Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Green Inorganic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microwave-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technical aspects of microwave technique -- 2.1. Principles and heating mechanism of microwave method -- 2.2. Green solvents for microwave reactions -- 2.3. Microwave versus conventional synthesis -- 2.4. Microwave instrumentation -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations -- 3. MW-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Metallic nanostructured materials -- 3.2. Metal oxides nanostructured materials -- 3.3. Metal chalcogenides nanostructured materials -- 3.4. Quantum dot nanostructured materials -- 4. Conclusions and future aspects -- 4.1. Challenges and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 2: Green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles using microemulsion methods -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental aspects of microemulsion synthesis -- 2.1. Microemulsion and types -- 2.2. Micelles, types, and formation mechanism -- 2.3. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number -- 2.4. Surfactants and types -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations of microemulsion synthesis of nanomaterials -- 3. Microemulsion-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanostructured materials -- 3.1. General mechanism microemulsion method for nanomaterial synthesis -- 3.2. Preparation of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles -- 3.3. Metal oxide synthesis by microemulsion -- 3.4. Synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanostructured materials -- 3.5. Synthesis of inorganic quantum dots -- 4. Conclusions, challenges, and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 3: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microorganisms -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Green approach for synthesis of nanoparticles -- 3. General mechanisms of biosynthesis -- 4. Optimization of nanoparticles biosynthesis -- 4.1. Effect of the temperature -- 4.2. Effect of pH -- 4.3. Effect of metal precursor concentration -- 4.4. Effect of culture medium composition -- 4.5. Effect of biomass quantity and age -- 4.6. Synthesis time -- 5. Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles -- 5.1. Bacteria-mediated synthesis -- 5.2. Fungi-mediated synthesis -- 5.3. Yeast-mediated synthesis -- 5.4. Algae- and viruses-mediated synthesis -- 6. Biosynthesis of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles -- 7. Final considerations -- References -- Chapter 4: Challenge and perspectives for inorganic green synthesis pathways -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methods -- 2.1. Physical synthesis -- 2.1.1. Advantages -- 2.1.2. Inconvenient -- 2.2. Chemical synthesis -- 2.2.1. Advantages -- 2.2.2. Inconvenient -- 2.3. Green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and application -- 3. Challenge and perspectives -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Types of nanomaterials -- 1.2. Approaches for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.3. Characterization of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.4. What are carbohydrates? -- 1.4.1. Types of carbohydrates -- Monosaccharides -- Oligosaccharides -- Polysaccharides -- 2. Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.1. Synthesis of metal nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.2. Synthesis of metal oxide-based nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.3. Synthesis of nanomaterials using polysaccharides extracted from fungi and plant -- 3. The advantages and disadvantages of inorganic nanomaterials -- 4. Conclusion and future scope -- References -- Chapter 6: Fundamentals for material and nanomaterial synthesis. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental synthesis for materials -- 2.1. Solid-state synthesis -- 2.2. Chemical vapor transport -- 2.3. Sol-gel process -- 2.4. Melt growth (MG) method -- 2.5. Chemical vapor deposition -- 2.6. Laser ablation methods -- 2.7. Sputtering method -- 2.8. Molecular beam epitaxy method -- 3. Fundamental synthesis for nanomaterials -- 3.1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches -- 3.1.1. Ball milling (BL) synthesis process -- 3.1.2. Electron beam lithography -- 3.1.3. Inert gas condensation synthesis method -- 3.1.4. Physical vapor deposition methods -- 3.1.5. Laser pyrolysis methods -- 3.2. Chemical synthesis methods -- 3.2.1. Sol-gel method -- 3.2.2. Chemical vapor deposition method -- 3.2.3. Hydrothermal synthesis -- 3.2.4. Polyol process -- 3.2.5. Microemulsion technique -- 3.2.6. Microwave-assisted (MA) synthesis -- 3.3. Bio-assisted (B-A) methods -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Nanomaterials and current limitations -- 1.2. Bioinspired synthesis -- 2. General mechanism of interaction -- 3. Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Microorganisms-mediated synthesis -- 3.2. Plant-mediated synthesis -- 3.2.1. Root extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.2. Leaves extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.3. Shoot-mediated synthesis -- 3.3. Protein templated synthesis -- 3.4. DNA-templated synthesis -- 3.5. Butterfly wing scales-templated synthesis -- 4. Applications of bioinspired nanomaterials -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Polysaccharides for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polysaccharides -- 2.1. Types of polysaccharides -- 2.1.1. Cellulose -- 2.1.2. Starch -- 2.1.3. Chitin -- 2.1.4. Chitosan -- 2.1.5. Properties of polysaccharides for bioapplications -- 3. Nanomaterials -- 3.1. Types of nanomaterials. , 3.1.1. Organic nanomaterials -- Carbon nanotubes -- Graphene -- Fullerenes -- 3.1.2. Inorganic nanomaterials -- Magnetic nanoparticles -- Metal nanoparticles -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles -- 3.2. Health effects of nanomaterials -- 4. Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 4.1. Cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.1. Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.2. Structure of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.2. Chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.1. Preparation of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.2. Structure and properties of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.3. Starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.1. Preparation of starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.2. Structure and properties of starch nanomaterials -- 5. Preparation of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 5.1. Bulk nanocomposites -- 5.2. Composite nanoparticles -- 6. Applications of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 6.1. Biotechnological applications -- 6.1.1. Bioseparation -- 6.1.2. Biolabeling and biosensing -- 6.1.3. Antimicrobial applications -- 6.2. Biomedical applications -- 6.2.1. Drug delivery -- 6.2.2. Digital imaging -- 6.2.3. Cancer treatment -- 6.3. Agricultural applications -- 7. Characterization of polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 7.1. Spectroscopy -- 7.1.1. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy -- 7.1.2. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) -- 7.1.3. UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy -- 7.2. Microscopy -- 7.2.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 7.2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 7.3. X-ray methods -- 7.4. Thermal analysis -- 8. Future prospects -- 9. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Supercritical fluids for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The supercritical fluid as a substitute technology -- 2.1. What is supercritical fluid? -- 2.2. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation. , 2.3. Supercritical-assisted atomization -- 2.4. Sol-gel drying method -- 3. Synthesis in supercritical fluids -- 3.1. Route of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials synthesis -- 3.2. Sole supercritical fluid -- 3.3. Mixed supercritical fluid -- 4. Theory of the synthesis of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials -- 4.1. Supercritical fluids working process -- 4.2. Origin of nanoparticles -- 4.3. The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Green synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials and its therapeutic applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green synthesis -- 3. ZnO NPs characterization -- 4. ZnO NPs synthesis by plant extracts -- 5. ZnO NPs synthesis by bacteria and actinomycetes -- 6. ZnO NPs synthesis by algae -- 7. ZnO NPs synthesis by fungi -- 8. NPs synthesis by virus -- 9. ZnO NPs synthesis with alternative green sources -- 10. Therapeutic applications -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Background -- 2. Inorganic nanomaterials in sonochemical synthesis -- 3. Applications -- 4. Final comments -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Organic Synthesis in Water and Supercriti... -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Polymer synthesis in water and supercritical water -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Water in industries -- 1.2. Supercritical fluids -- 1.3. Properties of water and supercritical water -- 2. Polymerization in water medium -- 2.1. Emulsion polymerization -- 2.2. Photoactivated polymerization -- 2.3. Dispersion polymerization -- 2.4. Controlled/``living´´ radical polymerization -- 2.5. Radical polymerization -- 2.6. Oxidative polymerization -- 2.7. Solution polymerization -- 2.8. Enzyme-catalyzed polymerization -- 3. Supercritical water in polymer technology -- 3.1. Supercritical water in lignocellulosic polymers -- 3.1.1. Cellulose -- 3.1.2. Hemicellulose -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2: Ring-opening reactions in water -- 1. N-nucleophiles -- 1.1. Aliphatic and aromatic amines -- 1.1.1. Racemic synthesis of β-amino alcohols -- 1.1.2. Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino alcohols -- 1.2. Azidolysis -- 2. O-nucleophiles -- 3. S-nucleophile -- 4. C-nucleophiles -- 5. Se-nucleophile -- 6. H-nucleophiles -- References -- Chapter 3: Cycloaddition reactions in water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. ``In-water´´ cycloaddition reactions -- 2.1. [4+2] Cycloaddition (Diels-Alder) reactions -- 2.2. Hydrophobicity effect on rate enhancement in water -- 2.2.1. Structure facilitated hydrophobic effect -- 2.3. Hydrogen-bonding effect on rate enhancement -- 2.4. Endo- vs exo-selectivity in intermolecular D-A reactions -- 2.5. Inverse electron demand D-A reactions in water -- 2.6. Asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions in water -- 2.7. Application to the total synthesis of natural products -- 2.8. Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions in water. , 2.9. Aqueous intramolecular D-A reaction in the total synthesis -- 2.10. [3+2] Cycloaddition reactions in water -- 2.11. [4+3] Cycloaddition reaction -- 2.12. [2+2+2] Cycloadditions -- 2.13. [5+2] Cycloadditions -- 3. Cycloaddition reactions ``on-water´´ -- 4. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Hydrogenation reactions in water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of hydrogenation -- 2.1. Catalytic hydrogenation -- 2.2. Transfer hydrogenation -- 2.3. Asymmetric hydrogenation -- 2.4. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation -- 2.5. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation -- 2.6. Selective hydrogenation -- 2.6.1. Chemoselective hydrogenation -- 2.6.2. Diastereoselective hydrogenation -- 2.6.3. Regioselective hydrogenation -- 2.7. Other hydrogenation -- 3. Water as hydrogen donor -- 3.1. Synthesis of aliphatic compounds -- 3.2. Synthesis of aromatic compounds -- 3.3. Synthesis of carbonyl compounds -- 3.4. Synthesis of alcohols, ethers, sugars, nitro and nitril compounds -- 3.5. Synthesis of bio-oils, fossil fuel, and cellulose -- 4. Water as solvent -- 4.1. Synthesis of aliphatic compounds -- 4.2. Synthesis of aromatic compounds -- 4.3. Synthesis of carbonyl compounds -- 4.4. Synthesis of alcohols, ethers, sugars, nitro, and nitril compounds -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Magnetically separable nanocatalyzed synthesis of bioactive heterocycles in water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles -- 2.1. Synthesis of N-substituted pyrroles -- 2.2. Synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines -- 2.3. Synthesis of hexahydroquinoline carboxylates -- 2.4. Synthesis of quinolines -- 2.5. Synthesis of acridine-1,8(2H,5H)-diones -- 2.6. Synthesis of benzo[d]imidazoles -- 2.7. Synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.8. Synthesis of quinoxalines -- 2.9. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. , 2.10. Synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline and indeno fused pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- 2.11. Synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d:6,5-d]dipyrimidines -- 2.12. Synthesis of spiropyrazolo pyrimidines -- 2.13. Synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,5-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine] derivatives -- 2.14. Synthesis of 2-amino-tetrahydro-1H-spiro[indoline-3,4-quinoline] derivatives -- 2.15. Synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,2-quinoline] derivatives -- 3. Synthesis of oxygen-containing heterocycles -- 3.1. Synthesis of 4-methylcoumarins -- 3.2. Synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes -- 3.3. Synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-yl phosphonates -- 3.4. Synthesis of tetrahydro-1H-xanthen-1-one -- 3.5. Synthesis of pyran annulated scaffolds -- 4. Synthesis of nitrogen as well as oxygen-containing heterocycles -- 4.1. Synthesis of furo[3,4-b]quinoline derivatives -- 4.2. Synthesis of spiro[furo[3,4:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5,3-indoline] derivatives -- 4.3. Synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives -- 4.4. Synthesis of pyrrole fused heterocycles -- 4.5. Synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles -- 4.6. Synthesis of tetrahydropyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-ones -- 4.7. Synthesis of chromeno[1,6]naphthyridines -- 4.8. Synthesis of 1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1,3]oxazine derivatives -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Stereoselective organic synthesis in water: Organocatalysis by proline and its derivatives -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reactions in homogeneous solution or micellar media -- 2.1. Aldol reaction -- 2.2. Knoevenagel condensation -- 2.3. Michael addition -- 2.4. Mannich reaction -- 2.5. Diels-Alder reaction -- 2.6. α-Aminoxylation -- 2.7. Asymmetric hydrogenation -- 3. Reactions catalyzed by solid-supported proline derivatives -- 3.1. Reactions catalyzed by silica-supported proline species -- 3.2. Reactions catalyzed by polymer-supported proline species -- 4. Summary and outlook. , References -- Chapter 7: CN formation reactions in water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Homogeneous catalysts -- 3. Heterogeneous catalysts -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Regioselective synthesis in water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metal catalyzed regioselective organic synthesis in water -- 3. Regioselective organo-catalytic reactions in aqueous media -- 4. A catalyst-free regioselective reaction in aqueous media -- References -- Chapter 9: Aqueous polymerizations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polymerization: Fundamentals and methods -- 2.1. Fundamentals of polymerization -- 2.2. Methods of polymerization: Solution polymerization -- 2.3. Methods of polymerization: Dispersion polymerization and polycondensation -- 2.4. Methods of polymerization: Suspension polymerizations and polycondensations -- 2.5. Emulsion polymerization and polycondensation -- 3. Free-radical polymerizations -- 4. Ionic polymerizations -- 4.1. Cationic polymerization -- 4.2. Anionic polymerization -- 5. Controlled radical polymerizations -- 5.1. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerizations -- 5.2. Nitroxide-mediated polymerization -- 6. Metal-mediated polymerizations -- 6.1. Atom transfer radical polymerization -- 6.2. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization -- 7. Polycondensation -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: Microwave- and ultrasound-assisted heterocyclics synthesis in aqueous media -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microwave-assisted heterocyclics synthesis in water -- 3. Ultrasound-assisted heterocyclics synthesis in water -- 4. Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 11: Recent advances on carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbon-carbon coupling reactions -- 3. Couplings in water are biphasic -- 4. Heterogeneous catalysis. , 5. Factors affecting CC coupling reactions in water -- 5.1. Catalyst -- 5.2. Bimetallic catalysts -- 5.3. Base and concentration effect -- 5.4. Light water/heavy water -- 5.5. Energy source -- 5.6. Additives and transfer agents -- 6. Specific CC coupling reactions -- 6.1. Mizoroki-Heck reaction -- 6.2. Hiyama reaction -- 6.3. Suzuki-Miyaura reaction -- 6.4. Sonogashira-Hagihara reaction -- 6.5. Stille reaction -- 6.6. Negishi reaction -- 7. Applications in synthesis -- 7.1. Derivatization of biomolecules -- 7.2. Bioactive molecules -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Microwaves in Organic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microwave catalysis in organic synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. History -- 1.2. Early development in utilization of microwave heating for organic synthesis -- 2. Factors influencing microwave heating in organic reactions -- 2.1. Microwave heating mechanism -- 2.1.1. Dipolar polarization mechanism -- 2.1.2. Ionic conduction mechanism -- 2.2. Dielectric properties and loss tangent -- 2.3. Superheating effect -- 2.4. Interaction of microwaves with different materials -- 3. Comparison of microwave with conventional heating -- 4. Microwave-assisted catalytic organic reactions -- 4.1. Coupling reactions -- 4.1.1. Suzuki reaction (or Suzuki-Miyaura coupling) -- 4.1.2. Stille coupling reaction -- 4.1.3. Sonogashira coupling -- 4.1.4. Heck reaction -- 4.2. Microwave-assisted heterocyclic chemistry -- 4.2.1. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles -- 4.2.2. Oxygen-containing heterocycles -- 4.2.3. Sulfur-containing heterocycles -- 4.3. Multicomponent reactions -- 4.3.1. Hantzsch reaction -- 4.3.2. Ugi reaction -- 4.3.3. Biginelli reaction -- 4.3.4. Mannich reaction -- 4.3.5. Strecker reaction -- 4.4. Alkylation reactions -- 4.4.1. N-Alkylation -- 4.4.2. C-Alkylation -- 4.4.3. O-Alkylation -- 4.5. Esterification and transesterification reactions -- 5. Microwave reactors -- 6. Current challenges in microwave-assisted synthesis -- 6.1. Energy efficiency -- 6.2. Scale-up of microwave-assisted organic reactions -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Microwave-assisted CN formation reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. N-Arylations, N-alkylations, and related reactions -- 2.1. Palladium-catalyzed processes-Buchawald-Hartwig amination. , 2.2. Copper-catalyzed reactions-The Ullmann coupling -- 2.3. Application of other metal catalysts -- 2.4. Metal-free transformations -- 2.5. The Petasis borono-Mannich reaction -- 2.6. Three-component propargylations -- 3. Amidations -- 3.1. Direct amidations -- 3.2. Amidation by reacting esters and amines -- 3.3. Transamidations -- 3.4. Oxidative amidations -- 3.5. Miscellaneous processes -- 4. Ring-forming reactions -- 4.1. Rings with one nitrogen atom -- 4.1.1. Synthesis of three- and four-membered rings -- 4.1.2. Synthesis of five-membered rings -- 4.1.3. Six-membered and larger rings -- 4.1.4. Condensed rings: Indoles and structural isomers -- 4.1.5. Condensed rings: Quinolines and isoquinolines -- 4.1.6. Molecules with multiple rings -- 4.2. Ring systems with two nitrogen atoms -- 4.2.1. Synthesis of diazoles -- 4.2.2. Six-membered rings -- 4.2.3. Condensed rings -- 4.2.4. Molecules with multiple rings -- 4.3. Rings with three and four nitrogen atoms -- 4.3.1. Synthesis of azoles -- Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles -- Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles -- Synthesis of tetrazoles -- 4.3.2. Synthesis of triazines -- 4.3.3. Condensed bicyclic molecules -- 5. Polycyclic condensed ring systems with multiple nitrogen atoms -- 5.1. Molecules containing three nitrogen atoms -- 5.2. Ring systems with four and more nitrogens -- 6. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Three-component reactions -- 2.1. Mannich reaction -- 2.2. Betti reaction -- 2.3. Petasis reaction -- 2.4. Kabachnik-Fields reaction -- 2.5. A3-coupling reaction -- 2.6. Povarov reaction -- 2.7. Strecker reaction -- 2.8. Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction -- 2.9. Passerini reaction -- 2.10. Pauson-Khand reaction -- 2.11. Kindler reaction -- 2.12. Gewald reaction -- 2.13. Bucherer-Bergs reaction -- 2.14. Biginelli reaction. , 3. Four-component reactions -- 3.1. Ugi reactions -- 3.2. Radziszewski reaction -- 3.3. Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis -- 3.4. Kröhnke reaction -- 4. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Catalytic, ultrasonic, and microwave-assisted synthesis of naphthoquinone derivatives by intermolecular and -- 1. Summary -- 2. Introduction -- 3. Synthesis of 2-anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives -- 4. Synthesis of 2,3-dianilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives -- 5. Synthesis of 2-anilino-5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives -- 6. Synthesis of indolo naphthoquinone derivatives -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Microwave-assisted condensation reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conceptual principles in microwave mechanism -- 3. Microwave-assisted condensation reactions -- 3.1. Microwave-assisted multicomponent condensation reaction -- 3.1.1. Multicomponent synthesis of aminopyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine-8-carboxylates -- 3.1.2. Multicomponent synthesis of 1,3,5,6-tetrasubstituted 2-pyridone -- 3.1.3. Multicomponent synthesis of functionalized steroidal pyridines -- 3.1.4. Multicomponent synthesis of indolyl-coumarin hybrids -- 3.1.5. Multicomponent synthesis of indole-1,3-dione derivatives -- 3.2. Microwave-assisted Knoevenagel condensation reaction -- 3.2.1. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate derivatives -- 3.2.2. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to Indole-based Heterocycles -- 3.2.3. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]chromen-1(2H)-ones -- 3.2.4. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to pyran-based chalcones -- 3.2.5. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to 3-acetylcoumarin and chalcone affiliates -- 3.2.6. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to 2,3-dihydropyran[2,3-c]pyrazoles -- 3.3. Microwave-assisted aldol condensation reaction -- 3.3.1. Aldol-type synthetic approach to 3-acetyl isocoumarin. , 3.3.2. Aldol-type synthetic approach to aza-fused isoquinoline motifs -- 3.3.3. Aldol-type synthetic approach to dibenzylidenecyclohexanones -- 3.3.4. Aldol-type synthetic approach to dibenzylidenecyclopentanone -- 3.3.5. Aldol-type synthetic approach to 2-benzylideneoctanal -- 3.4. Microwave-assisted Pechmann condensation reaction -- 3.4.1. Amberlyst-15 catalyzed synthetic approach to 4-methylcoumarin -- 3.4.2. Zn [(l)-proline]2 catalyzed synthetic approach to tricyclic 4-methylcoumarin -- 3.4.3. FeF3 catalyzed synthetic approach to 4,7-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one -- 3.4.4. Pechmann condensation reaction for synthesis of umbelliferone -- 3.4.5. Microwave-assisted synthesis via two different naphthalenediol -- 3.4.6. ZnCl2 catalyzed synthesis of linear pyranodihydrocoumarin -- 3.5. Microwave-assisted Mannich condensation reaction -- 3.5.1. Mannich synthetic approach to nitrothiazolo[3,2-c]pyrimidines -- 3.5.2. Mannich synthetic approach to 4-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives -- 3.5.3. Mannich synthetic approach to barbituric acid derivatives -- 3.5.4. Mannich synthetic approach to polymethoxychalcone -- 3.6. Other miscellaneous microwave-assisted condensation products -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Microwave-assisted oxidation reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. C-oxidation -- 2.1. Oxidation of hydrocarbons -- 2.1.1. Oxidation of sp3 hybridized carbons -- Alkane to aldehyde (RCH3RCOH) -- Alkane to glyoxal (RCOCH3RCOCOH) -- Alkane to acid (RCH3RCOOH) -- Alkane to ketone (RCH2RRCOR) -- Cyclic ethers to esters (RCH2ORRCOOR) -- 2.1.2. Oxidation of sp2 hybridized carbons -- Alkene to aldehyde (RCHCHRRCOH) -- 2.1.3. Oxidation of sp hybridized carbons -- Alkyne to glyoxal (RCCHRCOCOH) -- 2.2. Oxidation of alcohols -- 2.2.1. Alcohol to aldehyde (RCH2OHRCOH) -- 2.2.2. Clayfen -- 2.2.3. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromochromate (CTMABC) -- 2.2.4. Magtrieve. , 2.2.5. Zeolite A -- 2.3. Oxidation of aldehyde -- 2.3.1. Aldehyde to acid (RCHORCOOH) -- 2.3.2. Aldehyde to ester (RCHORCOOR1 -- R1 from solvent) -- 2.4. Oxidation of halides -- 2.4.1. Halides to aldehydes (RCH2XRCOH) -- 2.5. Oxidative cyclization -- 2.6. Oxidative aromatization -- 2.7. Oxidative amination -- 2.8. Advancements in named oxidation reactions -- 2.8.1. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation -- 2.8.2. Dess-Martin periodinane reaction -- 2.8.3. Fetizon/Fetison oxidation -- 2.8.4. Jacobsen epoxidation -- 2.8.5. Jones/chromium based oxidation -- 2.8.6. Kornblum oxidation -- 2.8.7. Noyori oxidation -- 2.8.8. Sharpless epoxidation -- Other oxidation reactions -- 3. N-oxidations -- 3.1. N-oxide formation -- 3.2. Amines to imines -- 4. S-oxidations -- 4.1. Sulfides to sulfoxides -- 4.2. Thiols to disulfides -- References -- Chapter 7: Microwave-assisted reduction reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Fundamental aspects of microwave radiation -- 1.2. Microwave apparatus -- 1.3. Advantages and disadvantages of microwave irradiation -- 2. Microwave-assisted organic reduction reactions -- 3. Microwave-assisted reduction for the development of inorganic raw materials -- 4. Microwave-assisted reduction for production composites -- 5. Microwave-assisted reduction for nanoparticle synthesis -- 6. Microwave-assisted reduction for catalyst purpose -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Microwave-assisted stereoselective organic synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microwave-assisted diastereoselective and enantioselective reactions -- 3. Microwave-assisted diastereoselective organic transformation reactions -- 4. Microwave-assisted enantioselective organic transformation reactions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Microwave-assisted heterocyclics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microwave-promoted synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. , 2.1. Synthesis of tetrazole-based heterocycles.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Analytical Techniques for Environmental a... -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Conventional and advanced techniques of wastewater monitoring and treatment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water pollutants: Origin and consequences -- 3. Wastewater analysis -- 3.1. Lab-based analytical methods -- 3.2. Field monitoring techniques -- 3.2.1. Biosensors -- Biosensors for detection of organic contaminants in wastewater -- Biosensors for detection of inorganic contaminants in water -- Biosensors for detection of microorganisms in water -- 3.2.2. Nanoparticle-assisted sensing platform -- 3.2.3. Paper-based microfluidics sensors -- 3.2.4. Soft sensors -- 3.3. Wireless sensor networks -- 4. Wastewater treatment -- 4.1. Conventional wastewater treatment methods -- 4.1.1. Primary treatment -- 4.1.2. Secondary treatment -- Aerobic treatment -- Anaerobic treatment -- Activated sludge process -- Biological filters -- Vermifiltration -- Rotating biological contractors -- Phytoremediation -- Microbial fuel cells -- 4.1.3. Tertiary treatment -- 4.2. Advanced wastewater treatment methods -- 4.2.1. Membrane filtration -- 4.2.2. Advanced oxidation processes -- 4.2.3. UV irradiation -- 4.2.4. Other advanced methods -- 4.3. Commercialized wastewater treatments -- 5. Future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2: UV-vis spectrophotometry for environmental and industrial analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The electromagnetic spectrum -- 2.1. Electronic photophysical process -- 3. Limitations of Beer-Lambert Law -- 4. Importance of UV-vis spectroscopy for analysis -- 4.1. Quantitative analysis -- 4.2. Qualitative analysis -- 4.3. UV-vis spectrophotometry for environmental analysis -- 5. Water analysis -- 6. Polymer analysis -- 7. Microcarbon analysis -- 8. Dye analysis. , 8.1. Measurement of change in coloration -- 8.2. Removal of metal salts -- 8.3. Regulations in environmental control -- 8.4. Wastewater fingerprinting -- 8.5. Colored ink -- 8.6. UV-vis spectrophotometry for industrial analysis -- 8.6.1. Presence of colorants -- 8.6.2. Removal of colorants -- 8.7. Presence of organic content -- 8.8. Presence of natural products -- 8.9. Petrochemical industry -- 8.10. Waste management -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Redox chemistry in water -- 3. Oxygen demand [1, 2] -- 4. Biological oxygen demand -- 5. Analysis of biochemical oxygen demand -- 5.1. Standard method -- 5.1.1. Winkler's method [6] -- 5.2. Technological advancement in standard methods -- 5.3. BOD methods for rapid determination of results -- 6. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) -- 6.1. Chemical reactions involved in COD determination [16] -- 6.2. Modification of conventional COD method -- 6.3. Mercury free methods -- 6.4. Electrochemical and photocatalytic methods (lesser chemical use) -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Soil and sediment analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods for analysis of organic compounds -- 2.1. Pharmaceuticals -- 2.2. Phenols-alkylphenols and bisphenol A -- 2.3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 2.4. Phthalates -- 2.5. Organometallic and organometalloid compounds -- 3. Microplastics -- 4. Quality assurance -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 5: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques for environmental analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Advances in extraction techniques of environmental samples for LC-MS -- 2.1. Microextraction techniques -- 2.2. Extraction techniques involving nanomaterials -- 2.3. Extraction techniques involving ionic liquids -- 3. Advances in liquid chromatography instrumentation. , 4. Advances in mass spectrometry detection -- 5. Applications of LC/MS for environmental analysis -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Green analytical chemistry for food industries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analytical detection -- 2.1. Qualitative methods -- 2.2. Quantitative methods -- 3. Emerging extraction technologies -- 3.1. Supercritical fluid extraction -- 3.2. Pressurized liquid extraction -- 3.3. Microwave-assisted extraction -- 3.4. Ultrasound-assisted extraction -- 4. Miniaturization of online emerging extraction techniques with analytical detection: Current trends in the use of SFE a ... -- 4.1. Sample preparation: Extraction vessel packaging -- 4.2. Extraction mode -- 4.2.1. Selection of the mobile phase -- 4.3. Separation and detection of analytes -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Immunoassays applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conventional vs microscale immunoassay sensors -- 3. Substrates -- 3.1. Silicon -- 3.2. Glass -- 3.3. Polymers -- 3.4. Paper -- 3.5. Hybrid -- 4. Fluid transport mechanisms -- 4.1. Active -- 4.2. Passive -- 5. Detection methodologies -- 5.1. Colorimetric -- 5.2. Fluorescence -- 5.3. Surface plasmon resonance -- 5.4. Electrochemical -- 5.5. Mechanical -- 6. Conclusions and outlook -- References -- Chapter 8: High-performance liquid chromatographic techniques for determination of organophosphate pesticides in complex matr -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental fate of pesticides -- 3. Analytical methods used for pesticides determination -- 4. High-performance liquid chromatography -- 4.1. Types of HPLC -- 4.1.1. Normal-phase HPLC -- 4.1.2. Reverse-phase HPLC -- 4.2. HPLC column -- 4.3. Mode of elution -- 4.3.1. Isocratic HPLC -- 4.3.2. Gradient HPLC -- 4.4. Detectors used for the analysis of organophosphate pesticides -- 5. Sample preparation for HPLC analysis of organophosphate pesticides. , 6. Detection and quantification of organophosphate pesticides from complex matrices using high-performance liquid chromat ... -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of the GC/MS technique in environmental analytics: Case of the essential oils -- 1. Introduction -- 2. GC/MS as a modern technique for analysis of essential oils -- 3. Practical application of the polar column in the analysis of essential oils -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Remote sensing for environmental analysis: Basic concepts and setup -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Practical examples -- 2.1. Improving environmental assessments through remote sensing -- 3. Key concepts to/in remote sensing -- 4. Historical background of remote sensing -- 4.1. Historical beginning -- 4.2. Remote sensing to environment applications -- 4.2.1. Hyperspectral imaging -- 4.2.2. Field spectrometry -- 4.2.3. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) -- 5. Remote sensing sensors -- 5.1. Imaging sensors -- 5.2. Non-imaging sensors -- 6. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in environmental monitoring by remote sensing -- 7. Perspectives and conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Materials science and lab-on-a-chip for environmental and industrial analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lab-on-a-chip concept and components -- 3. Materials science on LOC technology -- 4. Environmental analysis and pollutant monitoring -- 5. Autonomous LOC prototype -- 6. Challenges and future prospects of LOC technology -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Destructive and nondestructive techniques of analyses of biofuel characterization and thermal valorization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials preparation -- 2.1. Thermal densification processes -- 2.2. Mechanical densification processes -- 3. Destructive analyses for materials characterization -- 3.1. Generalities on destructive methods. , 3.2. Destructive methods in solid biofuel characterization -- 3.2.1. Thermogravimetry analysis (ATG) -- 3.2.2. High heating value determination -- 3.2.3. Ultimate analysis -- 4. Nondestructive methods for material characterization -- 4.1. Generalities -- 4.2. Nondestructive methods in solid biofuel characterization -- 4.2.1. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy technique -- 4.2.2. Gaseous emission analysis using TESTO equipment -- 4.2.3. Particulate matter (PM) measurements -- 4.2.4. Bottom ash characterization and measurements -- References -- Chapter 13: Application of nanoparticles as a chemical sensor for analysis of environmental samples -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) -- 2.1. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) -- 2.2. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) -- 2.3. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) -- 2.4. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) -- 2.5. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) -- 2.6. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) -- 2.7. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) -- 2.8. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) -- 3. Characterization of nanoparticles -- 4. Properties of nanoparticles -- 4.1. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and color of NPs -- 4.2. Surface area -- 4.3. Magnetic properties -- 4.4. Electronic properties -- 5. Different class of chemical substances -- 5.1. Heavy metals -- 5.1.1. Essential metals -- 5.1.2. Toxic metals -- 5.2. Pesticides and fungicides -- 5.3. Aromatic and VOC's compounds -- 5.4. Surfactants -- 5.5. Other chemical substances -- 6. Analytical techniques for detection of chemical substance in environmental samples -- 6.1. Colorimetric sensing -- 6.2. Fluorescence sensing -- 6.3. Electrochemical sensing -- 6.4. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) sensing -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Index.