -- 3.1.2 Oxidation-Reduction -- 3.1.3 Biodegradation -- 3.1.4 Adsorption -- 3.1.5 Volatilization -- 3.2 Inorganic Contaminants -- 3.2.1 Nitrogen -- 3.2.2 Phosphorous -- 3.2.3 Sulfur -- 4 Fertilizers in Nile Delta -- 4.1 Farming Systems and Agroecological Zones -- 4.1.1 Old Land -- 4.1.2 New Land -- 4.1.3 Oases -- 4.1.4 Rainfed Areas -- 4.2 Agricultural Production Systems -- 4.3 Crop Production System -- 4.3.1 Cereal Crops -- 4.3.2 Sugar Crops -- 4.3.3 Horticultural Crops -- 4.4 Cropping Patterns -- 4.5 Fertilizer Requirements and Crop Needs -- 4.6 Methods of Fertilizer Application -- 5 Transport of Contaminants in Groundwater -- 5.1 Advection -- 5.2 Dispersion -- 5.3 Retardation -- 6 Numerical Models and Computer Codes -- 6.1 Numerical Models -- 6.1.1 Finite Difference Methods -- 6.1.2 Finite Element Methods -- 6.1.3 Boundary Element Methods -- 6.2 Computer Codes -- 6.2.1 MODFLOW -- 6.2.2 MT3DMS -- 6.2.3 Groundwater Modeling System -- 6.2.4 Soil and Water Assessment Tool -- 6.2.5 Finite Element Subsurface Flow and Transport Simulation System -- 6.2.6 SUTRA -- 6.2.7 HYDRUS -- 6.2.8 SEAWAT -- 7 Case Study -- 7.1 General Considerations -- 7.2 Modeling Groundwater Flow -- 7.3 Modeling NO3- Transportation Processes. , 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Groundwater Degradation and Remediation in the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 1 Introduction to Groundwater Contamination -- 1.1 Aspects of Groundwater Degradation -- 1.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination -- 1.2.1 Nitrate -- 1.2.2 Pathogens -- 1.2.3 Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater -- 1.2.4 Fluoride -- 1.2.5 Landfill Leachate -- 1.2.6 On-Site Sanitation Systems -- 1.2.7 Sewage Treatment Plants -- 1.2.8 Hydraulic Fracturing -- 1.2.9 Others -- 1.3 Migration of Groundwater Contaminants -- 1.3.1 Interactions with Surface Water -- 1.3.2 Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers -- 1.4 Advection-Dispersion Solute Transport -- 1.5 Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater -- 2 State of the Art of the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 2.1 Land Use and Climate Conditions -- 2.2 Irrigation-Drainage Network -- 2.3 Hydrogeology and Aquifer Characteristics -- 2.4 Recharge-Discharge Sources of the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 2.5 Groundwater Use and Quality in the Nile Delta -- 3 Groundwater Contamination and Degradation in Nile Delta -- 3.1 Groundwater Movement and Contaminant Distribution -- 3.2 Sources of Groundwater Pollution in the Nile Delta -- 3.3 Vulnerability of Aquifer to Pollution -- 3.4 Groundwater Pollution Hazard and Assessment -- 4 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in the Nile Delta -- 4.1 Basic Types of Groundwater Monitoring -- 4.1.1 Ambient Monitoring -- 4.1.2 Compliance Monitoring -- 4.1.3 Assessment Monitoring -- 4.1.4 Remediation Monitoring -- 4.1.5 Post-Closure Monitoring -- 4.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Systems -- 4.3 Choice of Monitoring System -- 4.4 Locations and Depths of Monitoring Wells -- 4.5 Statistical Analysis of Monitoring Data -- 4.6 Groundwater Quality Sampling and Testing -- 5 Groundwater Solute Transport Modeling -- 5.1 Advection with Dispersion and Chemical Retardation. , 5.2 Advective-Dispersive Transport Equations -- 5.3 Conceptual Modeling -- 5.4 Mathematical Modeling -- 5.4.1 Finite Difference Method -- 5.4.2 Finite Element Method -- 5.5 Numerical Modeling of Nile Delta Aquifer -- 5.5.1 Model Design (Input Parameters) -- 5.5.2 Model Discretization -- 5.5.3 Boundary Conditions -- 5.5.4 Groundwater Recharge -- 5.5.5 Abstraction Wells -- 5.6 Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Contamination -- 6 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Nile Delta -- 6.1 Groundwater Quality Standards -- 6.2 Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes -- 6.3 Groundwater Quality Index WQI -- 6.4 Nile Delta Groundwater Quality Assessment -- 7 Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater in Nile Delta -- 7.1 Locating On-Site Sanitation Systems -- 7.2 Point-of-Use Treatment -- 7.3 Remedial Priority Ranking of Contaminated Sites -- 7.4 Groundwater Remediation Schemes -- 7.5 Remediation of Nitrate Contamination -- 8 Groundwater Salinity Management in Nile Delta -- 8.1 Freshwater-Saltwater Interface in the Nile Delta Aquifer -- 8.2 Groundwater Salinity Management in Nile Delta -- 8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part III: Land and Soil, On-Farm Irrigation and Drainage Water -- Land Degradation in the Nile Delta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographic and Overview -- 2.1 Soils of the Nile Delta -- 2.2 The Main Key Facts of the Nile Delta [2] -- 3 Land Degradation -- 3.1 The Causes of Land Degradation -- 3.1.1 Natural Causes -- 3.1.2 Human-Induced Causes -- 3.2 Types and Causes of Land Degradation [9] -- 4 Land Degradation in the Nile Delta and Its Impact -- 4.1 Salinity -- 4.1.1 Irrigation Water -- 4.1.2 Shallow Water Table and Logging -- 4.1.3 Seawater Intrusion -- 4.2 Seawater Rise -- 4.3 Contamination of Surface Water Canals -- 4.4 Land Compaction and Nutrient Depletion -- 4.5 Deterioration of Soil Structure -- 4.6 Urban Sprawl. , 5 Assessment of Soil Degradation due to Salinity.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- Introduction to "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summaries of the Book Chapters -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- References -- Evaluation of the Groundwater Resources in the Nile Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources -- 2.1 Renewable Water Resources -- 2.2 Non-renewable Water Resources -- 3 Groundwater Usage -- 4 Groundwater Quality -- 5 The Nile Valley and Delta Aquifers -- 6 Geomorphology and Main Characteristics of the Nile Valley -- 7 Hydrological Settings -- 8 Discharge and Recharge -- 9 Vulnerability Assessment -- 10 Proposed Scenarios and Solutions -- 11 Conclusions -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Modeling -- Fundamentals of Groundwater Modeling Methods and a Focused Review on the Groundwater Models of the Nile Valley Aquifer -- 1 Background -- 2 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Defining the model's Objectives -- 2.3 Conceptual Model -- 2.4 Types of Models -- 2.5 Solution of Mathematical Formulation -- 2.6 Model Calibration -- 2.7 Model Validation: Acceptance or Rejection -- 2.8 Sensitivity Analysis -- 2.9 Uncertainty Analysis -- 2.10 Modeling Software/Codes -- 2.11 Limitations of Modeling Techniques -- 3 Application of Numerical Groundwater Modeling in the Nile Valley -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- Contamination Sources Along the Nile Valley, Egypt and Its Impact on Groundwater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Surface Water System in the Nile Valley -- 4 Contamination Sources -- 4.1 Domestic Sources -- 4.2 Agricultural Sources -- 4.3 Industrial Sources -- 4.4 Dewatering Water -- 4.5 Colling Water -- 4.6 Impact of Contamination on Groundwater. , 4.7 Protection and Legislations -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contaminates on Groundwater Quality in the Nile River Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminants Seepage Between Groundwater and Surface Water -- 3 Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contamination -- 4 Wastewater Treatment Plants in Nile River Valley -- 5 Groundwater Assessment Methodologies -- 6 Investigations of Groundwater Contamination in Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 6.1 Case Study: Evaluation of Groundwater Resources Nearby the Main Wastewater Treatment Plants -- 7 Summary -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemistry and Hydrogeology Aspects of Alluvial Aquifer in Aswan City, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Methodology -- 3.1 Geomorphology -- 3.2 Geology -- 3.3 Hydrogeology -- 3.4 Water Chemistry -- 4 Numerical Groundwater Model -- 4.1 Model Setup -- 4.2 Calibration and Validation -- 4.3 Groundwater Head and Water Budget -- 5 Groundwater Table Rise Solutions -- 5.1 Bank Infiltration -- 5.2 Reduce the Water Losses from the Water Supply Network -- 5.3 Increase the Extraction Rates -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater in the Area Northwest of El-Sadat City, West Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Overview -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Geological Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Settings -- 4.1 Quaternary Aquifer -- 4.2 Pliocene Aquifer -- 4.3 Miocene Aquifer -- 4.4 Oligocene Aquifer -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Numerical Water Quality Indicators -- 5.2 Groundwater Hydrochemical Analysis -- 5.3 Water Quality Graphical Representation -- 6 Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes -- 6.1 Sodium Content (SC) -- 6.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 6.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) -- 6.4 Permeability Index (PI). , 6.5 EC and SAR Relationship -- 6.6 Magnesium Hazard (MH) -- 6.7 Kelly's Ratio (KI) -- 6.8 Chloride Classification -- 6.9 Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI) -- 6.10 Corrosively Ratio (CR) -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- As a Water Resources Management Tool, Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation in the Young Alluvial Plain of Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Groundwater Sampling and Parameters Analytical Procedure -- 3.2 Groundwater Quality Calculations -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Individual Parameter -- 4.2 Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQ) -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater -- Agricultural Drainage Strategies in Egypt as a Protection Tool Against Groundwater Contamination by Fertilizers: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Drainage Practices -- 2.1 What Is Agricultural Drainage? -- 2.2 Agricultural Drainage Systems -- 3 Poor Drainage Conditions and Their Adverse Impacts on Groundwater Quality and the Surrounding Environment -- 3.1 Waterlogging -- 3.2 Salinity -- 4 Effect of Practicing Agricultural Drainage on Groundwater Quality, Agricultural Productivity, and the Surrounding Environment -- 4.1 Conventional Drainage Practices -- 4.2 Controlled Drainage Practices -- 4.3 Summary of Subsurface Drainage Practices' impacts on Groundwater -- 5 Agricultural Drainage in Egypt -- 5.1 Brief History and Authorities -- 5.2 Responsibilities and Targets -- 5.3 Exploring Ways of Practicing Agriculture Drainage Strategies in the Nile Valley: A Case Study of El-Minia Governorate -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Pliocene Aquifer Characterization Using TEM and VES Geophysical Techniques: Case Study at the Area to the East of Wadi El-Natrun City, West Nile Delta, Egypt. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphological and Topographic Settings and Climatic Conditions -- 3 Geological and Tectonic Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Background -- 5 Literature Review -- 6 Geophysical Surveys -- 6.1 Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Rocks -- 6.2 Resistivity Survey -- 6.3 Transient Electromagnetic Survey -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Electrical Resistivity and Hydrogeochemistry in West Tahta Region, Upper Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology and Hydrology of the Study Area -- 3 Sampling, Data, and Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Geoelectrical Analysis -- 4.2 Hydrogeochemical Analysis -- 4.3 Assessment of the Collected Groundwater for Different Purposes -- 4.4 Mechanisms Controlling Groundwater Chemistry -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Mapping Groundwater Recharge Potential in the Nile Basin Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geologic and Hydrologic Setting of the Nile Basin -- 3 Case Studies -- 4 Analytical Approach: Developing Thematic Maps -- 5 Wadis -- 5.1 Wadi Qena -- 5.2 Wadi Matula -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile River Valley: Is It Possible After the Construction of GERD? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 3 GERD Impacts on the Groundwater in the Nile River Valley -- 4 Impact of Filling GERD Reservoir in 10 years on Groundwater Level -- 4.1 Study Area and Groundwater Model -- 4.2 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Update -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality. , 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Tunisia" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Chapters' Summary -- 1.3.1 Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 1.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 1.3.3 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 1.3.4 Soil Degradation and Drought -- 1.3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- References -- Part IIRS and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 2 Approaching the Tunisian Human Environment by Using RS and the Dasymetric Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portraying the Density of Population: An Overview of the Methods in Use -- 2.3 The Dasymetric Method -- 2.4 Related Cartographic Literature -- 2.5 Advantages of the Dasymetric Method Applied to the Tunisian Territory -- 2.6 Methodology and Methods Implementation -- 2.7 Results and Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 2.9 Recommendations -- References -- 3 The Role of GIS as a Planning Tool in a Tunisian Urban Landscape, Sfax City -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 GIS and Planning of Green Spaces -- 3.3 GIS Assessement of Natural Space Planning in Sfax City -- 3.3.1 GIS Assessement of Urban Sprawl and Consumption of Agricultural Spaces in Sfax City -- 3.3.2 GIS Assessment of Green Space Consideration in the Sustainable Development Context -- 3.4 Green Spaces Issues in the Actors' Discourses -- 3.4.1 Complicated Mission of Local Authorities -- 3.4.2 An Active and Influential Civil Society -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 Recommandations -- References -- 4 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of the Meskat System Distribution in the Tunisian Sahel Region Using TM Landsat Images -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Meskat System. , 4.3 Recognition of the Meskat System Processing in Tunisian Sahel Region: Thematic Focus and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Exploitation of Satellite Images -- 4.3.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Land Use Mapping -- 4.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Meskat System -- 4.4.3 Rate of Change of the Meskat System -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Tunisian Arid Region Using GIS Tools -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Introducing Concepts and Terms -- 5.2.1 Definitions -- 5.2.2 Biological Invasion Process -- 5.3 Mapping Is an Effective Approach to Manage Invasive Alien Plants -- 5.4 Solanum elaeagnifolium Mapping Using GIS -- 5.4.1 Methodological Approach -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 EL Alam Land Cover Mapping in 2014-2015 -- 5.5.2 Solanum elaeagnifolium Spatial Distribution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 PROMETHEE and Geospatial Analysis to Rank Suitable Sites for Grombalia Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.3 Calculation of Surface Needed for Aquifer Recharge -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.3.1 Spatial Datasets Used -- 6.3.2 Constraints Layer -- 6.3.3 Suitable Sites Ranking -- 6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIRS and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 7 Using RS and GIS to Mapping Land Cover of the Cap Bon (Tunisia) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of the Present Study -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Documents Used -- 7.5 The Cap Bon as an Application Field -- 7.5.1 Overview of the Study Area -- 7.5.2 Model Space for a Better Understanding -- 7.5.3 The Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Model -- 7.6 Creation of the Geodatabase -- 7.6.1 The Structure of the Geodatabase. , 7.6.2 The Image Processing and Loading of Datasets -- 7.6.3 The Implementation of the Geodatabase -- 7.7 Multiscalar Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use -- 7.7.1 Level 1 Mapping of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Cap Bon -- 7.7.2 Mapping Level 2 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Plain of Grombalia -- 7.7.3 Mapping Level 3 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Local Delegation of Soliman -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Recommendations -- References -- 8 A GIS Based DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Methods to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution: Case Study of Oued Laya (Central Tunisia) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Assessment of Vulnerability of Shallow Aquifer to Pollution and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Thematic Maps Presentation -- 8.4 Standard DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.5 Pesticide DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.6 SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.7 Standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Recommendations -- References -- Part IVRS and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 9 Mapping Environmental Risk Degradation Under Climate Stress and Anthropogenic Pressure: Case Study of Abdeladim Watershed, Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodological Framework -- 9.2.1 GIS: The Study's Relevance to Agricultural Productivity -- 9.2.2 The Steps of the Work -- 9.3 Conceptual and Methodological Framework -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity and Potential Sensitivity to Degradation: The Study's Interest in Preserving Agricultural Productivity -- 9.4 Abdeladim Watershed: A Fragile Natural Balanced Environment Undergoing Significant Anthropic Pressure -- 9.5 Trends in the Evolution of the River System/Hydrographic Network -- 9.5.1 Linear Erosion -- 9.5.2 Regressive Erosion -- 9.5.3 Lateral Erosion. , 9.6 Potential Sensitivity to Degradation -- 9.6.1 Potential Sensitivity to Agricultural Land Degradation to Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.6.2 Sensitivity of Sloping Agricultural Land to Degradation by Soil Loss -- 9.6.3 Sensitivity to Watercourse Erosion Degradation -- 9.7 Measures to Combat the  Degradation of Agricultural Lands -- 9.7.1 The Extension of Information -- 9.7.2 Control of Potential Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.7.3 Control of Potential Degradation by Loss of Soil -- 9.7.4 Control of Potential Degradation by Stormwater -- 9.8 Discussions -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 9.10 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Risk Assessment in Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study: Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Conceptual Risk Framework -- 10.3.2 Workflow -- 10.3.3 Data Acquisition and Development of a Geodatabase -- 10.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Based on the Urban Atlas Standard -- 10.3.5 Hazard Analysis -- 10.3.6 Exposure Analysis -- 10.3.7 Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Assessment -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Flash Floods and Coastal Erosion in Monastir -- 10.4.2 Exposure to Flash Floods -- 10.4.3 Social Vulnerability and Flash Flood Risk -- 10.4.4 Web-Based Information System -- 10.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VSoil Degradation and Drought -- 11 Monitoring of Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Assessment of Soil Degradation Using Landsat TM and OLI Data in Zarzis Arid Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Land Degradation Constraints -- 11.2.3 Landsat Image Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 ISOCLUST Classification -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover Maps of 2007 -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover of 2014 -- 11.3.4 Change Analysis Using the Land Change Modeler Tool. , 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Drought Assessment in Tunisia by Time-Series Satellite Images: An Ecohydrologic Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of the Ecohydrology -- 12.3 Remote Sensing Integration in Ecohydrological Approaches -- 12.3.1 Overview of Remote Sensing Principles -- 12.3.2 Concepts of Remote Sensing Uses in Ecohydrology -- 12.4 Humidity Canopy Assessment at the Ecoregion Level -- 12.5 Ecohydrology Equilibrium Assessment by Remote Sensing -- 12.5.1 Water Balance Modelling with Times-Series LAI-MODIS -- 12.5.2 Water Stress Index Effect on Ecohydrologic Equilibrium -- 12.6 Data Quality of MODIS -- 12.6.1 Calibration of LAI-MODIS -- 12.6.2 Quality Assessment of MODIS Time-Series Images -- 12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part VIRS and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- 13 Monitoring of Dryland Vulnerability by Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing: Case of Wadi Bouhamed Watershed (Southern Tunisia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Global Overview of Dryland Degradation -- 13.2.1 Erosion -- 13.2.2 Desertification -- 13.2.3 Factors Affecting Land Degradation -- 13.3 Modeling and Mapping Land Degradation -- 13.3.1 Image Transformations -- 13.3.2 Image Classifications -- 13.4 Study Area: The Wadi Bouhamed Watershed -- 13.4.1 Climate Context of the Studied Area -- 13.4.2 Vegetation Cover -- 13.4.3 Slope -- 13.4.4 Human Issues -- 13.4.5 Soil Conservation Management -- 13.5 Land Degradation Over the Watershed of Wadi Bouhamed -- 13.5.1 Methods and Multi-sources Data -- 13.5.2 Land Uses Changes in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Image Classification -- 13.5.3 Vegetation Cover in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by NDVI -- 13.5.4 Soils Distribution in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Brightness Index -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations. , References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introductory Section -- Introduction to "Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts" -- Background -- Themes of the Book -- Chapter's Summary -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Resources, Quantity, Quality and Their Management -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- References -- An Overview of the Egyptian Deserts' Resources -- Introduction -- The General Features of Egyptian Deserts -- The Main Geographical Units -- Climate -- Habitats -- Natural Resources -- Water Resources -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Ocurrences in West Nile Delta, Egypt -- Introduction -- Geomorphologic, Geologic and Hydrogeologic Settings -- Field Measurements -- Geoelectrical Measurements -- Hydrological and Hydrochemical Measurements -- Results and Discussion -- Geoelectrical Results -- Hydrological Results -- Physical-chemical Parameters and Major Elements -- Isotopic Composition of Groundwater -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Characterizing Ecosystem Services to Human Well-Being in Groundwater Dependent Desert Environments -- Introduction -- Characterizing and Valuing Ecosystem Services from Groundwater in Dryland Ecosystems -- Provisioning Services -- Regulating and Supporting Services -- Cultural Services -- Case Study Materials and Methods -- Approach to the Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Case Study Area -- Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Tier 1 Assessment of Ecosystem Services -- Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Defining the Scope for Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values -- Discussion of Scope for Management Scenarios Using the Ecosystem Service Framework -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References. , Groundwater Exploration, Quantity, Quality, and Their Management -- Geophysical Groundwater Exploration in Arid Regions Using Integrated Land-Based Magnetic and DC Resistivity Measurements: A Case Study at Gilf Kebir Area, South Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Climate and Geomorphology -- Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- Geophysical Investigations -- Geophysical Data Acquisition -- Data Processing and Interpretation -- Results and Discussion -- Eight Bells Site -- NE Jabal Kamel Site -- North of Jabal Kamel Site -- Nosb El-Amir Site -- Integrative Approach -- Summary and Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Ground Water Potentiality in Siwa and Baris Oases, Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Groundwater Potentiality in Siwa Oasis -- Location of Siwa Oasis -- Climate and Geomorphology of Siwa Oasis -- Geology of Siwa Oasis -- Hydrogeology of Siwa Oasis -- The Factors Constraining Sustainable Development of Siwa Oasis -- Water Resources Management -- Salt Lakes in Siwa Oasis -- Salinization in Siwa Oasis -- The Springs, Wells and Water Resources -- Ground Water Potentiality in Baris Oasis -- Location of Baris Oasis -- Topography of Baris Oasis -- Geology of Baris Oasis -- Geologic Structures of Baris Oasis -- Hydrogeology of Baris Oasis -- Hydro-geophysical Aspect of Baris Area -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater and Characteristics of the Tertiary-Quaternary Aquifer System West of Mallawi, Upper Egypt -- Introduction -- Geomorphological and Geological Setting -- Geomorphological Setting -- Geological Setting -- Geologic Structure -- Aquifer Systems -- Quaternary Aquifer (The Nile Alluvium Aquifer) -- Oligocene-Pleistocene Aquifer -- Middle Eocene Limestone Aquifer -- Hydrogeological Cross Sections -- Groundwater Movement -- Aquifer Parameters. , Long Duration Pumping and Recovery Tests -- Well Performance Test (Step Drawdown Test) -- Hydrochemical Characteristics of Different Aquifers -- Groundwater Salinity -- Groundwater Types -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Characterization and Quality Assessment in Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Kharga Oasis, Egypt -- Introduction -- The Study Area -- Material and Methods -- Sampling Protocol -- Laboratory Analysis -- Spatial Distribution Analysis -- Results and Discussions -- Major Hydrochemical Parameters -- Groundwater Quality Evaluation -- Statistics Analysis -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Potential in the Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Hydrogeology of the NSAS -- Origin of Groundwater in the NSAS -- Water Resources in Bahariya Oasis -- Location of Bahariya Oasis -- Sampling and Analysis -- Climate -- Air Temperature -- Rainfall and Relative Humidity -- Evaporation -- Geology and Geomorphology of the Bahariya Oasis -- Topography -- Geologic Setting -- Hydrogeology of the Bahariya Oasis -- The Cambrian Rocks -- The Lower Cretaceous -- The Lower Cenomanian (Bahariya Formation) -- Piezometric Head and Groundwater Flow -- The Regional Groundwater Flow -- The Local Groundwater Flow -- Hydraulic Parameters -- The Recharge of the Nubian Aquifer System -- The Groundwater Extraction -- Monitoring the Groundwater Flow -- Water Quality -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Quality and Potentiality of Moghra Aquifer, Northwestern Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Climate -- Topography and Geomorphology -- Well Logging Interpretations -- Electric Logging -- Gamma-Ray Log -- Results and Discussion -- Lithology -- Groundwater Potentiality -- Formation Water Resistivity (Rw) -- Formation Factor (F) -- Porosity and Effective Porosity. , Total Porosity -- Volume of Shale -- Permeability -- Hydrochemistry -- Pumping Tests -- Hydraulic Properties -- Water Evaluation and Suitability to Use -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Transboundary Groundwater Management Issues in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) -- Introduction -- Overview of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) and Its Sustainability Challenge -- Background to the Sustainable Utilization of Groundwater in Transboundary Systems -- Overview of Transboundary Cooperation in the NSAS -- Challenges and Way Forward -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Quality for Irrigation as an Aspect of Sustainable Development Approaches: A Case Study of Semi-Arid Area Around Ismailia Canal, Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Geological Setting -- Surface Water System -- Groundwater System -- Methodology -- Samples Collection and Analyses -- Groundwater Quality for Irrigation -- Results and Discussion -- Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH) -- Salinity Hazard -- Sodicity Hazard -- SAR and EC -- Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) -- Kelley's Ratio (KR) -- Alkalinity Hazard (RSC and RSBC) -- Corrosivity Ratio Index (CRI) -- Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Egypt's Deserts -- Introduction -- Groundwater in the Nile Basin -- Groundwater in Egypt's Desert -- Sustainability of Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- 14 Groundwater Exploitation in Mega Projects: Egypt's 1.5 Million Feddan Project -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background -- Description of the Project -- Implementation of the Project -- Discussion and Debates Surrounding the Project -- Conclusions -- References. , Optimum Economic Uses of Precious Costly Ground Water in Marginal and Desert Lands -- Case Study in Egypt -- Introduction and Desert Soils -- Marginal Lands -- Degraded Lands -- Definitions of Most Degraded Lands and Other Types of Land Associated with Degraded Land -- Water Scarcity, Water Shortage and Related Concepts -- Water Scarcity -- Type of Water Scarcity -- Some Important Parameters Related to Water Uses in Scarce and Arid Areas -- Water Situation in Egypt -- Questions About the Water Shortage in Egypt -- Water Use Priority in Egypt -- Using Ground Water in Desert Cultivation -- Specifying the Location of Agricultural Extension -- Egypt Reduces the Rice Cultivation Due to the Water Shortages -- Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Assessment of Water Resources in Egypt: Current Status and Future Plan -- Introduction -- Water Resources -- Conventional Water Resources -- Non-Conventional Water Resources -- Water Demands -- Future Water Expectations -- Water scenarios for the year 2025 -- Water scenarios for the year 2050 -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts" -- Introduction -- Update -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Exploration, Quantity, Quality and Their Management -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References.