Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Multiscale Study of Hydrogen Storage in Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. DFT study of site characteristics in MOFs for hydrogen adsorption -- 3. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) for gravimetric and volumetric uptakes -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 2 -- Metal Organic Frameworks Based Materials for Renewable Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Need for renewal energy -- 3. Metal organic frameworks -- 4. MOFs for environmental applications and renewable energy -- 5. Metallic organic framework based materials for hydrogen energy applications -- 6. Hydrogen Storage by MOFs -- 7. Storage of gases and separation process by MOFs -- 8. Metal organic frameworks based materials for conversion and storage of CO2 -- 9. Use of MOFs for biogas -- 10. Storage of thermal energy using MOF materials -- 11. Metal organic frameworks based materials for oxygen catalysis -- 12. MOF based materials for rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors -- 13. Metal organic framework based materials in the use of dye sensitized solar cells -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Metal Organic Frameworks Composites for Lithium Battery Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications of MOFs in lithium-ion batteries -- 3. Applications of MOFs in lithium sulphur batteries. -- 4. Summary and outlook -- References -- 4 -- Metal-Organic-Framework-Quantum Dots (QD@MOF) Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Metal-organic frameworks -- 1.2 Quantum dots -- 1.3 Gold QDs (AuQDs) -- 2. QD polymeric materials -- 2.1 Integration of QDs -- 2.2 Methods of encapsulating QD to polymer matrices -- 2.3 Incorporation into premade polymers -- 2.4 Suspension polymerization -- 2.5 Encapsulation via emulsion polymerization -- 2.6 Encapsulation via miniemulsion polymerization -- 3. QD hybrid materials. , 3.1 Strategies to generate QD hybrid materials -- 3.2 Exchanging ligand between polymer and QDs -- 3.3 Polymer grafting to QDs -- 3.4 Polymer grafting from QDs -- 3.5 Polymer capping into QDs -- 3.6 QDs growth within polymer -- 3.7 Challenges in biocompatible polymer/QDs -- 4. Applications of QD composites -- 4.1 Bio-imaging -- 4.2 Photo-thermal therapies -- 4.3 Opto-electric applications -- 4.3.1 QD LEDs -- 4.3.2 Polymer QD liquid crystal displays -- 4.3.3 QD polymer photo-voltaic devices -- 5. Metallic NCs -- 5.1 Classification of metallic NCs -- 5.2 Production of metallic NCs -- 5.2.1 Metallic NCs synthesis methods -- 5.3 Applications of metallic nano-particles -- 5.3.1 Silver NCs -- 5.3.2 Pbs QDs -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Designing Metal-Organic-Framework for Clean Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction to MOF Composites & -- Derivatives -- 1.2 Chemistry of MOFs -- 2. Applications of MOF in clean energy -- 2.1 Hydrogen Storage -- 2.2 Carbon dioxide capture -- 2.3 Methane storage -- 2.4 Electrical energy storage and conversion -- 2.4.1 Fuel cell -- 2.5 MOFs for supercapacitor applications -- 2.6 NH3 removal -- 2.7 Benzene removal -- 2.8 NO2 removal -- 2.9 Photocatalysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Nanoporous Metal-Organic-Framework -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Fundamental stabilities of nano MOFs -- 1.1.1 Chemical stability -- 1.1.2 In water medium -- 1.1.3 In acid/base condition -- 1.1.4 Thermal Stability -- 1.1.5 Mechanical Stability -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Modulated synthesis -- 1.2.2 Post-synthetic modification (PSM) -- 1.3 Applications of MOFs -- 1.3.1 Gas separations and storage -- 1.3.2 Catalysis -- 1.3.2.1 Lewis acid catalysis -- 1.3.2.2 Bronsted acid catalysis -- 1.3.2.3 Redox Catalysis -- 1.3.2.4 Photocatalysis -- 1.3.2.5 Electrocatalysis -- 1.3.3 Water treatment -- 1.4 Other applications. , 1.4.1 Sensors -- 1.4.2 Supercapacitors -- 1.4.3 Biomedical applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Materials for Energy Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Role of MOF in supercapacitor -- 1.2 Role of MOF in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2. Synthesis of Ni3(HITP)2 MOF -- 3. Characterization of Ni3(HITP)2 MOF -- 4. Ni3(HITP)2MOF as supercapacitor electrode for EDLC : -- 5. Two electrode measurements -- 6. Electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements -- 7. Device performance -- 8. Hybrid Co3O4C nanowires electrode for OER process -- 9. Synthesis of hybrid Co3O4C nanowires -- 10. Characterization of hybrid Co3O4C nanowires -- 11. Hybrid Co3O4C nanowires MOF electrode for oxygen evolution reaction -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Metal-Organic-Framework Composites as Proficient Cathodes for Supercapacitor Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MOFs: Structure, properties and strategies for SCs -- 3. Single-metal MOFs -- 4. Bimetal or doped MOFs -- 5. Hybrids and composites -- 6. Flexible or freestanding SCs -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 9 -- Metal-Organic Frameworks and their Therapeutic Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metal-organic frameworks -- 2.1 Usage areas of metal-organic frameworks -- 2.1.1 Controlled drug release -- 2.1.2 Antibacterial activity of MOFs -- 2.1.3 Biomedicine -- 2.1.4 Chemical sensors -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 10 -- Significance of Metal Organic Frameworks Consisting of Porous Materials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Definition of porosity -- 2. Inferences obtained from the wide range of relevant research articles -- 2.1 Introduction to porous MOFs -- 2.2 Zeolites - an amorphous & -- inorganic porous material -- 2.3 Activated carbon - an organic porous material -- 2.4 Formation of pores in MOFs -- 2.5 Types of pores. , 2.6 Characterization of porous MOFs -- 2.7 Checking for permanent porosity -- 2.8 Advantages of MOF porous materials -- 2.9 Porous MOFs in separation of gases -- 2.10 Nanoporous MOFs -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 -- Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF's) for Biosensing and Bioimaging Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In vitro MOF complex sensors -- 2.1 DNA-RNA-MOF complex sensor -- 2.2 Enzyme-MOF complex -- 2.2.1 Enzymatic-MOF complex -- 2.2.2 Non-enzymatic-MOF complex -- 2.3 Fluorescent-MOF complex -- 3. In-vivo MOF complex sensors -- 3.1 MR complex -- 3.2 CT complex -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- 12 -- Nanoscale Metal Organic Framework for Phototherapy of Cancer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanoscience and nanotechnology -- 2.1 Tumor ablation and nanotechnology in cancer treatment -- 3. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) -- 4. Photothermal therapy (PTT) -- 5. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) -- 6. Historical development of phototherapy -- 7. Mechanism of phototherapy -- 7.1 Basic elements of photodynamic therapy -- 7.1.1 Singlet oxygen -- 7.1.2 Light sources -- 8. Photosensitizers (PSs) -- 8.1 First generation photosensitizers -- 8.2 Second generation photosensitizers -- 8.3 Third generation photosensitizers -- 8.4 Introduction of tumor cells and intracellular localization of photosensitizer -- 9. Cell death in phototherapy -- 10. nMOFs for PDT -- 11. nMOFs for PTT -- 11.1 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) mechanism and plasmonic photothermal treatment (PPTT) method -- 11.1.1 Mie theory -- 11.1.2 Gold nanostructures -- 11.1.3 Photothermal properties of different gold nanostructures -- 11.1.4 Gold nanospheres used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.5 Gold nanocages and nanorods used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.6 Bioconjugation of gold nanostructures used in photothermal therapy -- 11.1.7 Determination of temperature changes in gold surface. , 12. Results and Perspectives -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Thermoset Composites: Preparation, Properties and Applications -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Energy Absorption of Natural Fibre Reinforced Thermoset Polymer Composites Materials for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials -- 1.3 Thermoset and thermoplastic composites -- 1.4 Matrix -- 1.5 Test methodologies -- 1.5.1 Quasi-static test -- 1.5.2 Dynamic test -- 1.6 Crashworthiness design -- 1.7 Crashworthiness prerequisites -- 1.8 Energy-absorbing thermoset composite structures -- 1.9 Assessing factors of energy absorption capability -- 1.9.1 Crush force efficiency (CFE) -- 1.9.2 Stroke efficiency (SE) -- 1.9.3 Initial failure indictor (IFI) -- 1.9.4 Specific energy absorption ES -- 1.10 Volumetric Energy absorption capability -- 1.11 Energy absorption -- 1.12 Literature survey -- 1.13 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- Wood Flour Filled Thermoset Composites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Wood polymer composites -- 2.3 Wood flour composites (WFCs) -- 2.3.1 Processing of WFCs -- 2.3.2 Properties of WFCs -- 2.3.2.1 Mechanical properties -- 2.3.2.2 Surface roughness and wettability -- 2.3.2.3 Water absorption tests -- 2.3.2.4 Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) -- 2.3.2.5 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) -- 2.3.2.6 Dynamic mechanical tests (DMA) -- 2.3.2.7 Creep test -- 2.3.2.8 Flammability characteristics -- 2.3.2.9 Tomography -- 2.3.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis -- 2.4 Practical applications -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 -- Experimental and Analysis of Jute Fabric with Silk Fabric Reinforced Polymer Composites -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and methods -- 3.3 Preparation of composites -- 3.4 Experimentation -- 3.5 Results and discussions on experimentation -- 3.6 Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 4. , Biosourced Thermosets for Lignocellulosic Composites -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Urea, also a natural material for wood adhesives -- 4.3 Tannin thermoset binders for wood adhesives -- 4.4 New technologies for industrial tannin adhesives -- 4.5 Tannin-Hexamethylenetetramine (Hexamine) adhesives and adhesives with alternative aldehydes -- 4.6 Hardening by tannins autocondensation -- 4.7 Lignin adhesives -- 4.8 Protein adhesives -- 4.9 Carbohydrate adhesives -- 4.10 Unsaturated oil adhesives -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- Hybrid Bast Fibre Strengthened Thermoset Composites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bast fibre -- 5.2.1 Surface morphology and elemental composition analysis -- 5.2.2 Structural composition and the physical properties of the bast fibre -- 5.2.3 Composition and the properties of the different bast fibre -- 5.3 Advantage and limitation of bast fibre as reinforcing material -- 5.4 Surface modification of bast fibres -- 5.5 Methods for surface modification of natural fibres -- 5.3.1 Physical methods -- 5.5.2 Chemical methods -- 5.5.2.1 Alkali treatment -- 5.5.2.2 Graft copolymerization -- 5.5.2.3 Acetylation -- 5.5.2.4 Treatment with isocyanate -- 5.5.2.5 Other chemical treatments -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Nano-Carbon/Polymer Composites for Electromagnetic Shielding, Structural Mechanical and Field Emission Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Shielding parameters of GNCs/Polyurethane nanocomposites -- 6.2.2 Characterizations and measurements -- 6.2.3 Analysis of microwave parameters -- 6.2.4 E cient microwave absorbing properties: -- 6.3 Nanocomposite approach for structural engineering -- 6.3.1 GNCs as effective nanofiller -- 6.3.2 Dispersibility investigations: homogeneous distribution vs agglomeration and interfacial adhesion of GNCs -- 6.3.3 Raman mapping of GNCs nanocomposites -- 6.3.4 Optical imaging. , 6.3.5 Mechanical properties of GNCs/nanocomposites -- 6.3.3 Fracture mechanisms using fractography -- 6.3.4 Thermal and physical properties -- 6.4 MWNTs/nylon composite nanofibers by electrospinning -- 6.4.1 Synthesis of composite -- 6.4.2 Characterizations -- 6.4.3 I-V characteristic of the nanofiber composite -- 6.5 Carbon nanotube composite: Dispersion routes and field emission parameters -- 6.5.1 Synthesis of thin multiwall carbon nanotube composite -- 6.5.2 Characterization -- 6.3.3 Field emission parameters for the t-MWCNT-composite -- Summary -- References -- 7 -- Conductive Thermoset Composites -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical background of thermoset polymers -- 7.3 Method of Composite processing -- 7.4 Different types of CTC -- 7.4.1 Epoxy Based CTC -- 7.4.2 Polyurethane based CTC -- 7.4.3 Polyester based CTC -- 7.4.4 Polybenzoxanines based CTC -- 7.5 Properties of CTC -- 7.5.1 Thermal properties -- 7.5.2 Mechanical properties -- 7.5.3 Electrical properties -- 7.6 Applications of conductive thermoset composites -- 7.6.1 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding -- 7.6.2 Anti-corrosive coatings -- 7.6.3 Shape memory application -- 7.6.4 Other applications -- 7.7 Problems and solution associated with CTC -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 -- Waterborne Thermosetting Polyurethane Composites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1 Inorganic oxide based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.1 Silica-based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.2 Titania (TiO2) based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.3 Zinc oxide (ZnO) based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.1.4 Other inorganic oxide-based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.2 PUD thermosetting composites with metal (Ag and Au) nanoparticles -- 8.2.3 PUD/clay thermosetting composites -- 8.2.4 PUD/Carbohydrate thermosetting composites. , 8.2.4.1 Cellulose-based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.4.2 Starch reinforced PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.5 PUD thermosetting composites reinforced with nanocarbon materials -- 8.2.5.1 Graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) based PUD thermosetting composites -- 8.2.5.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced PUD thermosetting composites -- Summary -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 -- Classical Thermoset Epoxy Composites for Structural Purposes: Designing, Preparation, Properties and Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods for modifying liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.2.1 Chemical modification of liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.2.2 Physico-chemical modification of liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.2.3 Methods of physical modification of liquid epoxy compositions -- 9.3 Physico-chemical aspects of the modification of epoxy polymers by dispersed and continuous fibrous fillers -- 9.3.1 Features of the formation of clusters in a polymer composite -- 9.3.2 Analysis of the surface interaction of fillers with epoxy oligomers -- 9.3.2.1 Surface interaction of inorganic fillers with epoxy oligomers -- 9.3.2.2 Surface interaction of organic fillers with epoxy oligomers -- 9.3.2.3 The mechanism of molecular interaction between epoxy polymer and filler -- 9.4 Effect of ultrasonic treatment regimes on the properties of epoxy polymers -- 9.4.1 Technological and operational properties of epoxy polymers -- 9.4.2 Physico-mechanical and technological properties of sonificated epoxy matrices -- 9.5 Ultrasonic intensification of prepregs formation -- 9.5.1 Process of capillary impregnation -- 9.5.2 Effect of ultrasonic modification regimes on the kinetics of impregnation of continuous fibrous fillers -- 9.6 Ultrasonic processing devices for liquid polymer systems -- 9.7 Modeling of the structure of oriented and woven fibrous materials. , 9.7.1 Physical models of a capillary-porous medium based on oriented fibrous fillers -- 9.8 Modeling of technical means for production of polymer composite materials -- 9.8.1 The technology of ultrasonic production of long-length epoxy composites -- 9.8.2 Modeling of technical means for thermoplastic production -- 9.9 Other applications of ultrasonic in the production of thermosets and thermoplastic -- 9.9.1 The effectiveness of ultrasonic treatment for the production of epoxy nanocomposites -- 9.9.2 Pepair technologies for the maintenance and restoration of polyethylene pipelines -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 -- A Review on Tribological Performance of Polymeric Composites Based on Natural Fibres -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Natural fibres -- 10.3 Polymer -- 10.4 Composite -- 10.5 Tribology -- 10.6 Friction and wear -- Summary -- Future Developments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.