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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Hydraulic engineering. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (605 pages)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9783319526638
    Series Statement: Springer Series in Synergetics Series
    DDC: 530.417
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface of the Second Edition -- Preface of the First Edition -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Interfacial Pattern Formation in Dendritic Growth and Hele-Shaw Flow -- 1.2 A Brief Review of the Theories of Free Dendritic Growth -- 1.2.1 Maximum Velocity Principle (1976) -- 1.2.2 Marginal Stability Hypothesis (1978) -- 1.2.3 Microscopic Solvability Condition (MSC) Theory (1986-1990s) -- 1.2.4 Interfacial Wave (IFW) Theory (1990) -- 1.3 Macroscopic Continuum Model -- 1.3.1 Macroscopic Transport Equations -- 1.3.2 The Interface Conditions -- 1.3.3 The Scaling and the Dimensionless System -- References -- 2 Unidirectional Solidification and Mullins-Sekerka Instability -- 2.1 Solidification with Planar Interface from a Pure Melt -- 2.1.1 Basic Steady-State Solution -- 2.1.2 Unsteady Perturbed Solutions and Mullins-Sekerka Instability -- 2.1.2.1 Zeroth-Order Approximation Solutions -- 2.1.2.2 First-Order Approximation Solutions -- 2.1.3 Asymptotic Solutions in the Long-Wave Regime, k=O() -- 2.1.3.1 O(0) -- 2.1.3.2 O(2) -- 2.1.4 Asymptotic Solutions in the Extremely Short-Wave Regime, k=O(1) -- 2.1.4.1 O(0) -- 2.1.4.2 O(2) -- 2.2 Unidirectional Solidification from a Binary Mixture -- 2.2.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem -- 2.2.2 Basic Steady State -- 2.2.3 Unsteady Perturbed Solutions -- 2.2.3.1 Zeroth-Order Approximation Solutions -- 2.2.3.2 First-Order Approximation Solutions -- 2.2.4 Asymptotic Solutions in the Long-Wave Regime, k=O() -- 2.2.5 Asymptotic Solutions in the Extremely Short-Wave Regime, k= O(1/E) -- g=O(1/E) -- 2.2.6 Some Remarks on Unidirectional Solidification -- References -- 3 Mathematical Formulation of Free Dendritic Growth from a Pure Melt -- 3.1 Three-Dimensional Free Dendritic Growth -- 3.2 Axisymmetric Free Dendrite Growth -- 3.3 Two-Dimensional Free Dendritic Growth -- Reference. , 4 Basic Steady State of Axisymmetric Dendritic Growth and Its Regular Perturbation Expansion -- 4.1 The Ivantsov Solution and Unsolved Fundamental Problems -- 4.2 Axially Symmetric Steady Needle Growth with Nonzero Surface Tension -- 4.2.1 Mathematical Formulation -- 4.2.2 Regular Perturbation Expansion Solutions (RPE) as E→0 -- 4.2.2.1 The Zeroth-Order Approximation O(0) -- 4.2.2.2 The First-Order Approximation O(2) -- 4.2.3 The Asymptotic Behavior of the Regular Perturbation Expansion Solution as ξ→∞ -- 4.2.4 Some Numerical Results of the Interface Shape -- 4.3 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 5 The Steady State for Dendritic Growth with Nonzero Surface Tension -- 5.1 The Nash-Glicksman Problem and the Classical Needle Crystal Solution -- 5.2 The Geometric Model and Solutions of NeedleCrystal Growth -- 5.2.1 Geometric Model of Dendritic Growth -- 5.2.2 The Segur-Kruskal Problem -- 5.2.3 Steady Nonclassical Needle Growth Problem -- 5.2.3.1 The Outer Expansion -- 5.2.3.2 The Composite Solution -- 5.2.3.3 The Properties of the Composite Solutions -- 5.2.4 Needle Crystal Formation Problem -- 5.3 The Nonclassical Steady State of Dendritic Growth with Nonzero Surface Tension -- 5.3.1 The Complete Mathematical Formulation for Free Dendrite Growth -- References -- 6 Global Interfacial Wave Instability of Dendritic Growth from a Pure Melt -- 6.1 Linear Perturbed System Around the Basic State of Axisymmetric Dendritic Growth -- 6.2 Outer Solution in the Outer Region Away from the Tip -- 6.2.1 Zeroth-Order Approximation -- 6.2.2 First-Order Approximation -- 6.2.3 Singular Point ζc of the Outer Solution -- 6.3 The Inner Solutions near the Singular Point ζc -- 6.4 Tip Inner Solution in the Tip Region -- 6.5 Global Trapped-Wave Modes and the Quantization Condition -- 6.6 Comparison of Theoretical Predictions with Experimental Data. , 6.6.1 The Dendrite Tip Velocity and Tip Radius -- 6.6.2 The Critical Number * -- 6.6.3 The Universal Scaling Parameter, * or σ*? -- 6.6.4 The Nature of the Dendrite-Tip: Steady or Oscillatory? -- 6.7 Three-Dimensional Nonaxisymmetric Spiral Dendritic Modes of Perturbed States -- 6.7.1 Mathematical Formulation of General Three-Dimensional Unsteady Dendritic Growth -- 6.7.2 The Basic State for Dendritic Growth with Nonzero Surface Tension -- 6.7.3 3D Linear Perturbed System -- 6.7.4 Multiple Variables Expansion Solution in the Outer Region -- 6.7.5 Zeroth-Order Approximation of Outer Solution -- 6.7.6 First-Order Approximation of the Outer Solution -- 6.7.7 The Inner Solution near the Singular Point ζc of the Outer Solution -- 6.7.8 Tip Inner Solution in the Tip Region -- 6.7.9 Global Trapped-Wave (GTW) Modes and Quantization Condition -- 6.8 A Brief Summary -- References -- 7 Free Dendritic Growth with Anisotropy -- 7.1 Mathematical Formulation for 2D Dendritic Growth with Anisotropy of Surface Tension -- 7.2 RPE for Basic Steady-State Solutions -- 7.2.1 The Zeroth-Order Approximation (=0) -- 7.2.2 The First-Order Approximation, O(2) -- 7.2.3 Asymptotic Behavior of the Regular Perturbation Expansion Solution as ξ→∞ -- 7.3 Global Interfacial Wave Instabilities of Two-Dimensional Dendritic Growth -- 7.3.1 Linear Perturbed System Around the Basic State -- 7.3.2 Multivariable Expansion Solution in the Outer Region -- 7.3.2.1 Zeroth-Order Approximation -- 7.3.2.2 First-Order Approximation -- 7.3.3 The Inner Equation near the Singular Point ζc -- 7.3.3.1 Case I: |σ0| = O(1) -- 7.3.3.2 Case II: |σ0| 1 -- 7.3.3.3 A Brief Summary -- 7.3.4 Matching Procedure and Connection Conditions -- 7.4 The Quantization Condition of Global Trapped-Wave Modes -- 7.5 The Quantization Condition of Global Low-FrequencyModes. , 7.6 The Selection Conditions for 2D Dendritic Growth -- 7.7 The Effect of Kinetic Attachment at the Interface on Dendritic Growth -- 7.7.1 Linear Perturbed System Around the Basic State -- 7.7.2 The Complex Spectrum of Eigenvalues with |σ0|=O(1) and GTW Instability -- 7.7.2.1 Zeroth-Order Approximation Solutions for GTW Instability -- 7.7.2.2 First-Order Approximation Solutions for GTW Instability -- 7.7.3 The Real Spectrum of Eigenvalues with |σ0|1 and LF Instability -- 7.8 Axially Symmetric Dendritic Growth with Anisotropy -- References -- 8 Three Dimensional Dendritic Growth from an Undercooled Binary Mixture -- 8.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem -- 8.2 Basic Steady-State Solution of the System -- 8.2.1 The Zeroth-Order Approximation Solution -- 8.3 Three-Dimensional Linear Perturbed States Around the Basic State -- 8.4 Multiple Variables Expansion Solution in the Outer Region -- 8.5 The MVE Solutions in the Outer Region -- 8.5.1 The Zeroth-Order Approximation -- 8.5.2 First-Order Approximation -- 8.6 The Inner Solutions near the Singular Point ζc -- 8.6.1 Leading-Order Approximation -- 8.7 Tip Inner Solution in the Tip Region -- 8.8 Global Trapped-Wave (GTW) Modes and QuantizationCondition -- 8.9 Axisymmetric Global Modes (m=0) -- 8.10 Comparisons of Theoretical Results with Experimental Data -- References -- 9 Viscous Fingering in a Hele-Shaw Cell -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem -- 9.3 The Smooth Finger Solution with Zero Surface Tension -- 9.4 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem with Zero Surface Tension -- 9.4.1 The System of Curvilinear Coordinates (ξ, η) -- 9.4.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem in the (ξ,η) Coordinate System -- 9.4.3 The Regular Perturbation Expansion Solution for the Basic State as →0 -- 9.5 The Linear Perturbed System and the Outer Solutions. , 9.5.1 The Linear Perturbed System and the Multiple Variables Expansions -- 9.5.2 The Zeroth-Order Approximation Solutions -- 9.6 The Inner Equation near the Singular Point ζc -- 9.6.1 Case I: |σ0| = O(1) -- 9.6.2 Case II: |σ0| 1 -- 9.7 Eigenvalue Spectra and Instability Mechanisms -- 9.7.1 The Spectrum of Complex Eigenvalues and GTW Instability -- 9.7.1.1 Range 1: 12 ≤λ0 < -- 1 or 0 ≤a< -- 1 -- 9.7.1.2 Range 2: 0 < -- λ0 < -- 12 or a > -- 1 -- 9.7.2 The Spectrum of Real Eigenvalues and LF Instability -- 9.8 Fingering Flow with a Nose Bubble -- 9.8.1 The Basic State of Finger Formation with a Nose Bubble and Its Linear Perturbation -- 9.8.2 The Quantization Conditions for the System with a Nose Bubble -- 9.8.2.1 The GTW Mechanism -- 9.8.2.2 The LF Mechanism -- 9.9 The Selection Criteria of Finger Solutions -- Appendix: The Forms of Some Operators in the System of the Curvilinear Coordinate System (ξ,η) -- References -- 10 Spatially Periodic Deep-Cellular Growth -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Steady State of the System of Deep-Cellular Growth from a Binary Mixture -- 10.2.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem -- 10.2.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem in a Curvilinear Coordinate System (ξ, η) -- 10.2.3 The Basic Steady-State Solutions in the Far Field -- 10.2.4 The Mathematical Formulation of the Problem in the Near Field -- 10.2.5 Generalized Asymptotic Solution in the Outer Region -- 10.2.6 Regular Perturbation Expansion of the Solution in the Outer Region -- 10.2.6.1 Zeroth-Order Approximation O(ε0) -- 10.2.6.2 First-Order Approximation O(ε1) -- 10.2.6.3 The Second-Order Approximation O(ε2) -- 10.2.6.4 The Third-Order Approximation O(ε3) -- 10.2.7 Singular Perturbation Expansion Part of the Solution in the Outer Region -- 10.3 The Inner Steady-State Solution in the Root Region and Interface Closure of Deep Cellular Growth. , 10.3.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem in the Root Region.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 19 (1998), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ultrahigh or high molecular weights of polyethylenes (PE) and their distributions are for the first time determined at 160° or 170°C by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermostability of PE at high temperatures is discussed. In order to calculate the real molecular weight of PE, a new calibration curve is established. For PE with high molecular weight more reliable and accurate results can be obtained by GPC measurements at these temperatures. The application of ultrahigh temperature GPC for polymer characterization is demonstrated in this paper.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 18 (1997), S. 601-607 
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new theoretical formula, used for the determination of the chemical composition distribution of copolymers, is proposed in this paper. The composition distribution of styrene in chlorinated butyl rubber/polystyrene comb graft copolymer was obtained by gel permeation chromatography utilising a combination of refractive index and ultraviolet detection. It is a more convenient and time-saving method for the characterization of the molecular structure parameters of a copolymer compared to the conventional experimental method.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 827-830 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: conformation ; copolymer surfactant ; amphiphilic branch chain ; oxyethylene segment ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conformation of amphiphilic branch chain in a new type of copolymer surfactants on interface was studied. The results of laser light scattering demonstrated that the branch chain can only lie on the air/water interface. By means of XPS measurement with variable angles, the molecular conformations in different thickness of the copolymer layer were obtained. Depending on the chemical nature of the copolymer surfactants, the oxyethylene segments of the branch chains will have loop-train, train, or loop molecule conformations on the surface. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 827-830, 1997
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-09-07
    Description: Two alkylimido derivatives of hexamolybdate, (Bu 4 N) 2 [Mo 6 O 18 (≡N- o -COOCH 3 C 6 H 4 )] ( 1 ) and (Bu 4 N) 2 [Mo 6 O 18 (≡N- o -COOCH 2 CH 3 C 6 H 4 )] ( 2 ), were synthesized in high purity and good yields by the reaction of [(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 4 [α-Mo 8 O 26 ] and methyl anthranilate or ethyl- o -aminobenzoate hydrochloride with N , N ′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a dehydrating agent in dry acetonitrile solution, which were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV/Vis, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy as well as ESI-MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n with one-dimensional chain structure via intramolecular hydrogen bond. Compound 2 also crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n with dimer structure by intramolecular hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions between the pairs of cluster anions.
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-03-08
    Description: Viral fulminant hepatitis (FH) remains a serious clinical problem with very high mortality. Lacking understand of FH pathogenesis has been in essence hindering efficient clinical treatment. Inferring from a correlation observed between the genetic differences in the complement component 5 (C5) and the susceptibility of mouse strains to murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3) infections, we propose that excessive complement activation plays a critical role in the development of FH. We show that MHV-3 infection causes massive complement activation, along with a rapid increase in serum C5a levels and quick development of FH in susceptible strains. Mice deficient of C5a receptor (C5aR) or the susceptible strains treated with C5aR antagonists (C5aRa) exhibit significant attenuation of the disease, accompanying with a remarkable reduction of hepatic fibrinogen-like protein 2 (Fgl2), a hallmark protein that causes necrosis of the infected livers. In accordance, biopsy of FH patients shows a dramatic increase of Fgl2 expression, which correlates with C5aR up-regulation in the liver. In vitro C5a administration accelerates MHV-3-induced Fgl2 secretion by macrophages. Furthermore, inhibiting ERK1/2 and p38 efficiently blocks C5a-mediated Fgl2 production during the viral infections. Conclusions : These data imply, for the first time, that mouse susceptibility to MHV-3-induced FH relies on C5a/C5aR interactions, for which ERK1/2 and p38 pathways participate in up-regulating Fgl2 expression. Inhibition of C5a/C5aR interactions is expected to be beneficial for clinical treatment of FH patients. (H epatology 2014;)
    Print ISSN: 0270-9139
    Electronic ISSN: 1527-3350
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-09-24
    Description: For understanding plasma processes of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, the alkali and alkaline-earth metals are usually released in space for artificially increasing the electron density. However, it is a limitation that these releases must be in sunlight where the photoionization can take place. In recent years, the lanthanide metals, such as samarium, have been released to produce electrons in reaction with atomic oxygen in the upper space. The reaction could proceed without sunlight so that the restriction on experimental periods is broken. Unfortunately, any sophisticated models even preliminary ones are unavailable yet in the literature. A temporal three-dimensional model is presented for the samarium release in detail with respect to various altitudes and mass. Especially, the plasma diffusion equation is remarkably extended from 2-D to 3-D by importing the influence of geomagnetic declination, which could be also useful for other chemical releases. The field-aligned terms are brought so as to the presented model can describe the diffusion along the geomagnetic field subtly. On the basis of the presented model, behaviors of radio waves propagating through the release area are simulated by using ray tracing. This model could be as the theoretical support for samarium releases and it also helpful for the research on the generation and evolution of the ionosphere irregularities.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-11-13
    Description: In the mixed-ligand metal–organic title polymeric compound, [Zn(C 10 H 8 O 4 )(C 10 H 16 N 6 )] n or [Zn(PBEA)(BTH)] n [H 2 PBEA is benzene-1,4-diacetic acid and BTH is 1,6-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexane], the asymmetric unit contains a Zn II atom, one half of a BTH ligand and one half of a doubly deprotonated H 2 PBEA ligand. Each Zn II centre lies on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis and is four-coordinated by two O atoms from two distinct PBEA 2− ligands and two N atoms from two different BTH ligands in a {ZnO 2 N 2 } coordination environment. The three-dimensional topology of the title compound corresponds to that of a fivefold interpenetrating diamond-like metal–organic framework.
    Print ISSN: 0108-2701
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5759
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-01-17
    Description: The differences in soil inorganic-nitrogen (N) concentration and distribution, plant biomass, and root growth in the presence or absence of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) under different urea-application methods (placement versus homogeneously applied) were explored in a short-term microcosm experiment. Spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in a microcosm with six different treatments: no amendment (CK), DMPP homogeneously applied (DMPP-hom), urea homogeneously applied (Urea-hom), urea with DMPP homogeneously applied (Urea + DMPP-hom), urea placement (Urea-place), and urea with DMPP placement (Urea + DMPP-place). After 28 d, plant biomass, soil inorganic nitrogen content, distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen and plant roots in the soil were analyzed. The soil inorganic N and plant roots tended to be distributed asymmetrically in the placement treatment but were distributed symmetrically in the homogeneous treatment. DMPP addition significantly increased the soil NH -N content and decreased the NO -N content, especially near the fertilized zones in the placement treatment. Compared to the urea-only treatments, DMPP application significantly increased the shoot biomass and root lengths of the wheat in the homogeneous treatment but decreased them in the placement treatment. Therefore, homogeneously applied urea and DMPP may produce a more uniform nutrient distribution, leading to greater nitrogen retention in the soil and thus accelerating wheat growth.
    Print ISSN: 1436-8730
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2624
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-07-13
    Description: BRCA2 mutations are significantly associated with early onset breast cancer, and the tumour suppressing function of BRCA2 has been attributed to its involvement in homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair. In order to identify additional functions of BRCA2, we generated BRCA2 -knockout HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. Using genome-wide microarray analyses, we have discovered a link between the loss of BRCA2 and the up-regulation of a subset of interferon (IFN)-related genes, including APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G . The over-expression of IFN-related genes was confirmed in different human BRCA2 −/− and mouse Brca2 −/− tumour cell lines, and was independent of senescence and apoptosis. In isogenic wild type BRCA2 cells, we observed over-expression of IFN-related genes after treatment with DNA-damaging agents, and following ionizing radiation. Cells with endogenous DNA damage because of defective BRCA1 or RAD51 also exhibited over-expression of IFN-related genes. Transcriptional activity of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) was increased in BRCA2 knockout cells, and the expression of BRCA2 greatly decreased IFN-α stimulated ISRE reporter activity, suggesting that BRCA2 directly represses the expression of IFN-related genes through the ISRE. Finally, the colony forming capacity of BRCA2 knockout cells was significantly reduced in the presence of either IFN-β or IFN-γ, suggesting that IFNs may have potential as therapeutic agents in cancer cells with BRCA2 mutations.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3417
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9896
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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