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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Host–parasite transcriptomics during immunostimulant-enhanced rejection of salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) by Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar )
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2017
    In:  FACETS Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2017-05-01), p. 477-495
    Details
    In: FACETS, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2017-05-01), p. 477-495
    Abstract: Salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are important ectoparasites of wild and farmed salmonids and cause major losses to the salmon farming industry throughout the Northern Hemisphere. With the emergence of resistance to several commonly used parasiticides, novel control strategies and integration of multiple treatment options are needed, including host immunostimulation. Here, we investigate the effects of a functional feed containing a peptidoglycan and nucleotide formulation on L. salmonis infection of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) by characterizing lice infection levels, the expression of several host immune genes, and the parasite transcriptomic response to the immunostimulated host. Although initial infection intensities were low, the low dose (LD) immunostimulant diet reduced the total lice burden by 50% relative to controls. Immunostimulant fed hosts up-regulated interleukin-1β in the skin and spleen. This gene has been implicated in successful responses of several salmonid species to salmon lice but is typically not observed in Atlantic salmon, suggesting a favorable influence on the immune response. Lice infecting LD immunostimulated salmon overexpressed genes putatively involved in parasite immunity, including carboxylesterases, and underexpressed genes putatively involved in feeding (e.g., proteases). These lice response genes further improve the characterization of the transcriptome of the non-model parasite by identifying genes potentially involved in evading host immunity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2371-1671
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spawning energetics of Arctic cod ( Boreogadus saida ) in relation to seasonal development of the ovary and plasma sex steroid levels
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1995
    In:  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol. 52, No. 3 ( 1995-03-01), p. 541-550
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 52, No. 3 ( 1995-03-01), p. 541-550
    Abstract: Gonadal development in Arctic cod starts in August in high Arctic Canada. Male gonads develop at a faster rate than female gonads initially, and reach maximum size about two months prior to females. Under laboratory conditions (at 1.0 °C), female Arctic cod became ripe and started to spawn in mid-February, which concurred with field observations. Ripe gonad weight increased with body size; mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) of ripe females was 47.7%, and potential fecundity averaged 26 500 eggs. At the time when ripe females started to spawn, some females were still unripe (GSI = 20.2%). Their eggs were not hydrated, and these fish had significantly higher levels of sex steroids (estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone, and testosterone) in their blood than ripe fish. Arctic cod are repeat spawners, at least under laboratory conditions, in spite of the large amount of energy allocated to reproduction (306 kJ lost from liver and muscle during gonadal development and 125 kJ as eggs during spawning). A high energy investment into reproduction, for a fish that matures at an early age, may be balanced against high predation rates on this species during the open-water season in the Canadian high Arctic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0706-652X , 1205-7533
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/f95-055
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1995
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7966-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473089-3
    SSG: 21,3
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Association of CLOCK gene variants with obesity and adiposity-related anthropometric, metabolic, and behavioral parameters
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2022
    In:  FACETS Vol. 7 ( 2022-01-01), p. 792-808
    Details
    In: FACETS, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 7 ( 2022-01-01), p. 792-808
    Abstract: The CLOCK gene is a core component of the circadian clock and regulates various aspects of metabolism. Therefore, any variation that affects the function/expression of the CLOCK gene may contribute to the manifestation of metabolic disorders such as obesity. This study investigated whether the CLOCK variants rs4864548 and rs6843722 are associated with obesity and related traits in Pakistanis. A total of 306 overweight/obese cases and 306 age- and gender-matched control subjects were recruited (males 336 and females 276, age range 12–63 years). Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were taken by standard procedures and biochemical analyses, respectively. Behavior-related information was collected with a questionnaire. The genotypes of the variants were determined by allelic discrimination Taqman assays. Both variants were found to have a significant association with overweight/obesity according to the over-dominant model. The rs4864548 and rs6843722 were observed to escalate the risk of overweight/obesity by 1.611 ( p = 0.004) and 1.657 ( p = 0.002) times, respectively. These variants were also seen to be significantly associated with various other adiposity-related anthropometric parameters ( p  〈  0.05). However, no association of both variants with metabolic and behavioral parameters was observed ( p  〉  0.05). Thus, these variants may contribute to increasing the risk of overweight/obesity and related anthropometric traits in Pakistanis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2371-1671
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0137
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global estrogen receptor-α knockout has differential effects on cortical and cancellous bone in aged male mice
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2020
    In:  FACETS Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01), p. 328-348
    Details
    In: FACETS, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01), p. 328-348
    Abstract: Estrogen receptor-α knockout (ERKO) in female rodents results in bone loss associated with increased osteocyte sclerostin expression; whether this also occurs in males is unknown. Here, we examined the effects of ERKO on femoral cortical geometry, trabecular microarchitecture, and osteocyte sclerostin expression of the femur and lumbar vertebrae. At 14 months of age, male ERKO and wild-type (WT) littermates ( n = 6 per group) were sacrificed, and femora and vertebra were collected. Cortical geometry and trabecular microarchitecture were assessed via micro-computed tomography; osteocyte sclerostin expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry. ANCOVA with body weight was used to compare ERKO and WT for cortical geometry; t-tests were used for all other outcomes. Regardless of skeletal site, ERKO mice had greater trabecular bone volume and trabecular number and decreased trabecular separation compared with WT. In the femoral diaphysis, ERKO had lower total area, cortical area, and cortical thickness compared with WT. The percentage of sclerostin+ osteocytes was increased in ERKO animals in cortical bone but not in cancellous bone of the femur or the lumbar vertebrae. In conclusion, ERKO improved trabecular microarchitecture in aged male mice, but negatively altered femoral cortical geometry associated with a trend towards increased cortical sclerostin expression.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2371-1671
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0043
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A molecular assessment of infectious agents carried by Atlantic salmon at sea and in three eastern Canadian rivers, including aquaculture escapees and North American and European origin wild stocks
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2020
    In:  FACETS Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01), p. 234-263
    Details
    In: FACETS, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01), p. 234-263
    Abstract: Infectious agents are key components of animal ecology and drivers of host population dynamics. Knowledge of their diversity and transmission in the wild is necessary for the management and conservation of host species like Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Although pathogen exchange can occur throughout the salmon life cycle, evidence is lacking to support transmission during population mixing at sea or between farmed and wild salmon due to aquaculture exposure. We tested these hypotheses using a molecular approach that identified infectious agents and transmission potential among sub-adult Atlantic salmon at marine feeding areas and adults in three eastern Canadian rivers with varying aquaculture influence. We used high-throughput qPCR to quantify infection profiles and next generation sequencing to measure genomic variation among viral isolates. We identified 14 agents, including five not yet described as occurring in Eastern Canada. Phylogenetic analysis of piscine orthoreovirus showed homology between isolates from European and North American origin fish at sea, supporting the hypothesis of intercontinental transmission. We found no evidence to support aquaculture influence on wild adult infections, which varied relative to environmental conditions, life stage, and host origin. Our findings identify research opportunities regarding pathogen transmission and biological significance for wild Atlantic salmon populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2371-1671
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0048
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Souroubea sympetala (Marcgraviaceae): a medicinal plant that exerts anxiolysis through interaction with the GABA A benzodiazepine receptor
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2014
    In:  Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Vol. 92, No. 9 ( 2014-09), p. 758-764
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 92, No. 9 ( 2014-09), p. 758-764
    Abstract: The mode of action of the anxiolytic medicinal plant Souroubea sympetala was investigated to test the hypothesis that extracts and the active principle act at the pharmacologically important GABA A –benzodiazepine (GABA A –BZD) receptor. Leaf extracts prepared by ethyl acetate extraction or supercritical extraction, previously determined to have 5.54 mg/g and 6.78 mg/g of the active principle, betulinic acid, respectively, reduced behavioural parameters associated with anxiety in a rat model. When animals were pretreated with the GABA A –BZD receptor antagonist flumazenil, followed by the plant extracts, or a more soluble derivative of the active principle, the methyl ester of betulinic acid (MeBA), flumazenil eliminated the anxiety-reducing effect of plant extracts and MeBA, demonstrating that S. sympetala acts via an agonist action on the GABA A –BZD receptor. An in vitro GABA A –BZD competitive receptor binding assay also demonstrated that S. sympetala extracts have an affinity for the GABA A –BZD receptor, with an EC 50 value of 123 μg/mL (EtOAc leaf extract) and 154 μg/mL (supercritical CO 2 extract). These experiments indicate that S. sympetala acts at the GABA A –BZD receptor to elicit anxiolysis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4212 , 1205-7541
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0213
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004356-9
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Modulation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Caco-2 cell monolayers by selected commercial-source milk thistle and goldenseal productsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 1 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products.
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2007
    In:  Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Vol. 85, No. 9 ( 2007-09), p. 966-978
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 85, No. 9 ( 2007-09), p. 966-978
    Abstract: In this study, we used an in vitro Caco-2 cell monolayer model to evaluate aqueous extracts of commercial-source goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis ) and milk thistle ( Silybum marianum ) capsule formulations, their marker phytochemicals (berberine and silibinin, respectively), as well as dillapiol, vinblastine, and the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir for their ability to modulate CYP3A4 and ABCB1 expression after short-term exposure (48 h). Both upregulation and downregulation of CYP3A4 expression was observed with extracts of varying concentrations of the two natural health products (NHPs). CYP3A4 was highly responsive in our system, showing a strong dose-dependent modulation by the CYP3A4 inhibitor dillapiol (upregulation) and the milk thistle flavonolignan silibinin (downregulation). ABCB1 was largely unresponsive in this cellular model and appears to be of little value as a biomarker under our experimental conditions. Therefore, the modulation of CYP3A4 gene expression can serve as an important marker for the in vitro assessment of NHP–drug interactions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4212 , 1205-7541
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/Y07-091
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004356-9
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of leaf-mining insects via DNA recovered from empty mines
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2017
    In:  FACETS Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2017-03-01), p. 217-224
    Details
    In: FACETS, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 1, No. 1 ( 2017-03-01), p. 217-224
    Abstract: We report the development of an improved method for the extraction and amplification of leaf miner DNA recovered from empty mines. Our method is simple, easy to use, and foregoes the time-consuming task of scraping out mines required by previous methods. We collected leaves with 1- and 2-day-old vacated mines, cut out and then ground the mined portions, and amplified the mtDNA COI barcode sequence using universal insect primers. We obtained high-quality sequences for 31% of our empty mines: 20% yielded sequences associated with a leaf miner species; and an additional 11% yielded sequences associated with whiteflies, mites, or fungi. Our improved method will facilitate ecological studies determining herbivore community dynamics and agricultural studies for pest monitoring and identification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2371-1671
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/facets-2016-0026
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Cryptic species diversity and reproductive isolation among sympatric lineages of Strongylocentrotus sea urchins in the northwest Atlantic
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2018
    In:  FACETS Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2018-10-01), p. 61-78
    Details
    In: FACETS, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2018-10-01), p. 61-78
    Abstract: Distinguishing between intra- and inter-specific variation in genetic studies is critical to understanding evolution because the mechanisms driving change among populations are expected to be different than those that shape reproductive isolation among lineages. Genetic studies of north Atlantic green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller, 1776) have detected significant population substructure and asymmetric gene flow from Europe to Atlantic Canada and interspecific hybridization between S. droebachiensis and Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars, 1871). However, combined with patterns of divergence at mtDNA sequences, morphological divergence at gamete traits suggests that the European and North American lineages of S. droebachiensis may be cryptic species. Here, we use a combination of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI) sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to test for cryptic species within Strongylocentrotus sea urchins and hybrids between S. droebachiensis and S. pallidus populations. We detect striking patterns of habitat and reproductive isolation between two S. droebachiensis lineages, with offshore deep-water collections consisting of S. pallidus in addition to a cryptic lineage sharing genetic similarity with previously published sequences from eastern Atlantic S. droebachiensis. We detected only limited hybridization among all three lineages of sea urchins, suggesting that shared genetic differences previously reported may be a result of historical introgression or incomplete lineage sorting.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2371-1671
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0081
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Neuronal regeneration in the goldfish telencephalon following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) insult
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2018
    In:  FACETS Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2018-10-01), p. 358-374
    Details
    In: FACETS, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2018-10-01), p. 358-374
    Abstract: The constitutive regenerative ability of the goldfish central nervous system makes them an excellent model organism to study neurogenesis. Intraperitoneal injection of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used to deplete tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the adult goldfish telencephalon. We report novel information on the ability of the goldfish to regenerate (∼3–4 d post-MPTP insult) damaged neurons in telencephalic tissue by observing the rapid incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into newly generated cells, which precedes the recovery of motor function in MPTP-treated animals. Specifically, the telencephalon area telencephali pars dorsalis in female goldfish, which is associated with fish motor activity, regenerates following MPTP toxicity. The remarkable ability of goldfish to rapidly regenerate damaged neurons provides insight into their use as model organisms to study neuroregenerative abilities within a few days following injury. We provide evidence that goldfish are able to regenerate neurons in ∼3–4 d to both replenish and recover baseline catecholaminergic levels, thus enabling the fish to reestablish basic activities such as swimming. The study of neuron regeneration in the damaged goldfish brain will increase our understanding of vertebrate neurogenesis and regeneration processes following central nervous system injury.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2371-1671
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0119
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2018
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