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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Absence of nosocomial influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era: Implication of universal masking in hospitals
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2021
    In:  Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology Vol. 42, No. 2 ( 2021-02), p. 218-221
    Details
    In: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 42, No. 2 ( 2021-02), p. 218-221
    Abstract: Universal masking for healthcare workers and patients in hospitals was adopted to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with compliance rates of 100% and 75.9%, respectively. Zero rates of nosocomial influenza A, influenza B, and respiratory syncytial virus infection were achieved from February to April 2020, which was significantly lower than the corresponding months in 2017–2019.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-823X , 1559-6834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.425
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 2
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    Prevention of Nosocomial Transmission of Norovirus by Strategic Infection Control Measures
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2011
    In:  Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology Vol. 32, No. 3 ( 2011-03), p. 229-237
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    In: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 32, No. 3 ( 2011-03), p. 229-237
    Abstract: Nosocomial outbreaks of norovirus infection pose a great challenge to the infection control team. Methods. Between November 1, 2009, and February 28, 2010, strategic infection control measures were implemented in a hospital network. In addition to timely staff education and promotion of directly observed hand hygiene, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for norovirus was performed as an added test by the microbiology laboratory for all fecal specimens irrespective of the request for testing. Laboratory-confirmed cases were followed up by the infection control team for timely intervention. The incidence of hospital-acquired norovirus infection per 1,000 potentially infectious patient-days was compared with the corresponding period in the preceding 12 months, and the incidence in the other 6 hospital networks in Hong Kong was chosen as the concurrent control. Phylogenetic analysis of norovirus isolates was performed. Results. Of the 988 patients who were tested, 242 (25%) were positive for norovirus; 114 (47%) of those 242 patients had norovirus detected by our added test. Compared with the corresponding period in the preceding 12 months, the incidence of hospital-acquired norovirus infection decreased from 131 to 16 cases per 1,000 potentially infectious patient-days ( P 〈 .001 ), although the number of hospital-acquired infections was low in both the study period ( n = 8) and the historical control periods ( n = 11). The incidence of hospital-acquired norovirus infection in our hospital network (0.03 cases per 1,000 patient-days) was significantly lower than that of the concurrent control (0.06 cases per 1,000 patient-days) ( P = .015). Forty-three (93%) of 46 norovirus isolates sequenced belonged to the genogroup II.4 variant. Conclusions. Strategic infection control measures with an added test maybe useful in controlling nosocomial transmission of norovirus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-823X , 1559-6834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1086/658330
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 3
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    Infection Control Preparedness for Human Infection With Influenza A H7N9 in Hong Kong
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 87-92
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    In: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 87-92
    Abstract: To assess the effectiveness of infection control preparedness for human infection with influenza A H7N9 in Hong Kong. DESIGN A descriptive study of responses to the emergence of influenza A H7N9. SETTING A university-affiliated teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Healthcare workers (HCWs) with unprotected exposure (not wearing N95 respirator during aerosol-generating procedure) to a patient with influenza A H7N9. METHODS A bundle approach including active and enhanced surveillance, early airborne infection isolation, rapid molecular diagnostic testing, and extensive contact tracing for HCWs with unprotected exposure was implemented. Seventy HCWs with unprotected exposure to an index case were interviewed especially regarding their patient care activities. RESULTS From April 1, 2013, through May 31, 2014, a total of 126 (0.08%) of 163,456 admitted patients were tested for the H7 gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction per protocol. Two confirmed cases were identified. Seventy (53.8%) of 130 HCWs had unprotected exposure to an index case, whereas 41 (58.6%) and 58 (82.9%) of 70 HCWs wore surgical masks and practiced hand hygiene after patient care, respectively. Sixteen (22.9%) of 70 HCWs were involved in high-risk patient contacts. More HCWs with high-risk patient contacts received oseltamivir prophylaxis ( P =0.088) and significantly more had paired sera collected for H7 antibody testing ( P 〈 0.001). Ten (14.3%) of 70 HCWs developed influenza-like illness during medical surveillance, but none had positive results by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Paired sera was available from 33 of 70 HCWs with unprotected exposure, and none showed seroconversion against H7N9. CONCLUSIONS Despite the delay in airborne precautions implementation, no patient-to-HCW transmission of influenza A H7N9 was demonstrated. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(1): 87–92
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-823X , 1559-6834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/ice.2014.2
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology Vol. 41, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 493-498
    Details
    In: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 41, No. 5 ( 2020-05), p. 493-498
    Abstract: To describe the infection control preparedness measures undertaken for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 (previously known as 2019 novel coronavirus) in the first 42 days after announcement of a cluster of pneumonia in China, on December 31, 2019 (day 1) in Hong Kong. Methods: A bundled approach of active and enhanced laboratory surveillance, early airborne infection isolation, rapid molecular diagnostic testing, and contact tracing for healthcare workers (HCWs) with unprotected exposure in the hospitals was implemented. Epidemiological characteristics of confirmed cases, environmental samples, and air samples were collected and analyzed. Results: From day 1 to day 42, 42 of 1,275 patients (3.3%) fulfilling active (n = 29) and enhanced laboratory surveillance (n = 13) were confirmed to have the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The number of locally acquired case significantly increased from 1 of 13 confirmed cases (7.7%, day 22 to day 32) to 27 of 29 confirmed cases (93.1%, day 33 to day 42; P 〈 .001). Among them, 28 patients (66.6%) came from 8 family clusters. Of 413 HCWs caring for these confirmed cases, 11 (2.7%) had unprotected exposure requiring quarantine for 14 days. None of these was infected, and nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was not observed. Environmental surveillance was performed in the room of a patient with viral load of 3.3 × 10 6 copies/mL (pooled nasopharyngeal and throat swabs) and 5.9 × 10 6 copies/mL (saliva), respectively. SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 1 of 13 environmental samples (7.7%) but not in 8 air samples collected at a distance of 10 cm from the patient’s chin with or without wearing a surgical mask. Conclusion: Appropriate hospital infection control measures was able to prevent nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-823X , 1559-6834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.58
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Air and environmental sampling for SARS-CoV-2 around hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 2020-11), p. 1258-1265
    Details
    In: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 41, No. 11 ( 2020-11), p. 1258-1265
    Abstract: The role of severe respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–laden aerosols in the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains uncertain. Discordant findings of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air samples were noted in early reports. Methods: Sampling of air close to 6 asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients with and without surgical masks was performed with sampling devices using sterile gelatin filters. Frequently touched environmental surfaces near 21 patients were swabbed before daily environmental disinfection. The correlation between the viral loads of patients’ clinical samples and environmental samples was analyzed. Results: All air samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the 6 patients singly isolated inside airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIRs) with 12 air changes per hour. Of 377 environmental samples near 21 patients, 19 (5.0%) were positive by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, with a median viral load of 9.2 × 10 2 copies/mL (range, 1.1 × 10 2 to 9.4 × 10 4 copies/mL). The contamination rate was highest on patients’ mobile phones (6 of 77, 7.8%), followed by bed rails (4 of 74, 5.4%) and toilet door handles (4 of 76, 5.3%). We detected a significant correlation between viral load ranges in clinical samples and positivity rate of environmental samples ( P 〈 .001). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detectable by air samplers, which suggests that the airborne route is not the predominant mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Wearing a surgical mask, appropriate hand hygiene, and thorough environmental disinfection are sufficient infection control measures for COVID-19 patients isolated singly in AIIRs. However, this conclusion may not apply during aerosol-generating procedures or in cohort wards with large numbers of COVID-19 patients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-823X , 1559-6834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.282
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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