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  • 1
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    Ammonia volatilization and soil nitrogen dynamics following fall application of pig slurry on canola crop residues
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 81, No. 4 ( 2001-08-01), p. 515-523
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 81, No. 4 ( 2001-08-01), p. 515-523
    Abstract: Land application of liquid manures is a major source of atmospheric ammonia. The presence of crop residues on the soil surface usually increases emissions by retarding slurry infiltration, whereas incorporation of slurry into soil reduces emissions. Our objective was to quantify the relative reduction in NH 3 volatilization resulting from the soil incorporation of pig slurry (PS) applied on canola (Brassica napus) residues under fall conditions in Quebec, Canada. Pig slurry was applied at 7.4 L m –2 on six plots covered by canola crop residues. Slurry and residues were incorporated in the top 5 cm of soil (INCORP) in half of the plots, while the other half were left untouched (SURF). Ammonia volatilization was measured following application for 10 d using wind tunnels. Soil NH 4 + and NO 3 − contents, pH, moisture and temperature were also monitored to explain variations in NH 3 fluxes. Soil NH 4 + -N in the surface soil was lower than expected shortly after slurry application, maybe as a result of fixation by clays or interception by crop residues. The volatilization of NH 3 was higher (P 〈 0.05) on SURF plots than on INCORP plots in 20 of the 26 measuring periods, with total NH 3 losses being five times greater in the former. Cumulated emissions during the first 11 h accounted for the 60 and 53% of total NH 3 emissions for the SURF and INCORP plots, respectively. Our results confirm that a large fraction of the NH 3 volatilization from slurry application on canola residues can be greatly reduced if the slurry and crop residues are incorporated into the soil immediately after slurry application. Despite significant reduction (80%) of NH 3 volatilization in INCORP compared with SURF plots, no difference was found in soil mineral N between treatments, suggesting that other processes such as N mineralization or denitrification were more active in INCORP plots. Key Words: Ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen cycle, organic amendments
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S00-044
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 2
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    The use of 15 N-enriched feed to label pig excreta for N cycling studies
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2004
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 84, No. 1 ( 2004-02-01), p. 43-48
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 84, No. 1 ( 2004-02-01), p. 43-48
    Abstract: Isotopic labelling can help improve our knowledge of the fate of manure N in agroecosystems. Our objective was to investigate the labelling dynamics of excreta N by feeding a pig with a 15 N-enriched diet (2.808 atom % 15 N) and to establish the implications of using the labelled excreta for N cycling studies. Pig urine and feces were collected and pooled each day for 20 d following the start of 15 N-feeding. Each of the 20 excreta samples were analyzed for pH, dry matter content, C and N contents, and 15 N distribution between the mineral and organic N pools. Sub-samples of each excreta sample were incubated for 84 d, and the 15 N abundance of N mineralized after 7, 21 and 84 d of incubation was determined. The 15 N concentration in pig excreta increased sharply during the first 3 d of 15 N-feeding and slowly thereafter. The 15 N concentration in excreta decreased rapidly when an unlabelled feed was served after 12 d of 15 N-feeding. On the first day and after 9 d of 15 N-feeding, the mineral and the organic N pools of the collected excreta had similar 15 N content. However, from day 2 to 9 of 15 N-feeding, the 15 N abundance of excreta mineral N was 0.1 to 0.3 atom % lower than in the organic N pool. During incubation of the excreta samples, the 15 N content of the mineralized N was 0.1 to 0.4 atom % lower after 84 d than after 21 d of incubation, indicating a heterogeneous distribution of 15 N between the rapidly and the slowly mineralizable N pools of pig excreta. Despite some heterogeneity, the measured differences in 15 N enrichment among the various excreta N pools were generally less than 15% for the first 9 d of 15 N-feeding, and less than 5% afterwards. The labelled excreta were thus considered appropriate for short-term studies on the fate of manure N in the soil-plant system, especially for excreta collected after 9 d of 15 N-feeding. Key words: 15 N labelling, animal feeding, swine manure, pig slurry
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S03-012
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 3
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    Evidencing overwinter loss of residual organic and clay-fixed nitrogen from spring-applied, 15 N-labelled pig slurry
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2014
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 94, No. 1 ( 2014-02), p. 1-8
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 94, No. 1 ( 2014-02), p. 1-8
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/cjss2013-072
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 4
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    Short-term C and N dynamics in a soil amended with pig slurry and barley straw: a field experiment
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 81, No. 2 ( 2001-05-01), p. 131-137
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 81, No. 2 ( 2001-05-01), p. 131-137
    Abstract: Interactions between animal slurries and crop residues can impact on soil N availability during decomposition. Our objective was to study the short-term decomposition of pig slurry and barley straw incorporated alone or in combination. A field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam unamended (control) or amended with 60 m 3 ha –1 pig slurry (PS) or 4 Mg ha –1 barley straw (BS), or both (PSBS). Surface CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes, soil water content and temperature, microbial biomass C, and NO 3 − and NH 4 + contents were monitored during 28 d in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer. Large CO 2 fluxes occurred during the first 4 h of the experiment in slurry-amended plots that were attributed to carbonate dissociation when slurry was mixed to the soil. Specific respiration activity (ratio of CO 2 -C fluxes-to-microbial biomass C) was increased in slurry-amended soils for the first 7 d, likely due to the rapid oxidation of volatile fatty acids present in slurry. After 28 d, 26% more C had been evolved in PSBS than the sum of C released from PS and BS, indicating a synergistic interaction during decomposition of combined amendments. Adding straw caused a net but transient immobilisation of soil N, especially in PSBS plots where 36% of slurry-added NH 4 + was immobilised after 3 d. Slurry-NH 4 + was rapidly nitrified (within 10 d), but N 2 O production was not a significant source of N loss during this study, representing less than 0.3% of slurry-added NH 4 + . Nevertheless, about twice the amount of N 2 O was produced in PS than in PSBS after 28 d, reflecting lower soil N availability in the presence of straw. Our study clearly illustrates the strong interaction existing between soil C and N cycles under field conditions as slurry mineral N appeared to stimulate straw-C mineralisation, whereas straw addition caused a net immobilisation of slurry N. Key words: Animal slurry, crop residues, C-N relationships, organic amendments
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S00-046
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 5
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    Nitrous oxide production in soils cropped to corn with varying N fertilization
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1998
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 78, No. 4 ( 1998-11-01), p. 589-596
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 78, No. 4 ( 1998-11-01), p. 589-596
    Abstract: Mineral N fertilizers may contribute to N gas emissions to the atmosphere. Soil cores were collected in 1993 and 1994, in a sandy loam and a sandy clay cropped with an early-maturing corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid and fertilized with ammonium nitrate at rates of 10, 60, 120 or 180 kg N ha −1 . Denitrification and N 1 O production rates, air-filled porosity (AFP), water-soluble mineral N (WSMN) and water-soluble organic C (WSOC) were measured. Denitrification and N 2 O production rates were generally small, but values 〉 2 µg N 2 O-N kg −1 h −1 were measured (i) when WSMN contents exceeded 5 mg kg −1 , and (ii) when AFP was 〈 50 to 55% in the sandy loam, and 〈 40 to 45% in the sandy clay. For most sampling dates, N 2 O production and denitrification rates increased with N fertilizer level. In 1993, AFP was relatively high and variable in soil cores, and regression analyses revealed that denitrification rates were closely related to AFP. In 1994, AFP was relatively low in soil cores, and regression analyses showed that denitrification and N 2 O production rates were positively related to WSMN and negatively to WSOC. It is suggested that provided AFP was low, N fertilization may have had either a direct effect on denitrification and N 2 O production rates by determining WSMN availability to microorganisms, or an indirect effect by affecting WSOC metabolism in soil. Depending on the year and soil type, mean denitrification rates were 40 to 130% greater in the soil with 180 than with 120 kg N ha −1 . Corresponding N 2 O production rates were 50 to 200% higher in the 180 than in the 120 kg N ha −1 treatment. It appears that limiting N fertilizer to 120 kg ha −1 , under early-maturing corn production, may prevent excessive gaseous N losses due to denitrification. Key words: Denitrification, nitrous oxide, N fertilizers, available N, grain corn
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S98-009
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 6
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    Soil nitrogen dynamics following herbicide kill and tillage of manured and unmanured grasslands
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2013-05), p. 229-237
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 93, No. 2 ( 2013-05), p. 229-237
    Abstract: Chantigny, M. H., MacDonald, J. D., Angers, D. A., Rochette, P., Royer, I. and Gasser, M.-O. 2013. Soil nitrogen dynamics following herbicide kill and tillage of manured and unmanured grasslands. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 229–237. Grassland soils accumulate N, which could be lost following land-use change. Adjacent grassland sites, with and without liquid swine manure applied annually for 28 yr, were subdivided and left undisturbed (Control), or killed by herbicides with and without full inversion tillage (FIT) in the autumn or spring. We monitored hot-water extractable organic N (HWEON), and mineral N forms in KCl extractions and soil solutions (tension lysimeters) for 1 yr. Mean soil mineral N increased by 1 to 2.8 g m −2 in the weeks following herbicide kill and FIT of the unmanured soils, and by 2.6 to 3.0 g m −2 in the manured soil. These increases corresponded to declines in soil HWEON (−0.4 to −1.9 g m −2 unmanured site; −2.4 to −4.9 g m −2 manured site), suggesting that HWEON comprised N that is rapidly mineralized following grassland termination. More than 80% of N mineralized in the weeks following termination accumulated as NH 4 in the unmanured soils, compared with 〉 70% as NO 3 in the manured soils. As a result, more mineral N (mainly NO 3 ) was found in the soil solution of manured soils. Manured grassland soils may represent a high risk of N loss following termination with herbicide in combination with FIT in the autumn, because of the rapid nitrification of mineralized N. For spring FIT, however, the rapid mineralization of soil N may represent a substantial nutrient source to the following crop.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/cjss2012-094
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 7
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    Combining perennial grass–legume forages and liquid dairy manure contributes to nitrogen accumulation in a clayey soil
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2021
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 101, No. 3 ( 2021-09-01), p. 378-388
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 101, No. 3 ( 2021-09-01), p. 378-388
    Abstract: Repeated applications of liquid dairy manure (LDM) and perennial crops generally favor nitrogen (N) stocks in soils, but in ways that may differ with soil type and other management practices. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term (21 yr) changes in soil N stocks (0–50 cm) of a silty clay soil, in a cool humid climate, in response to mineral fertilization (MIN) or LDM, combined with two tillage practices [chisel plow (CP), or moldboard plow (MP)], and two crop rotations [cereal monoculture (monoculture) or cereal–perennial forage rotation (forage-based rotation)] . The forage-based rotation favoured a greater accumulation of N in the first 20 cm of soil (+50 kg N·ha −1 ·yr −1 ) when compared with the monoculture. Tillage practices did not impact N stocks in the whole soil profile, but influenced its vertical distribution, with greater accumulation at the surface with CP, and at depth with MP. Annual input of LDM increased N stocks at the surface (0–20 cm) compared with MIN, especially when combined with the forage-based rotation. After 21 yr, soil N stocks (0–50 cm) with LDM were 32% (+2 t N·ha −1 ) higher in the forage-based rotation than in the monoculture, suggesting better retention and more efficient use of manure-N with perennial forages than cereals. Comparisons between the N mass balance computed for each cropping system, and the changes in soil N stocks indicated that accumulation of N under the forage-based rotation was largely due to symbiotic fixation by legumes in the forage mixture.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2020-0132
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 8
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    Crop residue incorporation alters soil nitrous oxide emissions during freeze–thaw cycles
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 93, No. 4 ( 2013-09), p. 415-425
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 93, No. 4 ( 2013-09), p. 415-425
    Abstract: Pelster, D. E., Chantigny, M. H., Rochette, P., Angers, D. A., Laganière, J., Zebarth, B. and Goyer, C. 2013. Crop residue incorporation alters soil nitrous oxide emissions during freeze–thaw cycles. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 415–425. Freeze–thaw (FT) cycles stimulate soil nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) mineralization, which may induce nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. We examined how soybean (Glycine max L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) residue incorporation affect N 2 O emissions from high C content (35 g kg −1 ) silty clay and low C content (19 g kg −1 ) sandy loam soils over eight 10-d FT cycles, as a function of three temperature treatments [constant at +1°C (unfrozen control), +1 to −3°C (moderate FT), or +1 to −7°C (extreme FT)]. In unamended soils, N 2 O emissions were stimulated by FT, and were the highest with extreme FT. This was attributed to the increased NO 3 availability measured under FT. Application of mature crop residues (C:N ratios of 75 for soybean and 130 for corn) caused rapid N immobilization, attenuating FT-induced N 2 O emissions in the silty clay. In the sandy loam, residue addition also induced immobilization of soil mineral N. However, N 2 O emissions under moderate FT were higher with than without crop residues, likely because N 2 O production in this low-C sandy loam was stimulated by C addition in the early phase of incubation. We conclude that FT-induced N 2 O emissions could be reduced through incorporation of mature crop residues and the subsequent immobilization of mineral N, especially in C-rich soils.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/cjss2012-043
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 9
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    Interactive effects of management practices on water-stable aggregation and organic matter of a Humic Gleysol
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2001
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 81, No. 5 ( 2001-11-01), p. 545-551
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 81, No. 5 ( 2001-11-01), p. 545-551
    Abstract: In many soils, the content and quality of organic matter (OM) control water-stable aggregation, which in turn preserves soil surface integrity. The effects of management practices on soil OM and aggregation remain to be determined for certain soils and climatic conditions. We assessed the effects of eight management systems involving two crop sequences: [barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) monoculture (M) and barley in rotation (R) with a forage mix of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy ( Phleum pratense L. ‘Champ’)], two fall tillage [moldboard plowing (MP) and chisel plowing (CP)] and two nutrient sources [liquid dairy manure (LDM) and mineral fertilizers (MIN)] on soil aggregation and OM fractions of a silty clay Humic Gleysol. Soil samples from the 0–7.5 cm layer were taken periodically during 7 yr, and the total C and N, microbial biomass C (MBC) and carbohydrate (AHC) contents, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), and water-stable aggregation were determined. By the 7th yr, initial total C and N contents of the surface soil had increased by 35 and 45%, respectively, in R-CP-LDM. They were slightly increased in R-CP-MIN an d R-MP-LDM, whereas they decreased by an average of 19% in R-MP-MIN and all monoculture plots. Increases in C content s were attributed to higher annual C inputs from forage residues and LDM, less frequent tillage in the rotation, and shallower tillage with CP. The MBC, APA, AHC and aggregation generally responded faster and to a greater degree to conservation management practices than total C and N. Overall, conservation tillage and manure applications resulted in greater improvement in surface soil conditions when used in a rotation system rather than in a monoculture. The rapid rate of changes in soil properties suggests that the surface quality of this cold silty clay soil can be improved relatively quickly with selected management combinations. Key Words: Cropping systems, total soil C, microbial biomass, carbohydrate, alkaline phosphatase, soil aggregation, liquid dairy manure, reducted tillage, rotations
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S00-078
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 10
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    Proceedings of the Quebec City Symposium on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Soil Ecosystems
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1997
    In:  Canadian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 77, No. 2 ( 1997-05-01), p. 109-111
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 77, No. 2 ( 1997-05-01), p. 109-111
    Abstract: not available
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4271 , 1918-1841
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.4141/S96-100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1997
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