Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Tunisia" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Chapters' Summary -- 1.3.1 Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 1.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 1.3.3 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 1.3.4 Soil Degradation and Drought -- 1.3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- References -- Part IIRS and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 2 Approaching the Tunisian Human Environment by Using RS and the Dasymetric Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portraying the Density of Population: An Overview of the Methods in Use -- 2.3 The Dasymetric Method -- 2.4 Related Cartographic Literature -- 2.5 Advantages of the Dasymetric Method Applied to the Tunisian Territory -- 2.6 Methodology and Methods Implementation -- 2.7 Results and Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 2.9 Recommendations -- References -- 3 The Role of GIS as a Planning Tool in a Tunisian Urban Landscape, Sfax City -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 GIS and Planning of Green Spaces -- 3.3 GIS Assessement of Natural Space Planning in Sfax City -- 3.3.1 GIS Assessement of Urban Sprawl and Consumption of Agricultural Spaces in Sfax City -- 3.3.2 GIS Assessment of Green Space Consideration in the Sustainable Development Context -- 3.4 Green Spaces Issues in the Actors' Discourses -- 3.4.1 Complicated Mission of Local Authorities -- 3.4.2 An Active and Influential Civil Society -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 Recommandations -- References -- 4 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of the Meskat System Distribution in the Tunisian Sahel Region Using TM Landsat Images -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Meskat System. , 4.3 Recognition of the Meskat System Processing in Tunisian Sahel Region: Thematic Focus and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Exploitation of Satellite Images -- 4.3.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Land Use Mapping -- 4.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Meskat System -- 4.4.3 Rate of Change of the Meskat System -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Tunisian Arid Region Using GIS Tools -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Introducing Concepts and Terms -- 5.2.1 Definitions -- 5.2.2 Biological Invasion Process -- 5.3 Mapping Is an Effective Approach to Manage Invasive Alien Plants -- 5.4 Solanum elaeagnifolium Mapping Using GIS -- 5.4.1 Methodological Approach -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 EL Alam Land Cover Mapping in 2014-2015 -- 5.5.2 Solanum elaeagnifolium Spatial Distribution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 PROMETHEE and Geospatial Analysis to Rank Suitable Sites for Grombalia Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.3 Calculation of Surface Needed for Aquifer Recharge -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.3.1 Spatial Datasets Used -- 6.3.2 Constraints Layer -- 6.3.3 Suitable Sites Ranking -- 6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIRS and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 7 Using RS and GIS to Mapping Land Cover of the Cap Bon (Tunisia) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of the Present Study -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Documents Used -- 7.5 The Cap Bon as an Application Field -- 7.5.1 Overview of the Study Area -- 7.5.2 Model Space for a Better Understanding -- 7.5.3 The Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Model -- 7.6 Creation of the Geodatabase -- 7.6.1 The Structure of the Geodatabase. , 7.6.2 The Image Processing and Loading of Datasets -- 7.6.3 The Implementation of the Geodatabase -- 7.7 Multiscalar Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use -- 7.7.1 Level 1 Mapping of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Cap Bon -- 7.7.2 Mapping Level 2 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Plain of Grombalia -- 7.7.3 Mapping Level 3 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Local Delegation of Soliman -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Recommendations -- References -- 8 A GIS Based DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Methods to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution: Case Study of Oued Laya (Central Tunisia) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Assessment of Vulnerability of Shallow Aquifer to Pollution and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Thematic Maps Presentation -- 8.4 Standard DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.5 Pesticide DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.6 SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.7 Standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Recommendations -- References -- Part IVRS and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 9 Mapping Environmental Risk Degradation Under Climate Stress and Anthropogenic Pressure: Case Study of Abdeladim Watershed, Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodological Framework -- 9.2.1 GIS: The Study's Relevance to Agricultural Productivity -- 9.2.2 The Steps of the Work -- 9.3 Conceptual and Methodological Framework -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity and Potential Sensitivity to Degradation: The Study's Interest in Preserving Agricultural Productivity -- 9.4 Abdeladim Watershed: A Fragile Natural Balanced Environment Undergoing Significant Anthropic Pressure -- 9.5 Trends in the Evolution of the River System/Hydrographic Network -- 9.5.1 Linear Erosion -- 9.5.2 Regressive Erosion -- 9.5.3 Lateral Erosion. , 9.6 Potential Sensitivity to Degradation -- 9.6.1 Potential Sensitivity to Agricultural Land Degradation to Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.6.2 Sensitivity of Sloping Agricultural Land to Degradation by Soil Loss -- 9.6.3 Sensitivity to Watercourse Erosion Degradation -- 9.7 Measures to Combat the  Degradation of Agricultural Lands -- 9.7.1 The Extension of Information -- 9.7.2 Control of Potential Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.7.3 Control of Potential Degradation by Loss of Soil -- 9.7.4 Control of Potential Degradation by Stormwater -- 9.8 Discussions -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 9.10 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Risk Assessment in Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study: Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Conceptual Risk Framework -- 10.3.2 Workflow -- 10.3.3 Data Acquisition and Development of a Geodatabase -- 10.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Based on the Urban Atlas Standard -- 10.3.5 Hazard Analysis -- 10.3.6 Exposure Analysis -- 10.3.7 Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Assessment -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Flash Floods and Coastal Erosion in Monastir -- 10.4.2 Exposure to Flash Floods -- 10.4.3 Social Vulnerability and Flash Flood Risk -- 10.4.4 Web-Based Information System -- 10.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VSoil Degradation and Drought -- 11 Monitoring of Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Assessment of Soil Degradation Using Landsat TM and OLI Data in Zarzis Arid Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Land Degradation Constraints -- 11.2.3 Landsat Image Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 ISOCLUST Classification -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover Maps of 2007 -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover of 2014 -- 11.3.4 Change Analysis Using the Land Change Modeler Tool. , 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Drought Assessment in Tunisia by Time-Series Satellite Images: An Ecohydrologic Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of the Ecohydrology -- 12.3 Remote Sensing Integration in Ecohydrological Approaches -- 12.3.1 Overview of Remote Sensing Principles -- 12.3.2 Concepts of Remote Sensing Uses in Ecohydrology -- 12.4 Humidity Canopy Assessment at the Ecoregion Level -- 12.5 Ecohydrology Equilibrium Assessment by Remote Sensing -- 12.5.1 Water Balance Modelling with Times-Series LAI-MODIS -- 12.5.2 Water Stress Index Effect on Ecohydrologic Equilibrium -- 12.6 Data Quality of MODIS -- 12.6.1 Calibration of LAI-MODIS -- 12.6.2 Quality Assessment of MODIS Time-Series Images -- 12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part VIRS and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- 13 Monitoring of Dryland Vulnerability by Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing: Case of Wadi Bouhamed Watershed (Southern Tunisia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Global Overview of Dryland Degradation -- 13.2.1 Erosion -- 13.2.2 Desertification -- 13.2.3 Factors Affecting Land Degradation -- 13.3 Modeling and Mapping Land Degradation -- 13.3.1 Image Transformations -- 13.3.2 Image Classifications -- 13.4 Study Area: The Wadi Bouhamed Watershed -- 13.4.1 Climate Context of the Studied Area -- 13.4.2 Vegetation Cover -- 13.4.3 Slope -- 13.4.4 Human Issues -- 13.4.5 Soil Conservation Management -- 13.5 Land Degradation Over the Watershed of Wadi Bouhamed -- 13.5.1 Methods and Multi-sources Data -- 13.5.2 Land Uses Changes in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Image Classification -- 13.5.3 Vegetation Cover in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by NDVI -- 13.5.4 Soils Distribution in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Brightness Index -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations. , References.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Nile River Biography and its Journey from Origin to End -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Key Facts of the Nile -- 2.1 Key Problems -- 3 Geography and Voyage of the Nile River and Its Basins -- 3.1 The Course of the Nile -- 3.2 Catchment Areas, Dams, and Lakes -- 3.3 The Sudd Swamp and Jonglei Canal -- 4 Climate and Rain -- 4.1 Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall Distribution [1, 2] -- 4.3 Evapotranspiration -- 4.3.1 Water Loss from the Earth´s Surface -- 4.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Evapotranspiration Trends -- 4.3.3 A Diverse and Highly Variable Climate -- 5 Lakes of the Nile Basin -- 5.1 Great Equatorial Lakes Nile [20-22] -- 5.1.1 Lake Victoria [14] -- 5.1.2 Lake Kyoga -- 5.1.3 Lake Albert and Semliki River -- 5.1.4 Lake George -- 5.1.5 Lake Edward -- 5.2 Eastern Nile Subbasin Lakes -- 5.2.1 Lake Tana -- Wetlands -- The Sudd and Machar Swamp in South Sudan -- Mara Wetland -- The Ethiopian Wetlands -- Wetlands in Rwanda -- Dams of Different Kinds, Financed in Different Ways -- The Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser, Egypt -- Tekeze Dam and Renaissance Reservoir in Ethiopia -- The Sinnar, Jebel Aulia, and Khashm El-Girba Dams in Sudan -- Roseires and Merowe Reservoirs in Sudan -- Owen Falls Dam in Uganda -- References -- Part I: The Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- Estimating the Life Time Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir Using Numerical Simulation of Nubia Lake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 3 Simulation Model (CCHE2D) -- 4 Boundary and Initial Conditions -- 5 Model Calibration -- 6 Model Verification -- 7 Predication of Life Time Span of AHDR -- 7.1 Using the Traditional Method -- 7.2 Using the CCHE2D Simulation Model -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. , Appendix: Initial and Boundary Conditions Data of Section 4 -- References -- A Satellite Remote Sensing Approach to Estimate the Lifetime Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 The First Part (Lake Nasser) -- 2.2 The Second Part (Lake Nubia) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.3 Remote Sensing Data -- 3.4 Water Levels Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 4.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 4.3 Studying the Dead Zone Capacity -- 4.4 Studying the Live Zone Capacity -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for Lake Nasser -- 5.1.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 5.2 Results for Lake Nubia -- 5.2.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for Lake Nasser -- 6.1.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Traditional Method -- 6.1.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2 Discussions for Lake Nubia -- 6.2.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The RS/GIS Approach -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.3 Lifetime Span of AHDL -- 6.3.1 The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- 6.3.2 The Traditional Method -- 6.4 Comparisons -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Estimating the Sediment and Water Capacity in the Aswan High Dam Lake Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 2.1 The Study Area -- 2.2 In Situ Data -- 2.2.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 2.2.2 Water Levels Data. , 2.2.3 Inflow Velocity Data -- 2.2.4 Inflow Quantity Data -- 2.3 Satellite Images (Remote Sensing Data) -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 3.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 3.3 Change Detection Technique -- 3.4 Establishing Maps of Changes -- 3.5 Generation of the Inflow Velocity Contour Maps -- 3.6 Establishing the Rating Curves -- 3.7 Rating Curves Equations and Their Validation -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- 4.2 Maps of Changes -- 4.3 Velocity Maps -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Sediment and Erosion Changes -- 5.2 Effect of Inflow Quantity on Sediment and Erosion Amounts -- 5.3 Effect of Inflow Velocity on Sediment and Erosion in the Lake Bed Surface -- 5.4 Rating Curves and Their Validation -- 5.4.1 Volume/Level Relation -- 5.4.2 Area/Level Relation -- 5.5 Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.6 Effect of Sediment and Erosion Amounts on Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.7 Application and Comparisons -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Quality Assessment of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 State of the Art -- 2.1 Water Quality Indices -- 2.2 Trophic Status Indices -- 3 Case Study: Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Data Collection -- 3.3 Historical Review and Research Deficits -- 3.4 Methodology -- 3.4.1 NSF WQI -- 3.4.2 CCME WQI -- 3.4.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.4.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5 Results and Discussions -- 3.5.1 NSF WQI -- 3.5.2 CCME WQI -- 3.5.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.5.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5.5 Results Summary -- 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work -- 3.6.1 Conclusions -- 3.6.2 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Part II: The Nile from Aswan to its Promontories -- Morphological Variation of the Nile River First and Second Reaches Using RS/GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Areas. , 2.1 The Reach from Aswan City to Esna Barrages -- 2.2 The Reach from Esna Barrages to Nagaa Hammady Barrages -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Satellite Data -- 3.2 Digital Maps -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Pre-processing of Landsat Satellite Images -- 4.2 Generating of (Land-Water) Maps -- 4.3 Reference Maps -- 4.4 Accuracy Assessment of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 4.5 Surface Changes Detection Using All Water Indices -- 4.6 Accuracy Assessment of Change Detection -- 4.7 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for the First Reach -- 5.1.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.1.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.1.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5.2 Results for the Second Reach -- 5.2.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.2.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.2.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for the First Reach -- 6.1.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.2 Discussions for the Second Reach -- 6.2.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.3 Validation Check of the Generated Maps of Changes -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Bed Morphological Changes of the Nile River DS Major Barrages -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Nile Flow -- 3 Numerical Modeling of River Morphological Changes -- 4 Reach DS New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.1 New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.2 Available Data -- 5 Deterministic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 5.1 Erosion and Deposition Patterns -- 5.2 Bed Level Changes -- 5.3 Navigation Conditions Changes -- 5.4 Effect of Bed Material Uniformity. , 6 Stochastic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Egyptian Part of the Nile River from Aswan to El-Minia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Ionizing Radiation -- 1.2 Radioactive ``Half-Lives´´ -- 1.3 Definitions and Units -- 1.4 Sources of Ionizing Radiation Exposure -- 1.5 Radiation Background -- 1.6 Radiation Detection -- 1.6.1 Gas-Filled Detectors -- 1.6.2 Scintillation Detectors -- 1.6.3 Semiconductor Detectors -- 1.7 Quality Control -- 2 Natural Radioactivity -- 2.1 Uranium and Thorium Series -- 2.2 Single Occurrence 40K -- 3 Black Sand -- 4 Pathways of Radioisotopes to Aquatic System (Rivers) -- 5 Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Upper Egypt Nile River -- 5.1 238U, 232Th, and 40K Activity Concentrations -- 6 Division the Area of Interest into Four Regions [20] -- 6.1 The First Section -- 6.2 The Second Section -- 6.3 The Third Section -- 6.4 The Fourth Section -- 7 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Radioactivity in Sediments Along the Nile River from El-Minia to Aswan -- 8 Absorbed Dose Rate -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Water Quality and Bed Sediments of the Nile River from Aswan to Assiut, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Water Resources in Egypt -- 2.2 Sources of the River Nile -- 2.2.1 Ethiopian Sources -- The Blue Nile -- The Baro-Akobo-Sobat River -- The Atbara River -- 2.2.2 Equatorial Sources -- The White Nile -- Victoria Lake -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Water Quality -- 4.1.1 Temperature -- 4.1.2 Turbidity -- 4.1.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) -- 4.1.4 Total Suspended Solids -- 4.1.5 Total Dissolved Solids -- Nile Water Quality Compared to Some Major Rivers and Lakes -- 4.1.6 The pH Values -- 4.1.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) -- 4.1.8 Nutrients -- 4.1.9 Orthophosphate -- 4.1.10 Total Phosphorus. , 4.1.11 Organic Matter.